 Hi, my name is Marika, this is my Twitter handle. I just tweeted the link to this slide, so if you wanna have it on your laptop, you can check that out. I'm a software engineer of JavaScript kind, and I organize meetup called BrooklynJS in Brooklyn Monthly. So this is my day job. I make a text editor, which was used by TV industry, which for some reason, TV industry still has this need of printing out on paper. So I deal with a lot of bug about printing issues, and I hate print CSS. On my side, I'm also interested in like, punch card and early form of computer. So this is the video of me making my own 8-bit computer to data fit it by punch card, and then creating a textile that get fed it into 80s computer coordinating machine. Anyway, so those two interests. So like, it's not only textile, I'd be interested in like early mechanical computing, and that led me into typesetting machine. I was thinking a lot about printing, and I was thinking a lot about my computer, and that lets me to think of typesetting. Now, prior to this and warning, this is like total like countless nights of just Googling stuff, but before doing this in my mind, if I hear a letter plus or typesetting, I thought of things like this, like hip print shop where you order your wedding invitation from, or the Gutenberg Bible, where the types are hand-picked and put it into frame one by one. And this was the way to print something on paper for a long time, but I deal with this now. We have this like click of a button, magically, beautifully film at it, type comes out of the printer. So I was interested in what happens in between from here to there, especially the time when machine started, machine and computer started to influence our workflow, which led me to this machine called Linotype. The why and how this was all indeed, it's quite interesting, I don't have time to fit into 10 minutes, I'm really sad, but in conclusion, this machine called Linotype was invented by German immigrant, Ottmer Mergenthaler in 1886, and it is a way to help hand-by-hand type setting into semi-automated. So it has special keyboard, it's not quirky, the capital letter is on one side and then lowercase lettering on the other side. And then on top of this machine has Think Code magazine that contains a mold for type, metal mold for type. So when you type on the keyboard, those molds fall down and creating a line of a set of mold, which now then gets send it into molding section where hot molten metal shoots off and create a slab of type. And the machine creates a line of type, so it's called Linotype. It doesn't end here, it's quite interesting. After this type is made, the mold needs to be redistributed back into magazine again. So this giant robot arm comes down, grabs those metal molds and then put it into a part of machine called redistribution where it kind of works like a key on your door and each metal molds put it back into each hole of the magazine. So it's quite fascinating. This was very level-usual invention. The type industry and print industry used this exact machine for almost 100 years. So I mentioned this was invented in 1886. For example, New York Times up until 1978, they used Linotype to type set their issue. So the last issue of New York Times that was hot metal type set it was July 2nd. So it was technically, I guess, done in July 1st of 1978. But this was taken by thing called computer and I actually took this from archival footage of a typographic union explaining the new technology that's coming and this particular section is explaining you know, you may think this computer thing that green monster eating paper tape inside a black box it's actually a clear box with set of logic. It's interesting film to watch too. So I mentioned that the computer was introduced to the workflow of type setting but it was useful input. So instead of typing directly into type setter, computer and memory and punch card tape was used but type setter was still a separate thing but it was new type setter. It did not use metal type anymore. It is called photo type setting. The metal type mold was replaced with a film with font face on it and the machine contained the lens so that it can enlarge. So you don't have to buy multiple size of metal type set to set a value size of type. So basically the machine photograph each letters and expose it into contact paper, then develops it and spits out what's called cold type as opposed to hot metal type. Then this cold type is sent it into layer division and they cut and paste literally and they draw a line, literally, create a paste. So this was, ladies and gentlemen, this was a Wizard with Editor of 70s. So workplace started to look like this, you know, bunch of computers under fluorescent light and industry started to develop language and specification to type set. So things like how to set a type set and here's the documentation of markup for setting a type face and the font size and this is how training guide of how you would use those markup and this is, you can think of it as like opening up DevTool and seeing a CSS for the each dome element, but in paper. So this was quite exciting, right? And what's more exciting as a computer programmers us is that Bell Lab bought this photo type setter and use Unix to type set on this machine. So the particular machine Bell Lab bought was by Graphics Systems from Massachusetts and the model could computer-assisted type setter. This computer-assisted type setter even though it's just computer, it's not quite like directly coding into it. It was still needed to use the film font, it was photo type setter, but in addition to feeding a data from paper type, a paper tape, you could have put on a computer like PDP-11 