 Welcome, I welcome you all to this lecture in the course Introduction to Paninian Grammar. So far in this course we have studied the concepts of object language and meta language. Now we need to study the differences that exist between the features of the object language Sanskrit and the meta language Sanskrit used by Panini in his grammar. Before that we have studied linguistic background of Panini and the features, the contributions made by various scholars in the surviving Paninian grammatical tradition. In this lecture we will be focusing on the differences between the object language and the meta language in Paninian grammar. In the previous lecture we have already studied the first difference between the object language Sanskrit and the meta language Sanskrit. In today's lecture we have to study the second difference. The second difference between the object language Sanskrit and the meta language Sanskrit and that is the meaning of the cases. To recap we stated that there are three differences that are observed as far as the object language Sanskrit is concerned and the meta language Sanskrit used by Panini is concerned and these are those differences. The meaning of a word, the meaning of the cases and the technique of Pratyahar. We have studied the meaning of a word. Now we will study the difference between the meaning of the cases that is the topic of this lecture. So let us see first of all what is a case. The Sanskrit term for case we are using is Vibhakti. What it means in a nutshell is a suffix that is added to a verbal or a nominal root and we shall look at the technical definition of the term Vibhakti given by Panini in his own grammar later on when we look at the technical terms used by Panini. Now this Vibhakti is used to denote relation, relation between one meanings of verbal root and nominal root and meanings of one nominal root and another nominal root. That is the purpose why these Vibhaktis, these cases are used. That is the function of these Vibhaktis or cases that is the role the Vibhaktis and cases lay. Let us take an example. Suppose we want to say Rama goes to a forest. If this is the meaning the speaker has in his mind, he will express it in Sanskrit in the following way. Let us take an example. If the speaker has in his mind this meaning namely Rama goes to a forest and if this is to be expressed in the audible speech, the speaker will say Ramo Vanam Gatshati. This is the sentence the speaker will produce Ramo Vanam Gatshati. I have put the entire sentence into square brackets to indicate that that is one unit and there is a Sanskrit sentence at the end of which appears a vertical bar indicating the end of the unit namely the sentence. And these brackets are useful when we further split the components of this one unit into subcomponents and then we shall have several other sub brackets as are visible on the second bullet. So, Ramo Vanam Gatshati consists of three components separated by spaces as is visible over here Ramo Vanam and Gatshati. Now we mention them separately as components. So, Ramaha and so we give a vertical bar after each and every element indicating that that is a separate independent component independent unit. So, here we have three units and then there are square brackets after those units. So, Ramaha and you see the change here in the sentence it is Ramo but when it is separated and mentioned as an independent unit it becomes Ramaha with a viscera over here. So, Ramaha has one unit Vanam has the second unit and if you notice the way the word Vanam is written over here in a sentence we have a dot on top of N but when it is separated and mentioned as an independent unit we write it in this fashion we write M and M as a consonant that is how we write. So, we have the second component Vanam and the third component Gatshati that is also with us. So, in a sentence as we shall see later on the environment of sounds. So, this right hand environment of G that forces this M to go on top based on certain rule. Similarly, the environment of this V on the right hand side forces this viscera to become O over here. So, these are the sentential effects that take place on individual words when they come into close contact in the format of a sentence. Now, if we look at these independent units which are 3 we can looking at the meaning element further segment them into two each for example and here I am using the Paninian notation which will become clear later on. So, we have Ramah and Su Vanam and Am Gatshati and T here I have retained Gatshati because that is what is primarily seen in the final verbal form and also in the sentence as we shall see later on Gatshati is mentioned as gamma as root in Paninian grammar and we shall mention it later on. Right now