 In summary, mesenchymal stem cells, MSCs, are adult stem cells found in multiple tissues, which possess regenerative and differentiation capabilities. These cells have been studied extensively in the field of regenerative medicine, and have shown promise in treating a variety of diseases. Recently, the International Society for Cellular Therapy, ISCT, issued guidelines for isolating and characterizing MSCs, which has led to the development of more consistent and reliable protocols for obtaining MSCs. This has allowed for greater understanding of the biology of MSCs, and has enabled the development of clinical trials using MSCs for a wide range of diseases. This article was authored by Tiziana Squallaro, Gianfranco Paluzzo, and Umberto Galdorizzi.