 which camera I'm using, one minute. I don't know. Yeah, it says Logitech. All right, thank you. Okay, good morning, Ruan, and welcome to BC213. Recording is on. We just prayed together. And last week, we went through Matthew chapter 24. We saw some of the things that the Lord Jesus shared with his disciples when they asked him about the science of the end times. But any questions that we did not answer, I think. I forgot, what was it? Oh, what was the question? Let me Okay, let me see. Okay, let me see if I did I record the questions? Sorry, I didn't keep the questions. Oh, I didn't record it. Okay, so do we know what the questions were? Okay. Okay, so Chaya Paul's question. How will we know about the mark of the beast? So, okay, so this is a question. Thank you. So in Revelation chapter 13, we read about the mark of the beast. And so it's a mark that is introduced by the Antichrist and the false prophets. So they're working together and the Antichrist introduces this mark. And people are forced to have the mark of the beast on the right hand or on the forehead. And only if you have this mark can you buy and sell. So, example, if you go to the grocery store, you want to buy something or any kind of thing you want to do. Only if you have this mark can you buy and sell. And then Revelation 13 says, you know, this mark is 666. So the question is, one is, how is he going to actually do this? How is he going to have people everywhere to receive a mark on their hand or on their forehead? So literally, it's on their body. And it can just be scanned. Now, the technology to make this happen is there. So if somebody, I mean, if people want to, you can put one small little implant here and you can actually, you know, actually all of your data, your life data can be accessed if you want to do that. The technology to make these things happen is already there. And so that's not a difficult thing. What exactly this number would be, the Bible says 666, which doesn't mean that, you know, every time you see 666, we should get scared. It could be something that we don't know the interpretation of it. But I would say two things. One, we don't have to be afraid because we won't be around when that is happening. That is in Revelation 13, it's after the middle of the seven years of tribulation. It's the second half of the tribulation when this will be introduced. We won't be here. Second, the way we can find out is, it will be introduced by the Antichrist and the false prophet. And the way somebody can recognize it is, hey, you're being forced to take that. And only if you have that can you buy and sell. And along with that, you are forced to worship the Antichrist. So these are the two criteria that we can look at Revelation 13, it makes it very clear that you have to have this mark only then you can buy and sell. And this mark is telling is an expression that you are submitting to the Antichrist. So that's how you know that this is that particular mark. And it's not like everybody, every time somebody says, put a badge, oh, it's the Antichrist, no, this is the criteria. So that's how we can recognize it. But as believers, we don't have to be afraid because we're not going to be around at that time. Revelation 13 explains all of this. I hope it's, I hope you answered your question, Chai. All right. What was the second question? What was the other question? On the third day when Jesus arise, the tombs are open. Like what are actually those? And when compared to this, when Jesus, Jesus come, the second coming, the tombs will, is there any compassion for that? And what was that? And what was this? Okay, okay. So, so what we do know is this. So this way you look at Ephesians chapter four, and also first Thessalonians chapter four. So in Ephesians chapter four versus 8, 9, 10, the Bible says that when Jesus ascended, he took captivity captive with him. Okay. That means when the Lord Jesus ascended into heaven, all those people, the Old Testament saints who were held captive in Abraham's bosom, that means they were kept there in Abraham's bosom, they were taken with Jesus into heaven. So paradise moved from being in Abraham's bosom, which was a part of Hades, paradise moved from there to the third heaven, to heaven itself. So Ephesians 4, 8 to 10 describes that. But that happened when Jesus ascended. Now Jesus, after his resurrection, there were two ascensions. So what do you mean? So after Jesus rose up from the dead, he ascended into heaven to enter into the most holy place with his own precious blood. So that time he told Mary, don't touch me, because I have not yet ascended to my father. So he had one more work to do after his resurrection. He had to go into the most holy place and enter in the most holy place and present his blood. So we read about that in Hebrews, I think it's Hebrews chapter 8. Let me see now. Hebrews 8 describes this tabernacle, which is in heaven. And then Hebrews 9 verse 12, not with the blood of goats and cows, but with his own blood, he entered the most holy place once for all, having obtained eternal redemption. Hebrews 9 verse 12, that means he's saying he entered into the most holy place with his own blood. So that's why on that resurrection morning in the garden, when Mary Magdalene saw him and she was about to fall on his feet, she said, don't touch me, I've not yet ascended. So he ascended, he went into the most holy place, presented the blood, then he came back