 Probiotics have moved from the field of alternative medicine into the mainstream slowly, but surely over the past decade. The best evidence we have is for the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in the treatment of gastroenteritis. Antibiotics administration has followed in up to 40% of cases by the appearance of diarrhea, but, for example, you may be able to cut the risk in kids in half by administrating probiotics along with the antibiotics. Which kinds and how much? Lactobacillus remnosus and Saccharomyces boulardii appear to be the most effective strains, and studies using more than 5 billion live organisms appeared to achieve better results than those using smaller doses. The importance of correct dosing cannot evidently be overemphasized. For example, in adults going with 100 billion organisms seem to work nearly twice as well as 50 billion in preventing antibiotic-associated diarrhea. The second well-established usage of probiotics is in the treatment of acute infectious diarrhea, shortening the duration of symptoms by about a day. But we still don't know what the best probiotic doses and strains are. Studies have used between 20 million organisms a day to 3 trillion, and there are thousands of different strains to choose from. And even if you wanted a particular strain, odds are the label is lying to you anyway. Less than a third of commercial probiotic products tested actually contained what the label claimed, about half had fewer viable organisms than stated, and half contained contaminant organisms, including potentially pathogenic ones as well as mold. Now ideally we'd repopulate our gut with a whole range of natural gut flora, not just one or two hand-picked strains. And for serious infections, this has been attempted, starting back in 1958. Why not give people a fecal enema? Take the full complement of gut bacteria from a healthy colon, stuff it into an unhealthy colon. Or you can go the other route and administer the donor stool through the nose. Evidently this route of administration saves time, is cheaper, less inconvenient for the patient. Preferred stool donors, in order of preference, were spouses or significant others, family members, and then anyone else they could find such as a medical staff member. What you do is first pick a nice, soft specimen, whip it up in a household blender until smooth, a little Vitamix action, put it through a coffee filter, and then just squirt the stool up their nose through a tube and into their stomach. Don't try this at home. How receptive were the patients to this rather unusual smoothie recipe? None of the patients in this series raised objections to the proposed stool transplantation procedure on the basis that it lacked aesthetic appeal. However, since production of fresh material on demand, not always practical, researchers up in Minnesota recently introduced frozen donor material as another treatment option, all described in great detail in the latest review on the subject out of Yale, entitled The Power of Poop.