suffice it to say that here we have two components each. So, in all there are six components Ramah plus Su, Vanam plus Am and Gatshati plus T. So, now if we observe the left hand side elements in all these brackets we have Ramah, Vanam and Gatshati. Ramah indicates a person whose name is Ramah, Vanam indicates an entity called forest and Gatshati indicates an action of going. Now, this is an action and these two are entities. So, this is a verbal root and these two they are the nominal roots. So, these three elements on the left hand side they are used together. What is the relation between them? That is what is specified by these right hand side elements and this will become clearer when we look at the Karaka system later on in the course. But right now we can say that this Am shows the relationship between this Vana and this Gatshati. So, Vana is the object that is being reached and this Su shows its relation with T. So, it is Ramah who is performing the action of going. In this manner we can say that it is these right hand side elements which show relations of nominal roots as well as the verbal root. To recap of what I said, Su expresses the relation of Ramah with T and Am expresses the relation of Vana with Gatshati which is mentioned as Gama in the Panigayan grammar as a root. In this way we can say that Su, Am and T they are Vibhaktis or cases and they are added to nominal roots Ramah and Vana and a verbal root Gatsha to be more precise Gama respectively and these Vibhaktis indicate their relations. This is what in a nutshell is a Vibhakti. Let us take some more information about the nominal Vibhaktis because they are going to be our major concern in today's lecture. So, there are nominal Vibhaktis which are actually added to nominal roots that is why they are called nominal Vibhaktis. They are 21 in number divided into 7 Vibhaktis having 3 numbers, 7 into 3, 7 Vibhaktis and 3 numbers namely singular, dual and plural. And on this slide we have presented the 21 forms of the word Ramah to give you an idea of what Vibhakti is. So, here are the forms that are used in the language which are ending in the Vibhaktis with the nominal root Ramah. These are Vibhaktianta words and as you can see there are 7 rows and there are 3 numbers. So, there are 21 forms Ramah, Ramau, Ramaha, Ramam, Ramau, Raman, Ramena, Ramabhyam, Ramayih, Ramayah, Ramabhyam, Ramebhaha, Ramath, Ramabhyam, Ramebhaha, Ramastya, Ramayoh, Ramanam, Rame, Rameyoh, Rameshu. 7 rows, 7 Vibhaktis and 3 numbers singular, dual and plural and these are called Prathama, Vitiya, Turtiya, Chaturthi, Panchami, Shasti and Saptami. Now, what do they actually mean? On the next slide we have presented the meanings. So, for example, if you are talking of 1 slash 1 namely Ramaha, then the meaning is 1 Rama, 1 slash 2 Ramau, the meaning is 2 Ramas, 1 slash 3 Ramaha, it means 3 Ramas, 3 and plus Ramas, many. If you are talking of 2 slash 1 that is Ramam, then it means 2 1 Rama, 2 slash 2 Ramau means 2 2 Ramas and 2 slash 3 Raman means 2 3 plus Ramas, 3 slash 1 Ramena means by 1 Rama, 3 slash 2 Ramabhyam means by 2 Ramas and 3 slash 3 Ramahi means by 3 plus Ramas, 4 slash 1 Ramayoh means for 1 Rama, 4 slash 2 Ramabhyam means for 2 Ramas and 4 slash 3 Ramebhyam means for 3 Ramas, 5 slash 1 Ramad means from 1 Rama, 5 slash 2 Ramabhyam means from 2 Ramas, 5 slash 3 Ramebhyam means from 3 plus Ramas, 6 slash 1 Ramas here means of 1 Rama, 6 slash 2 Ramayoh means of 2 Ramas, 6 slash 3 Ramanam means of 3 plus Ramas. Coming to the last Vibhakti, 7th Vibhakti, Saptami, so 7 slash 1 that is Rame means in or on 1 Rama, 7 slash 2 that is Ramayoh means in or on 2 Ramas and 7 slash 3 Rameshu means in or on 3 plus Ramas. These are the meanings in which these nominal Vibhaktis and Vibhaktyanta forms are used in the object language. These are the meanings and it is these meanings which we shall compare when we talk about the difference between the object language and the metal language and we focus on the meaning of the cases. This is what we shall focus on. And then there are some verbal Vibhaktis but right now we are not going to go into the details of this. We will deal with the Vibhaktis when we talk about the technical terms used by Panini in his own grammar. In brief what we can say is that the verbal Vibhaktis are 18 in all divided into two groups of nines and each group of nine Vibhaktis is further divided into three persons and three numbers. So, here are some examples of the verbal Vibhaktis. They are tithas and anthi and so on. Similarly, atam and anthi from the other set. This one is called Parasmaipada and this one is called Atmanipada. Now these correspond to three numbers and also three persons and these verbal Vibhaktis they also denote tense as well