for the next 40 days, he was showing himself alive to his disciples. That time he said, touch me. He told Thomas, Thomas, touch, put your hand on my side, no problem, because he had finished that work. And then after 40 days from the Mount of Olives, he ascended into heaven and he's there, seated at the right hand of the Father. So when he ascended into heaven, Ephesians 4, 8 through 10, he took the saints, Old Testament saints, their spirits, not their bodies, their spirits with them. Now why we say that they were not resurrected physically at that time is because 1 Thessalonians 4 and also end of Hebrews 11 tells us that we will be perfected together. That means was Hebrews 11 39, 3940, that the Old Testament people of faith will not be made perfect apart from us. Or we could say Hebrews 11, 3940, we will be made perfect together. So that resurrection, so 1 Thessalonians 4, when Christ comes, he will bring those who have died with him, the spirits with him, and that time he will all receive glorified bodies. So then the question is, what happened when the night Jesus was crucified? Because the graves were opened and people saw, not everybody, but they saw some people come out of the graves. Matthew 24, sorry, Matthew 27 records that. So what was that about? I think, let me just see here, that when he was, yeah, Matthew 27, 52, 51, 52. And so notice it says, and the graves so open, many bodies of the saints who had fallen asleep were raised and coming out of the graves after his resurrection, they went into the holy city and appeared to many coming out of the graves after his resurrection. So 51, 52, 53 is something that not didn't happen just at that moment, but happened from between crucifixion and resurrection. Because you're saying, see verse 53, coming out of the graves after his resurrection. Okay, they went in the holy city and appeared to many, but here's the problem. The question is, were these people physically raised or was it something like how Peter, James and John saw Elijah and Moses, where they saw on the Mount of Transfiguration Elijah and Moses. But we know Elijah and Moses, but not in their physical bodies walking there. But they saw, they saw them, saw Jesus transfigure. So it was something different, it was not literal physical bodies suddenly walking there. So my, and again, this is, because this is the only passage that describes this, it's open to interpretation. That means we can't, so okay, 100%. We are two or three passages, we can put it all together and say, but my understanding of this is, if you had to be consistent with all the other passages in scripture, that means we are all going to receive our glorified bodies. We're going to be made perfect together. They without us will not be made perfect. So the Old Testament sayings will be made perfect with us. So that's why I feel that that time of everybody receiving glorified bodies will be in 1 Thessalonians chapter 4. So therefore, here, what Matthew 27, 51 to 53, my, so my, I would say my personal or my opinion on this, my understanding of this would be that their spirits came and they saw them in the spirit, spiritual expression, not their physical bodies, because then it would be something happening before God's appointed time. So that's my understanding. Now, I know some people may say differently, that's okay, we don't need to fight about it, because there's only one passage that we have, but keeping everything consistent, I would say, okay, here, the spirits of these people were made visible, a few people were made visible to those who knew them in Jerusalem. And then I say, this person was dead. This person was dead, but at that moment, God did it as a sign and as a wonder, showing that Jesus, remember Jesus was the first born from the dead. He was the first person to be resurrected, never to die again. So Jesus had to be first physically, and these people appeared, the spirits appeared to those who knew them, but them receiving their immortal bodies will all take place in 1 Thessalonians chapter 4 according to 1 Thessalonians 1. So that's how I would understand this passage, but I'm sure that there would be others who have different interpretations of it, and that is fine. We don't have to fight about it, because this is the only passage we have. Okay, yes, Prince. Any other questions from online students as well? Well, we explain. We're talking about the rapture, and we see, even I asked last time, will all the believers be taken up during the rapture? And we have said, all the believers who believed in the name of Jesus will be taken up. And even last time, we have seen an example of one pastor, a pastor. So even Jesus tells about these people. So even now, there are people who are like that, false prophets who are in the name of Jesus, but they are not living according to his word. So will they also be raptured or will they be left behind? So those who are not believers, who are not true believers, will not be raptured. But there are people who have believed Jesus, but like that pastor we have seen, he was, he believed in Jesus. So you're talking about people, say example, you're talking about people in the congregation. Are you talking about people in the congregational belief now? No. So is your question that there are people who believed in Jesus, but then they got deceived and went away? They went away from the faith. Will they be raptured? So that part, we will let God