 Dear students, in this topic we shall discuss the non-tropic hormones of adenohypophysis. Adenohypophysis secretes three hormones that act directly on their target tissues. These include melanocyte-stimulating hormone MSH, prolectin-ERL and growth hormone GH. It is also called as Sumetotrophin. The melanocyte-stimulating hormone or MSH is a peptide hormone. In lower vertebrates, large amounts of MSH are produced from the intermediate lobe of pituitary. In humans, MSH is produced from par's intermediate of anterior pituitary in extremely low quantities. The MSH regulates the activity of pigment-containing cells, that is, melanocytes. That is why its name is Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone. These melanocytes are found in the skin of many vertebrates. This hormone stimulates the synthesis of black pigment melanin by melanocytes. In these melanocytes, not only this is synthesized, but its dispersion is also controlled by MSH within the melanocyte. If this disperses inside the melanocyte, then the skin's color becomes black. If it is concentrated, then the skin's color becomes lighter. That is why it affects the melanocyte. This leads to the darkening and lightening of the skin color. Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone is not produced that much in humans. That is why the pigmentation of the skin is mostly controlled by ACTH, adenocorticotropic hormone. MSH plays some roles other than controlling the melanocytes. For example, in mammals, it also affects the hunger and inhibits the act of hunger by acting on some neurons in the brain. It is also involved in fat metabolism, prolectin. Prolectin has diverse effects in different vertebrates. In birds, it regulates fat metabolism and reproduction. In amphibians, it delays the process of metamorphosis. In freshwater fishes, it regulates salt and water concentration while in mammals, it stimulates memory gland growth and milk production. Students, now we shall discuss growth hormone in detail. The growth hormone is also known as somatotropin and somatotropic hormone. It is a protein that contains 191 amino acids in a single chain. The production and release of growth hormone is under the control of two hypothalamic hormones. One is the growth hormone, releasing hormone that is GHRH and the other is the somatostatin that is growth hormone inhibiting hormone GIH. The growth hormone exerts both metabolic and developmental effects. First we shall discuss the metabolic effects of growth hormone. Growth hormone induces mobilization of stored fat for energy metabolism. It stimulates fatty acid uptake by the muscles. It also decreases the rate of glucose utilization. As a result, it causes elevation of glucose in blood. Growth hormone also increases the rate of protein synthesis in most cells of the body. It also stimulates insulin secretion. Insulin secretion is directly or indirectly caused by growth hormone. Directly this way, it acts directly on beta cells of pancreas and stimulates insulin secretion. This is the only trophic effect of growth hormone. Otherwise, all other effects are non-trophic but this is the trophic effect. Indirectly, insulin secretion increases glucose levels in blood. Overall, growth hormone enhances body proteins. It uses up fat stores and conserves carbohydrates. Now we shall discuss the developmental effects of growth hormone. It causes growth of almost all tissues of the body. It stimulates RNA and protein synthesis and promotes the growth of tissues. Particularly, cartilage and bone growth. The growth of tissues due to growth hormone is because of cell division. That is proliferation. Increase in the number of cells. There are two ways of growth. 1. Increase in the number of cells and 2. Increase in the size of cells. This increases the number of cells. Growth hormone works synergistically with thyroid hormones and promotes tissue growth during development. Growth hormone also stimulates liver to produce growth-promoting factors. Insulin-like growth factor, IGFs act directly on cells to promote growth. Growth hormone produces such factors. Dear students, growth hormone is very important in the developmental processes of animals and humans. Its undersecretion or oversecretion has drastic effects which lead to abnormal growth and development of the body. There are three such major human factors which produce due to the level of growth hormone. 1. Gigantism. It is a very big risk. Excessive size, excessive stature. If growth hormone is more secreted in the amount of childhood before puberty, it increases the risk. This is called gigantism. 2. Acromegaly. If growth hormone secreted in the amount of childhood before puberty, it increases the risk of head bones and extremities. This is called acromegaly. If the secretion of growth hormone is less than the age of development before puberty, it produces dwarfism. In which stature is short. We call it bone-up in common language. That is because of the deficiency of growth hormone.