as mode and they also denote karta, karma or bhava, karta or karma or bhava. We shall also study these when we later on talk about the karakas. These are the features of the verbal Vibhakti but as said earlier we will not be dealing with this aspect of verbal Vibhaktis because there is not much difference in the metal language in the meaning of verbal Vibhaktis but we will focus on the nominal Vibhaktis and as I was referring to the nominal Vibhaktis as 1 slash 1, 1 slash 2 etc. Here is a note on that once again. So, we refer to the nominal Vibhaktis as let us say 2 slash 1, 2 slash 2, 2 slash 3. This means that we are referring to second case dvithiya and singular and dual and plural respectively. When we use this notation pi slash 1, pi slash 2, pi slash 3 we are referring to the fifth case and singular or dual or plural. When we say 6 slash 1, 6 slash 2, 6 slash 3 we are referring to the sixth case singular and dual and plural. Similarly, when we say 7 slash 1, 7 slash 2 and 7 slash 3 we are referring to the seventh case singular, dual and plural. This is the notation that we are going to use hereafter in this particular course and it should be clear to you that we are referring to the cases and the numbers. So, the left hand side refers to the number of the case and the right hand side refers to the number. So, the main difference to be observed over here is that the left hand number over here will not exceed 7 and the right hand number will not exceed 3 as there are 3 numbers and 7 vibhaktis. Now, let us look at the important vibhaktis in the metal language of Paninian grammar. In the metal language of Paninian grammar, 3 nominal vibhaktis are used to denote different meaning than the one denoted in the object language and they are 5, 6 and 7 and also 1 in combination with 6. This is the difference. So, we will be focusing on these three mainly and together with the sixth we will be also focusing on the first vibhakti, first case. Let me repeat the 3 vibhaktis which denote different meaning than the one denoted in the object language are the 5th, the 6th and the 7th, panchami, shashti and saptami and along with these three the first one also the prathama used in combination with the sixth case shashti that also denotes a different meaning and we shall study these now. So, these are the special vibhaktis. Fifth that is panchami, sixth also known as shashti, seventh also known as saptami and of course, first known as prathama. So, what are the meanings of these vibhaktis in the object language? Let us take a quick look at the meanings of these vibhaktis in the object language first so that it will become clearer to us what is the meaning of these vibhaktis in the meta language and how different it is. So, when we use a fifth case that is panchami apadana is denoted, it denotes apadana and we shall study what is apadana when we look at the concept of karaka. Right now it is enough for us to say that the fifth case that is the panchami vibhakti is generally translated with the help of the word from this is how we translate and this is what we saw. So, the fifth case forms of Rama 5 slash 1 which is Ramath was translated earlier as from one Rama 5 slash 2 Rama Bhyaam is translated as from two Ramas and 5 slash 3 Rama Bhyaa is translated as from 3 plus Ramas. So, the bottom line is that the fifth case is translated with the help of the word from. If we look at the sixth case we note that it denotes sambandha that is a relation and it is translated with the help of the word of. So, the vibhaktianta forms of Rama 6 slash 1 was Ramas here was translated as of one Rama 6 slash 2 Rama Yoho was translated as of two Ramas and 6 slash 3 Rama Naam was translated as of 3 plus Ramas. So, the bottom line is that the sixth case is translated with the help of the word of. Then if we look at the seventh case also known as subtami the seventh case expresses adhikarena adhikarena is the substratum the seventh case gets translated with the help of the word in or on. So, the seventh vibhakti seventh case forms of Rama 7 slash 1 was Rama was translated as in or on one Rama 7 slash 2 was Rama Yoho and was translated as in or on two Ramas 7 slash 3 was Rama Shu and it was translated as in or on three plus Ramas. This is how these three cases get translated in the object language. So, we shall study what is a karaka and then we shall also study what is apadana and adhikarena etc independently in later lectures in this particular course. Right now let us see once again how these cases get translated in the object language and then how they get translated in the meta language of paninian grammar. Let us take examples we earlier took examples of the forms of Rama that were presented to you earlier. Now, here are some