 Greetings dear aspirants, welcome to today's current affairs session on civil speedy up. Today we will be discussing about default bridge and about Unati program of ISRO under our prelims topic and about space technology and border management, the right to education amendment bill and about the dangers of reciprocity with regards to independence of collegium under our main topic. So let us move on to a first topic of the day, default bridge. So when you are studying about bridges, just try to know about the location of that particular bridge in which state is it located and on which river is it located. So this particular default bridge is located on the Chippur River and it is located in the lower Dibang valley district in the state of Arunachal Pradesh. So this particular road was constructed under the project Udayak of the Border Roads organization. So you need to know something about the Border Roads organization and as the name subject suggests this organization was set up to maintain and develop the infrastructure road infrastructure in the border areas of the country. So it will construct border roads, it will construct road bridges and it will also construct tunnels. So this particular default bridge is one such road bridge which has been commissioned by the Border Roads organization under the project Udayak. Tech is one of those projects that has been operationalized by this Border Roads organization at the eastern command of the country. So this particular Border Roads organization works under the Ministry of Defense. So this is all you need to know about this default bridge from Prillam's point of view and try to know about those recent bridges that has been inaugurated in the northeastern India. For example, a Bogibeel bridge in the state of Assam and also a Dola-Sadia bridge which was commissioned in the year 2015. So let's move on to our next topic, Unathi program. So this Unathi program is being done by the ISTRO, Indian Space Research Organization. So the full form of Unathi program is the Unispace Nanosatellite Assembly and Training. So you need to know something about Unispace and about this Nanosatellite Assembly and Training. So this is basically a capacity development program to those foreign nationals of our friendly nations who will learn something about the Nanosatellite development. So this particular program has been organized by India and it was announced in June 2018 in order to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the Unispace conference which is nothing but the first United Nations Conference on the Exploration and the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space where the UN felt the need post the launch of Sputnik satellite by the Russian government. So you need to know about the program objectives. So India or the ISTRO will conduct the theoretical classes and also answer on training to assemble integrate and test the low cost modular nanosatellite and a comprehensive course on nanosatellite realization is also being conducted by ISTRO. So three such classes have been planned. So this is the first class that is being conducted by ISTRO. So this is all you need to know about the Unathi program of ISTRO. Let's move on to our main topic space technology in border management. So the minister of OMAFES Mr Rajnarsing has approved a task force report on utilization of space technology in border management. So this particular report discusses about a short, medium and long term plans which has to be implemented in five years and it has also identified some areas of use. So those five areas are island development because islands are also very important from India's security point of view and ends focus is also on the island development and border security, communication and navigation and geographical information system and operations planning system and border infrastructure development. And with regards to short, medium and long term plans which will be done in close coordination with the Ministry of Defense and the ISTRO. So the border security force is namely the central armed police force, your border security force, Indo-Tibetan police force and Sahashtra Seema ball. So all their immediate needs would be handled by procuring high efficient imagery of bandwidth of communication. So this is the short term plan and midterm plan is to launch a satellite exclusively for the Ministry of OMAFES and in long term the Ministry of OMAFES will create a ground segment and network infrastructure in order to share the satellite resources to the user agencies and it will also develop a central archival facility for storing the various imagery resources and disseminating the same to the user agencies. For this the border security force has been selected as a designated agency to manage this central archival facility and also to develop these ground and network infrastructures. And this report has also discussed about operation planning and navigation. With regards to operation planning the satellites help would be taken to coordinate the deployment of the central armed police forces and with regards to navigation. So satellite based navigation. So we'll provide for navigation facilities to all those operation parties working in remote areas in a rough terrain areas at the border areas and also noxal hit areas. So this is all about the space technology utilization and border management that you need to know from main's point of view. Let's move on to our next topic the amendment to the right to education bill. So we have the right of children to free and compulsory act that was passed in 2009 which provides for free and compulsory education to children between ages 6 and 14 years. And as a part of this bill there is a no detention policy until class 8. So one of the perks of this bill is the quality of education would be deteriorated in the long run because there was a report telling that a student studying class is not able to solve a math problem of class third and second thing is the accountability. There is no accountability of students and the teachers and ends some of majority of the states wanted to bring amendment to this no detention policy by abolishing it. So this particular bill seeks to amend this right to education and polishing the detention policy in schools. So this decision would be left to the states if they need to abolish the no detention policy or not. And this bill also provides for regular examinations in class fifth and eight where it was not that they are proposed to implement this and suppose if a child fails then it will be given training for two months by that particular school and re-examination would be conducted within two months. So this is all you need to know about the amendment to the right to education bill. And let's move on to our next topic, the danger of reciprocity where the author in the editorial published in the Hindu newspaper as discussed in large about the independence of the collegium system. So this article largely discusses about the independence of the collegium system. So it discusses about the norms and dangers