 So, in this topic, we are going to discuss political views and issues based voting. That how are political views, how are perceptions, misperceptions and how the existing issues influence our voting behavior. Because this section actually this will elaborate the fact that the voting behavior of masses is less influenced by any ideology rather than issues and concerns portrayed in political campaign are actual factors in determining voter's behavior. Here I make it clear that we can see two types of this debate in Western world where the democracies are stronger where the political process is consistent in those states actually the ideology is also very much important but in the states where democracy is under process where the process of democratization is under process in these states the election campaign and the issues they are much more relevant regarding to determine the voting pattern and regarding to the decision to whom we are going to cast our vote. We come under influence from those things that are done in the campaign. And then sometimes those issues that we are faced with like the developing world, like Pakistan, where the issues that we are facing every day on those issues in the election campaign that the party talks about the most, we determine our vote from those issues. So in this way every political party and interest articulating platform try to highlight their own areas of interest along with issues in their voting campaigns. Now when we talk about interest articulation, here if we understand the first part then we will understand everything easily. Interest articulation means that when someone starts talking about growth which matches our issues, that is when a political party puts their hands on our nerves and runs their election campaign, then obviously the number of followers will increase. For example, if there is a lot of money in some country, if in some country people are facing difficulties in their daily life and some political party gives their manifesto from that question, then people will consider it more when it comes to that political party. Similarly, if we look at the West, then the various school of thoughts in the West, whether they are conservative, whether they are liberal school of thoughts, in the school of thought which is related to party identification, i.e. every school of thought expresses its views and opinions through a party or the party has outed these school of thought, then this mechanism runs in some other way. For example, the conservative school of thought because their base is on their ideology, their orientation is based on their ideological identity and their slogans and specifically regarding the social change and the change which can take away from their traditional culture, values and norms. So they believe that conservatives believe that any rapid change which can take the society away from the traditional culture. Ase hi hi liberal school of thought, unka hi kyaal hai that is of freedom, that is of welfare of the individuals. On that basis, definitely they talk about the social progress of a society. So this means that in the West or in the society where political parties take their own views and make that view a part of the campaign, i.e. they give such a program, such a manifesto in their ideas, so people vote on this party identification. But our problem is, the problem of the developing world is that political parties issue-to-issue their perspective and their views on people. I.e. if a problem arises, how do they view it? Our permanent ideology-linkage is not usually seen. In a time, those parties who call themselves rigid parties, religious parties, then those political parties who call themselves progressive parties in a time, we saw that during political campaigns, these people have to strictly follow or mix their ideologies, and as a problem arises, as a development arises, they modify their ideologies accordingly. So if someone says that in a time, that one party was a member of this party because of their point of view, then if he wants to find it after 10 years, then he will realize that there are many such communities which have almost the same point of view from any point of view. So we can say that in the developing world and in the developed world, the party identification that is quite difficult and on the basis of that party identification, to whom we want to vote. Where people are being educated, and political parties are a part of that education.