handle. No, because we can't judge. We can't judge, like where they are. Maybe they're confused. Not that they've become unbelievers. See, like say example, there's a believer. He's not suddenly overnight. I mean, very rarely overnight he's going to say, I've become unbeliever. Maybe there are some people who may deny the faith completely. There's sometimes there'll be people in between they're a little confused. Sometimes they may be deceived or disturbed by some other people. It's not that they've given up there on their faith in Jesus, but at that moment maybe they're confused. So that part, you know, we don't know exactly where they are. We let the Lord see because only God can see their heart and know where they are. Those who have openly denied, like Hebrews chapter 6 says, they openly deny, they trample underfoot the blood of Jesus. That means they just totally denying their faith, which they once believed. That, you know, we can say, yeah, that person has gone away from their faith. He has completely denied Jesus Christ. Obviously, he's not saved human, but others who may be a little confused, disturbed, we let God handle it. He knows their heart. Okay. So let's move forward now. We're going to go to the next chapter. This chapter number, okay, sorry, I need to finish a few things in chapter 1 itself, which is on page 20. Let me share this page 20 on the PDF. So we, what we want to do, what I want to mention now is that in the Bible, both in the Old Testament and New Testament, there are different phrases that are on page 20 in the notes. There are different phrases that are used in relation to the old end times. So, I've just given examples here. Last days, the time of the end, the latter days, day of the Lord, day of wrath, last day, end of the age, end of the ages, end of the, sorry, ends of the ages, last hour, coming of the Lord, appearing, revelation of Jesus Christ, when He appears, His coming, and so on. Now, there is no one meaning for every phrase. That means we have to understand each phrase depending on its context, what it's exactly referring to. Is it referring to a time just before the rapture? Or is it referring to a time during the beginning of the tribulation? Or is it referring to a time, end of tribulation? So what exactly that phrase is referring to will depend on the passage in which it is. So I've given all these scriptures here. So we cannot say every time it says His coming, it is referring to the rapture because His coming could be, whether a rapture or whether it is the end of the seven years of tribulation, it could be, depending on where it is used, we have to understand. Or it could also refer to the entire period of the last seven years, the tribulation period. So we'll have to interpret each time we read it, depending on the context. And yeah, so that's fine. Let's go to the next chapter, which is chapter number two, the Middle East and other regions in prophecy. So here in this chapter, I just want us to just get some idea of the geography that the Bible is really talking about, especially in the context of the end times. So that's the purpose of this chapter, which parts of the world should we be familiar with. So one, when we say, the Middle East, remember, there are these two great rivers, the Tigris and the Euphrates. And the Garden of Eden was somewhere here in this area between the Euphrates and the Tigris, somewhere in that region. And Abraham was called out from here, and God then said, I'm going to take you into a land that I'm going to give you as an inheritance. So somewhere from this region, alongside the Euphrates River was the Ur of the Chaldees or the Chaldeans, which would have been part of modern day Iraq. And from there, God said, Abraham come, I'll take you to a land that I'll give you. So Abraham made his journey. He made his journey towards the West and then down south. So he moved down to this region that we now know as Israel. So this whole area, the Middle East, is of interest to us. The countries that we are looking at would be, of course, Israel, there's Jordan, there's Syria, there's Turkey up in the north, Lebanon is just north of Israel, Iraq, and then on the south is Egypt. So these are areas that are of interest to us. Now, when Daniel prophesied, he prophesied about empires. He talked about the Babylonians, the Medes, the Persians, then the Greeks, and then he mentioned these empires. And then he spoke about another empire that would come very powerful. And all of these empires essentially existed in this part of the world, the Middle East. Around the Mediterranean. So again, this area is very of interest to us. So page 21, sorry, page 24, after these empires came and went, subsequently, Islam became a very powerful force in that part of the world. So today, a lot of the Middle East is Arab nations, Muslim nations. So literally, Israel is surrounded by Muslim countries, literally. So because Islam came up in power in that part of the world, subsequently. So 22 Arab nations are across the Middle East and North Africa. So Israel is literally surrounded by these nations. So if you look in the page 25, you find Israel such a small, tiny little country, and all around it are all these big and powerful Arab nations, Muslim countries. And yet it is so interesting that this small nation of Israel is almost like, it has such a big voice, the Middle East, even though it is surrounded by Arab nations. I mean, if