of reciprocity. So you need to know something about reciprocity. So it is mutual help for mutual benefits. Mutual help for mutual benefits. So it is like I help you in order to get a benefit from you and you would help me in order to get a benefit from me. So how it works. So he has discussed about how judicial review favors and about the super session and appointments. And he has largely emphasized on the separation of the powers between the judicial arm of the government and the executive arm of the government. So the recent controversies over the collegium system where it's independence and its power is at stake because its decision has been reversed which was made before months whereby two senior judges have been appointed to the Supreme Court Justice Sanjeev Khanna and Justice Dinesh Maheshwari. So he has discussed about judicial review versus appointments. So he is telling this judicial review seriously undermines the independence of the judges and raises doubts about the credibility of the IS Court. If a judge decides to favor the government then judicial review itself would be a question. And the government is not only the biggest litigator here but is also the great threat to the abuse of power. So judicial review as a concept is supposed to control the government and keep in check of the government actions which would be against the public interest. But in this case if a judge decides to favor the government then judicial review itself is a question mark. If you see there was incident in 2015 with regards to Justice K.M. Joseph where he had stuck down the emergency that was brought in by the Modi government in the state of Uttarakhand. As soon as that the collegium recommended Mr. K.M. Joseph's name to the Supreme Court but it was stuck down by the government because the Justice K.M. Joseph was not towards the government. So this was one such scenario and this has been discussed by the author. And second thing is the supersession in the appointments nothing but not appointing based on the seniority order but based on merit. That by superseding the judges who can be appointed to that particular post based on seniority. So he has also again quoted some of the examples. So he has taken an example from 1970s Justice A.N. Roy where he was appointed as the Chief Justice of India by superseding three judges in 1973. When he favored the government in bank nationalization case and also in the famous case one under Bharti case. And next one is Justice M.H. Begg where he was also appointed the Chief Justice of India by superseding Justice H.R. Khanna in 1977 in the Indira Gandhi election case. So also with regards to National Judicial Appointments Commission. So this was struck down by the Supreme Court by telling that it will compromise the independence of the C.J.I. and it has given a role to government in the appointment of the judges. Nothing but the executive arm of the government involving in the appointments of the judicial arm of the government. So there will be a clash of powers and there needs to be a proper separation of power. Hence this particular National Judicial Appointments Commission was also struck down by the government. And this author has discussed something about power and influence and about the norm of reciprocity. So the author tells that the power and influence are the fundamental concepts in a society. And influence is sometimes considered to be an aspect of power. So if a person is powerful is more likely to be highly influential. And he's taken examples of Indira Gandhi and the present prime minister Mr. Narendra Modi who are powerful figures. And hence they can also be influential figures. And with regards to norm of reciprocity, he has taken an example of the American sociologist Mr. Alvin Watt-Golner where he tells that the universal norm in human societies is that individuals are obligated to reciprocate the favors received. And he has also articulated the norm of reciprocity in the following manner. People should help those who have helped them. And people should not injure those who have helped them. So he's telling like if a person helps you, you should help them back. At least if you're not helping, please don't injure them or don't create any harm to them. So it is also being told in our Tamil literature in Tirukural also. And with regards to clashes between the judicial and the executive arm of the government. So with regards to reciprocity, the author has given some comments. Though the first thing is the judge, Justice Mr. J. Keher was stuck down the NJAC Commission in his famous NJAC judgment as quoted the US judicial system. Because in US judicial system, the appointments are is made by the president with the help of the Senate. Though the Senate, US Senate, recommends this particular person to be a chief justice and he's being appointed by the president. So clearly the executives are involved here. So the judge who has been appointed by the president is more likely to favor the executive or nothing but the president or the Senate decision. So the ruling party decision would be favored at large by that particular judge. But this is not the case in India. The makers of constitution of clearly given separation of powers between the judiciary and independent integrated judiciary. And this was also envisaged by Dr. Bia Ambedkar. And the author has also quoted one more example, Mr. MC Chagla was a chief justice of the Bombay High Court and also happened to be in the cabinet of the government of Indira Gandhi. So he has given, told that the discussed about the adverse impact of super session is telling that the loyalty towards the government can be seen either in the judgment or even on public platforms. In those times it was very much visible that the judges showed their loyalty in the way of judgments or in the way of public platform. So the Keswan and the Bharti case is one classic example where A.N. Rai was appointed the chief justice of India because he largely favored the government's decisions. And also if you see Justice H.R. Karna who was also behind this Keswan and the Bharti case, he has told that the judges used the highly sounding words like social justice for the court passed orders where the effect of which was to unsettle the settled principles and dilute or undo the dicta laid down in the earlier cases because Indira Gandhi government came up with some amendments that was like about to destroy the basic structure of the constitution. So this particular judge came up with the basic structure doctrine. So this was also discussed by the author. So he has finally told that the author has finally told that there should be a separation of powers between the judicial arm and the executive arm of the government and the collegium should operate in a powerful and in an independent manner. So these two are the takeaways of this particular editorial. But this we are winding up our today's topic. Please do like comment and share the video and please subscribe to Shankar IAS Academy channel for latest videos and updates. Stay focused and motivated friends. Thank you.