 So we are going to have the luxury of having many more questions than in the previous session. So please we'll start from the left this time around. So if there are any questions on the left please raise your hand. Then we'll go to Yong Fu. Thank you, Pika. Thank you for a very enlightening presentation. And I think I wonder if you could give more introduction about the positive shift of the foreign aid. That's very interesting. You're talking about the foreign has been shifting from industrial foreign aid policy into something as a community. I wonder you could talk a little bit more about that. Thank you. The world also has changed dramatically of course over this time. So the last 10 years we have the last 20 years the international trade has become sort of expanded very much. So initially I think the industrial forestry was built in the was the idea was then more local that each nation should have an industry for their forestry so they could provide themselves with lumber and pulp and paper domestically within the region or smaller region. So that was obvious. And this was a period when then sawmills were constructed with foreign aid and also some plantation forestry for industrial purposes was and then for different reasons partly probably because the project sometimes failed. So this didn't live as and then came this idea of local community development with more approaching the idea of addressing poverty and social issues. So and then in the 1980s we had the biodiversity boom. It was Ed Wilson and others who promoted the idea of protecting biodiversity of the world. And that went into the then establishing nature reserves and this kind of projects. And then that again turned sort of back toward more the idea of more balancing social economic and ecological ideas. And then now the latest phase is that we very strongly focus on the climate issue under the carbon issue and the red that red plus more like perhaps more like a financing instrument to the forestry projects not that that would be the only. And as the previous speaker spoke we have been talking about co-benefits and so the idea of of addressing poverty and rural development is certainly there. But it's expressed as red. So this is broadly what comes out from and Persons book deals with all these previous phases not so much of course it was written in 2003. So this red phase is not included there. But that's broadly and certainly one would perhaps hope that the ideas are a bit more persistent. So 10 years shift in the ideas is not so easy to handle especially with forests when you have forests in general are like a long to long term idea. Any more questions? Perhaps I was not listening too well but it has to do with the short term solution of the five kilos of wood that would be used and instead you can do it for two kilos. So how do you do that? The stove like this which is underneath the pan here creates a flame hot flame very quickly with a small amount of wood. And these are available by different producers simply because now we have high quality steel that can hold hold the high flame. So having a simple stove very simple thing underneath where you have the fire can give you the heat sufficient to cook your meal effectively with a very small amount of wood. It's amazing in fact how quickly you can get the pan to boil with this kind of device. And these are very affordable. I mean one good thing why not sending with the aid a hundred million stoves like this into the rural areas. It's feeding five people so you'd feed you'd make the meal for half a billion people much more efficiently than it's done. Yes that's a hundred million copies. Do you have a hundred million? It's a scale. I mean you know better. We can discuss. We have a question on the back. Good morning. I'm Jahangir Chaudhary from Bangladesh. My question is that okay is it is this stove going to be affordable to hardcore poor or people belonging to the lower strata in the society because Bangladesh has got like a problem in the sense that we don't have that much firewood and forest degradation is going on at a rapid at a high rate. So for a country like Bangladesh these sort of stoves are very important and going to be very useful. The question is that whether is going is this stove going to be a affordable and affordable one or not or do you need some sort of like subsidies to give to poor people to buy these sort of stoves. That's the question. Thank you. When saying affordable I relate it to the aid funding which is directed to forestry projects. So with the aid with the current scale of aid funding what fraction would you need to donate if that's the right thing to do or somehow rent at a very low price whatever mechanism would be so compared to what we spend in forestry aid and aid programs in general. Then it's affordable. I believe that the rural person in Bangladesh cannot afford buying it from the market. Thank you. I can recognize a lot of sort of this description of the changing paradigms. I mean I actually did work as a forestry economist for a year in the late 70s and I was responsible for the Mozambican forestry plan in 1982. Now there was a lot of focus then on industrial sort of development so I think maybe there is some overlap in these paradigms which is actually important to trace out as well. And what sort of motivates my question is that I was in Mozambique just about half a year ago and there was a Finnish company that then essentially was trying to sell a forestry project but not with aid which looked very much like the projects that were there back in the late 70s. So I'm sort of wondering has this sort of development of the aid and the aid paradigm has that sort of happened and gone on in kind of a bubble? I mean where you sort of have aid and forestry and there's been something going on out there to which extent has this impacted on what forestry companies and so on and so forth do in general. In other words has there been some sort of link from the aid back to the bigger business back to the bigger question or has this really just been kind of a sideshow? Thank you. Certainly in many areas like in Asia the regular business dominates and the aid is a minor part of it and it's mixed I believe so and as you say you're certainly I exaggerated perhaps a little bit Parsons message I think he has had more as you say overlapping view. Then now in forest business what has happened in the last 10 years it has globalized earlier like the European companies and the Finnish forest companies served the European customers and now the whole world is global. So if you have a pulp available in the harbor you can send it anywhere in the world it's fully global and that affects the market in the way that then it concentrates the forestry business concentrates into certain areas where the economics are favorable and that is certainly one. So certain areas develop very fast others are forgotten and a new phenomenon is bioenergy trade and in that area also the private business is developing all over the world where they perhaps could grow bioenergy crops and ship them also internationally to remote distances and that kind of projects I think are happening and also mixed with the aid programs. So if there's no more question I'm going to allow myself to ask a clarification question. So you talked about teaching the teacher and how important university where we've heard early on before the conference started from land preached a lot of skepticism on the role of trading in development and the fact that there's really a lack of ownership from country. So how do you think teaching the teacher would change that paradigm? How do you address the issue of ownership in the context of your medium term solution? I mean this is the long term solution that the university infrastructure and that's very unbalanced in the world and we see in the developed areas and currently in Asia that universities drive development and they and even locally within each country like the municipalities compete who can get the university and who can develop the university so university is a key in development and if you look at the map of universities in the world so Africa is really very thin. Universities exist but they are certainly not developed to the best possible way and that is something perhaps aid programs have not addressed in the past taking a very long-term perspective. It takes 25 years to build a university or maybe to put it in so it's a very long-term program but it's important. Thank you very much for this again very insightful presentation. Please join me in giving a round of applause.