you look at, if you think of it, these Arab nations could literally, if they all got together, they could, they would outnumber Israel very easily, if they all got together. But yet, Israel seems to have such a powerful voice in the Middle East. And many of these nations in the Middle East, they can, they all became independent, recognizes countries around the same time. In Israel, 1948, Egypt, 1922, Iraq, 1932, Syria, 1945. So all these nations became independent around the same time. So a little bit more on Israel. May 14, 1948, the state of Israel was formed and declared its independence. And a lot of the Jews began to move towards their own home or the land that they felt was a land given to them by God. Now the, another region that's very of interest to us is the European Union. That you see a little map of that on page 26, the former Roman Empire, the old Roman Empire, page 26. So when Daniel prophesied, he talked about an empire or a kingdom that would be made of iron, that'll be very powerful, more stronger than the previous empires. Now he didn't mention it by name, but he gave it in sequence. He said, after the Babylonians, there will be the Medes, the Persians, the Greeks. And after the Greeks will come another empire, which would be made of like very powerful, very of iron. And we, looking back at history, we can recognize that to be the Roman Empire, which covered most of modern day Europe. So the map you're seeing on page 26, right? Yeah. Is the colored area is the old Roman Empire, when it was at its biggest, largest extent. You see that it covered a lot of Northern Africa, it covered all of the Middle East and parts of Europe and a good, a large part of Europe, which today forms part of the European Union. So that's why it's very interesting. And we will read this in Daniel chapter 2, where in Daniel chapter 2, Daniel says, after this powerful empire, this empire will be broken into small, small, small parts. And the iron will be mixed with clay. Clay meaning people from all other parts of the world. And so today, that's exactly the condition of the European Union, all across Europe. You have people who were, you know, you say, okay, they're all descendants of, they're all part of the former Roman Empire. But it's all mixed with people from all other parts of the world. Everybody else is there. You know, so literally, what Daniel said, the iron mixed with clay is what we see all across the European Union. And then he tells us, he says, in the days of this kingdom, God will set up his own kingdom. So it's very interesting. But then he gives us lots of details in the book of Daniel, which we will study in our third year. What we see is from this region will arise 10 leaders. So today, many of the leaders of the European Union, I mean, they are world leaders, you know, you said France, Germany, and other, you know, other leaders, prominent leaders, they recognize leaders there. So he says there will be 10 leaders who will rise, who will be very prominent from this region. And then there'll be a small horn or a small leader who comes, who was part of the former Greek Empire. So the Greek Empire covered parts of Greece, Turkey, Syria and Northern Africa, that region. So from there will come a small horn, and he will influence three of these 10 leaders. And that little horn will be the Antichrist. So for us, looking at what is happening in this part of the world is very interesting because Daniel prophesied and gave us a lot of details on what is going to happen. You're with me so far. So what looking at what's happening in the Middle East, what's happening in Europe is something of interest. And we keep looking at it very carefully. So I've given you the names of the countries here, modern day countries, which were part of the Roman Empire. The ones that are in bold, Greece, Turkey, Syria and Egypt are the four major countries which were part of the Greek Empire in that area. So Daniel said from one of those four regions will come the Antichrist. Now I mentioned only these four countries, it doesn't mean it's exclusively these countries, it's in that region. So there is some overlap with some other countries which we're not very clear about, but somewhere in that region the Antichrist will come. And then there are a list of other countries or territories that were part or in some way influenced by the Roman Empire, which we should also look at. So if you look at modern day map on page 27, you'll find all the modern day countries that are of interest to us. So it's good for us to read the news, to see what's happening, see what is going on, how the nation is relining and so on. And so I'll give you a summary of what Daniel had prophesied. All right, now page 29, Russia. Another country that we should be looking at is Russia. What is Russia doing? How it is aligned, where is it in its relationship with Israel? It's very important, right? So Ezekiel chapter 38, Ezekiel describes that and it's very interesting to read Ezekiel 38, I would encourage you to read it. He says that there will be this people from the north and he mentions certain tribes, he mentions Persia, which we know is Iran and Iraq. He mentions Ethiopia, Libya, Goma, which would be passed parts of Eastern Germany. He mentions the Gharma, which would be Turkey and he mentions Egypt. So these are regions that we need to be looking at. And he talks about people from the north invading Israel. So if