more examples wherein words are used in sentences. So, we have three examples on this slide explaining the meaning of the fifth case panchami in the object language and the word in the fifth case is highlighted in blue color. So, the first example is prayagat kashim gachhati and prayagat is 5 slash 1 of prayagal. Now, this sentence means he or she or it goes to kashi from prayagal. So, please note the word from used to express this fifth case. Prayag means prayagal name of a place and this fifth case is expressed by using the word from. So, prayagat stands for from prayagal. Look at the second example once again the word in the fifth case is highlighted in blue color. The sentence is rakshaat paranam patati, rakshaat paranam patati. What it means is a leaf falls from a tree. Now rakshaat is 5 slash 1 of raksha, raksha means a tree and this fifth case is translated using the word from as is clear over here. Now, let us look at the third example which is himalayat ganga pravahati. Himalayat ganga pravahati. Himalayat is in fifth case that is why highlighted in blue. What this sentence means is the river ganga flows from the Himalayat. So, Himalayat is the fifth case of Himalaya that is the name of the mountain protecting India in the north. But this fifth case is translated as from. The fifth case is translated using the word from. So, these three examples show that the fifth case is translated using the word from in the object language samskrit. Now, let us look at how the sixth case namely shashti is translated in the object language. And we have seen the examples of the word rama which were translated using the word of. Now, here are the examples in the sentences. The first sentence reads dasarathasya putram ramams marami and the word dasarathasya appears in the sixth case or shashti vibhakti. Dasarathasya is the sixth case of dasarathasya. The translation of this sentence is I remember rama the son of dasarathasya. So, the word dasarathasya is translated as of dasarathasya. Dasarathasya is the meaning of dasarathasya. The meaning of the sixth case is expressed using the word of over here. Similarly, let us take the second example. It says vayam samskritasya chhatrasmaha. Where the word samskritasya is used in the sixth case. What it means is we are the students of samskritasya. Samskritasya is the sixth case of samskritasya. So, that samskritasya is mentioned by the word samskritasya over here. And this sixth case is translated using the word of over here. And now the last example grantho manavasya mitramasthi. In this manavasya is used in the sixth case. This is the sixth case of the word manava. The translation of this sentence is a book is the friend of a human being. So, manavasya is translated as of a human being. Manavasya is the sixth case of manava and manava is a human being. And this sixth case is translated using the word of over here in this sentence. Now, let us look at the examples of sentences in which a word is used in the seventh case sabtami and how it is translated. So, in the first example saha grehe nivasati. Grehe is in the seventh case and it is translated as in the house. So, the translation of the sentence is he lives in the house. Now, grehe is translated as in the house. Grehe is the seventh case of the word grehe meaning the house. So, the seventh case is translated using the word in. Let us look at the next example. buddhau sthirata shreyaskari asti where the word buddhau is used in the seventh case. The meaning of this sentence is the stability in the intellect is for better. Now, buddhau is translated as in the intellect. Buddhau is the seventh case of the word buddhi which is the intellect. So, here the seventh case is translated using the word in. Similarly, in the last example on the slide, jalashaye mattyas taranti in which jalashaye appears in the seventh case. This sentence is translated as the fishes swim in the lake. jalashaye is translated as in the lake. jalashaye is the seventh case of jalashaye which means the lake and the seventh case is translated as in. The seventh case is translated using the word in. This is how the three cases are used and are translated in the object language samskrit. To summarize what we have studied so far, we can say that in the object language samskrit the cases, the vibhaktis carry particular meanings. Fifth case denotes point of separation. Sixth case denotes relation and seventh case denotes substratum. Fifth case is translated by using the word from. Sixth case is translated by using the word of and the seventh case is translated by using the word in or on. And most importantly, these cases get a different meaning in the meta language of Paninian grammar. This we shall study in the next lecture. Thank you so much.