to directly communicate with type setter and from yesterday we all know that the hidden reason that PDP-11 was bought in the Bell Lab was that Kentonson wanted to play the video game and some of you laughed at the fact that the Bell Lab authorized this quarter million, well half million dollar in current currency expensive computer for just because they wanted to type set a pattern but to me it makes total logical sense. So I couldn't find a actual CAT type setter so this is just a book that Bell Lab published about document formatting and type sitting in Unix but the Bell Lab's core interest was to research and as a research facility they needed to publish research papers and they needed to pattern those findings as a pattern application. Now as I mentioned, printing out the idea of printing out something from printer was still novel thing so if you wanted to send it to type setter for ploper type setter paper you would spend like $2 a page to type set it so trying to do that in-house on the language and system that they developed in-house totally makes sense. On top of that, the programming language community was quite excited about this new and exciting idea of using computer to format document. This, the word processing was literally the exciting field to explore in late 60s and early 70s. So things like Lanoff was developed for the Multux machine in MIT and then gets imported into Unix called Lough Bell Lab but these systems are made for computers. So you could probably click into dot matrix printer to get an outcome out of it but it was not specified for type setting machine and at Bell Lab, they ported the Lough into specifically for type setting machine called T-Lough and T stands for type setter and I think yesterday's talk mentioned a little bit about that. So now that they have this foundation of document type setting specifically for type setter they created a few domain specific pre-processor like tubble to create a table and this is a sample output and the code and then something like EQN which was used to type set a math equations. The key person who worked on the Bell Lab is Brian Carnigan who is known for the co-author of programming language talk but Brian was already interested in document system prior joining the Bell Lab. He spent a time at MIT and he was introduced to this idea of using computer to format document. So the better part of 70s he spent a lot of time on type setting technologies creating languages like EQN and later created a pre-processor called PIC which was able to type set a drawing. So the photo type setter was purchased in 72 and they used it until 78. So after seven to eight years it was time for upgrade and Brian Carnigan led the team to find new type setting machine because new technology was being introduced called a cathedraic tube. Looks like this. So what was awesome is that with cathedraic tube you can completely replace film font and you can draw anything you want and directly photograph what was drawn on the CRT monitor or CRT to contact paper. So that meant that you can create your own form and you can create emoji. So, you know, this is what was shown on the machine on the cathedraic tube machine but so the Brian Carnigan's team decided to purchase this machine called lineotron two or two which ironically was the manufacturer which used to make a lineotype machine then evolved into creating a photo type setter. The machine came with a piece of software the lineotype made and to accord Brian Carnigan it was completely unusable. So they were like, what do we do? We have this machine and it prints beautiful because it was made by print manufacturer but the software is shit. At the time in Bell Lab though, luckily Ken Thompson and Joe Condon just wrapped up a project for Bell Chess Machine and they were interested in publishing a book about chess with proper chess font or I would like to say chess emoji. And also they were hardware people who understood how computing hardware worked. So three of them got together reverse engineered what was in the lineotron two or two and created an internal memo of what they thought lineotron was doing and here you can see, where did it go, there it go. Here you can see that they were describing what they think how lineotron is drawing a font and then here is a chess font that they created with lineotron two or two after they reverse engineered it. But the coolest part of this paper is on talk page. So the title of this memo is called experience with magampala lineotron two or two prototype setter or how we spend our summer vacation. Because they did it over while Bell Lab was on the summer vacation period. So this was a short history and like clamped together history of how typesetter came in play with our environment computer. So hopefully you now have answered to things like why is the largest font size in major software always 72 point? Well the font, the metal font that used to be made, the largest size was 72 point. And point doesn't make sense when you design on the web or the digital screen but that was metrics that was used for actual physical paper. And when you think about something boring old type like Times New Roman or Helvetica you can now think about it like once somebody hand curbed that type and that type survived several generations of technological advance. So just like Jacquard Moon became early version of computer what's on the computer also has a history tied into some time before computer. So hopefully next time you sit in front of computer screen or next time you click on the print button this talk may remind you of the artists and question who created and who worked on those things so that we can have my thanks here. Thank you.