you look at the map, you'll find that Moscow is just north, straight north of Jerusalem, Russia, straight north. And he talks about those tribes coming in and invading Israel. So we look very carefully how today the United States supports Israel, Russia, China, North Korea, they're aligning themselves and Russia aligns itself with Turkey, with some of the Middle Eastern countries. And so they're all aligned and they oppose the US, UK and some of the other countries like France and Germany, they oppose. They're not, you know, so it's like on one side you have these countries, on the other side these countries. And so if anything happens, it's most likely that Russia, China would all join hands together and go against Israel. So the way these nations are aligned is so interesting, because it's almost exactly like what Ezekiel wrote way back, you know, hundreds of years before Jesus and thousands of years before our time. So Ezekiel wrote in Ezekiel 38, this is the way it's going to be. Here we are almost 2000 plus years later and we can see these nations aligned in that manner. Okay, so it's useful if you will read Ezekiel 38 and 38, 39, you will see what how these nations are aligned. Another important part that we need to look at are kings from the East, because in the book of Revelation, Revelation 9 and also in Revelation 16, Revelation 9 talks about an army of about 200, it was a 200,000, I think it is, Revelation 9, let me give you the exact number. It says Revelation 9 and verse 15 and verse 16, 200 million, Revelation 9, now the army of the horsemen were 200 million. And this army later on also we see in Revelation 16, you see the kings of the East, Revelation 16 was well prepared, so the river Euphrates was dried and the way of the kings from the East might be prepared. So we are seeing an army of 200 million, so we think like who can have such a big army, 200 million people, horsemen. And then Revelation 12, 16, 12, we are seeing kings from the East, they are preparing to come to attack Israel. So he does not mention by name who this is, okay, so we don't know, so correctly we don't know, all we know is it's from the East of Israel. So we say, okay, you know, most likely this will include China because you have to have an army of 200 million people, so who can have such a big army, most countries are small, Russia is big, China is big. So that's one reason why we can, although China is not mentioned by name, it's okay, most likely China is going to be involved. And then he gives us more details saying it's the kings from the East, so we think of all the countries east of Israel, Iraq, Iran, Syria, and then move further, you'll find Russia and China. So these are the kings from the East who will move into attack Israel. So that's why we look at how these countries are aligning themselves and the major countries east of Israel are Russia and China. So kings from the East, 200 million troops, most likely China, Russia along with other Arab nations. And the Valley of Megiddo is, again, a very interesting place because this is where the Bible tells us is going to be the final battle. So where is the Valley of Megiddo? You'll see a little map on page 30, the Jezreel Valley, which is north of Jerusalem, north, the northern part of Israel, the Valley of Jezreel, just north of Jerusalem. So in that region is this valley where the Bible says the big conflict will take place. So it's like all the armies will come in here, why here? I don't know, Bible just foretells it that this is the place where it's going to be, there's going to be a great conflict, the Valley of Megiddo or the Jezreel Valley, where things will take place and the Battle of Armageddon will take place. The river Euphrates will be dried up and the armies will move from the north, come across here and there'll be conflict taking place right here in an attempt to destroy Jerusalem and so on. Okay, so that's something to keep in mind. And then there's a little map, page 31, somebody has put together all the details that we see in scripture. The river Euphrates dries up and then that can allow the armies, of course, the armies moving on ground, on air, but they all converge here in the Valley of Megiddo or the Battle of Armageddon takes place here. And it's at that moment that the Lord Jesus will return. Okay, so these are the areas, the regions that we need to keep in mind. All right, any questions here so far? Yes, Francis. Sir, will India participate for anything? I know like India is a relative country of Russia, so in case India anything needed, the support will come from Russia. So like anything will happen like that. So what would be India's role? So India right now is like, they have very good relations with the US, they also have good relations with Russia, they're balancing in between, but not very good relationship with China. But what we do know is in, I think it was in the 1967 war or before, earlier, Indian soldiers fought for Israel. And actually, if you look into the details, the Indian, one particular Indian regimen was very, very instrumental in helping fight for Israel. I think it's the 1967 war, one of those wars. So Indian soldiers were fighting for Israel at that time. And India also has a good relationship in terms with Israel because they get a lot of the military intelligence from Israel. A lot of the learning comes, the knowledge technical knowledge comes from Israel as well, along with other countries. So India's trying to maintain good relations with the US, with Russia, with Israel. And so what role will India play? Where will India be? I don't know, because it's kind of balancing everybody, keeping good relationships on all sides. Historically, yes, India supported Israel and they fought for Israel, Indian soldiers. How will it be in the future? We don't know where, what position India is going to take. But practically, you find that India's connections with the US seems to be stronger, there's a lot more US investment here, a lot of more American companies coming and establishing here than Russia. It used to be, we used to have good ties with Russia, but now economically, we seem to be much better with the United States. But what actually will happen, where, what role India will play? I'm not sure. We'll see. Okay. Again, any questions from online? So this, we have one more lesson on a little bit of history, just to give us background before we start looking in the scriptures, which we will cover quickly in the next lesson. Let me just get started here. So just a few more minutes and then we'll go for a break. Let me just share a little bit from the next chapter. So chapter two was introducing us a little bit of the geography. Chapter three is a little bit of the history. So what actually happened here? So God called Abraham from this area, the Mesopotamia, Mesopotamia that's along the river Euphrates, between the river, rivers Euphrates and Stigris. He called Abraham from here and he, and he led him to what we know as Israel. And at that time, the promise that God made to Abraham was, he said, you know, let's, if you look at Genesis 15 verse 18, he said, the land between the great river Euphrates and the river Egypt, the land between the Nile, the river of Egypt and the river Euphrates, that whole land I'm giving to you. Okay. So that's why people of Israel say this is our land, because God promised it to Abraham. And sure enough, that is exactly where they are. They don't have all of it, some of it, you know, on the South, Egypt is holding on to some part of it. Other parts are, you know, there's a lot of conflict going on right now. So, but a major portion of it, they're there, they're having it for themselves. But the land, the region, God said Genesis 15, 18, from Euphrates till Nile, I will give it to you, from Euphrates to the river of Egypt. Okay. So that is the region they, Israel sees. The other important thing, yeah, so we read about, you know, God bringing them back to the land of promise and he gave them his feasts, the feasts that they were to keep. And very important is what happened during David's time when he, I should say, okay, let, when he prepared, made preparation for the temple and Solomon built the first temple about 1000 BC. Right. So this is on page 32. So around 1000 BC, 1000 years before Christ, Solomon built the temple. Right. So that is very, very important because that land where Solomon built the temple today now, as we understand it is, is, is occupied by the mosque and the dome of the rock, which are Muslim sites. Anyway, so after Solomon, the kingdom was divided. The Assyrians came, they attacked Israel. After Assyrians came, the Babylonians, our King Cyrus gave the issue around 539 BC to go and rebuild the temple and the city. So the temple was rebuilt. So we refer to it as a second temple, which was rebuilt by Zerubabel and Nehemiah, rebuilt the walls around 450 BC. And then there was Alexander the Great, the Greek Empire. Then there was the Seleucid Empire. Then came the Romans and then came. So during that time, King Herod was there. Jesus was born. And the second temple was destroyed around 70 AD by the Romans. So the second temple, it was destroyed. Then we see the rise of Islam in and around the Middle East, around 600 AD. And Jerusalem was captured and around 690 AD, the dome of the rock was built at the same site where there was the temple in Jerusalem. And there was a wave of people returning back into Israel around 1800s and 1900s. Jewish people began to return, establish themselves. Then came the Ottoman Empire. Again, it was an Arab or Muslim empire. And that empire was overthrown by the British. The British defeated the Turks. Around 1917. So that's the time the transition happened. And then in 1948, the British moved out and Israel declared itself as an independent state or as a country. So that happened. Then there were subsequent battles of wars. I think the most important would be the Six-Day War in 1967, when Jerusalem was recaptured by Israel. And this was an amazing moment for Israel because they were three armed. They were the Egypt, Syria, Jordan, Iraq, and Lebanon. So we're talking about five neighboring countries against one country. So Egypt, Syria, Jordan, Iraq, and Lebanon fighting against Israel. And Israel actually pushed them all back and took more territory. So it took Jerusalem back and North Golan Heights and it just took more region. So five of these countries coming against Israel and Israel is pushing them back. So that was very, very decisive that these countries realized that Israel is actually very strong, very powerful, militarily. Even though it's a small country, they couldn't push it down. And so that was a turning point there. So let's pause here, go for a break. We'll come back and just touch on some of the key things about historical information before we go forward.