 I think we should try again and again with that three great talks about things that I influence our everyday life enormously or that has potential to do so in the future. In fact, I'm going to be talking about something that has influenced our everyday life and our human civilization for ages and something I personally find fascinating. I'm going to talk about the evolution of privacy. Before I start with my talk, I'd like to walk you through a couple of contexts that you would find useful later in my presentation. First of all, what is a language and what is writing? I find this distinction very important since a language is not in our almost biological system. It's communicating our abstract thoughts. While on the other hand, writing is just how we represent it graphically. And I insist on knowing that it has the principles with which writing works and nothing to do with how our language works. And this talk is going to be about writing. To be honest, with which writing exists and you can write any language you want to, perhaps only with minor adjustments. I can give you an example of nowadays Polish, Turkish, Vietnamese or Italian, or with the Latin alphabet. So, they're not very unique. Even if I should take one, we're a nice word to illustrate by example. Take for instance, my name. You can basically write any script you want to without changing its name. Let's say writing represents our language. And it basically has, let's say, the opportunity to represent two, at the beginning, values of the language communities. It's now going through public useful words that have been mentioned often in the presentation. First of all, take the word semantic. If you take semantic, it's different related to the meaning of something. And take for instance, this word, attractor. The picture shows you how attractor approximate looks like. It's a machine that gets weak in the field. And this picture gives you this information. It gives you the meaning of the word. And it doesn't give you any clue how new words can happen. And the phonetic value of the word is related to its hand. To take our example, attractor, and stick to it, it's basically composed of a couple of phonetical particles. It's composed of two syllables, fragment control, syllable and border control, remember? It's also composed of a couple of consonants and a couple of vowels. And those particles represent the phonetic value of the word. Now, let's move to the important question. Why am I trying so passionately? I think it's one of the most spectacular inventions of our human civilization has given birth. In fact, writing was so complicated and gendered, that on three places around the world, those being the Scrutinian, China couple of millennia, and Central America, on no other place did writing develop independently than all other places around the world. Copied to science and writing from one of those three learned places. Now, I'm going to take through the example of this book in more detail, showing how writing developed and developed. Usually, though, it has to create more civilizations, since that was the place where some of the first complex diverse societies originated. Writing, in itself, originated in a civilization known as Sumer, around 3,500 BC. Around the same time, people started writing in Egypt, too, so there was some sign of the debate of writing originated from both places independently more straight from Sumerian and Egypt. A good argument in this debate is that while there was a form of pictographic proto-writing for thousands of years in the area of Sumer, it more or less occurs spontaneously in Egypt, which means that it probably started from summer months. But there is no debate, so let's leave it to that. Imagine the area of writing started with pictures. You've all seen the theories. Now, I'm going to give you examples of the forms that are related to Sumerian writing and language. You have an object of everyday life, a fish, very common in everyday life. You want to write to a fish, and you draw a fish. If you draw a fish, a number of times, it's time to simplify its graphic representation. And you reach this symbol, which is used to write fish in Sumerian. The same works with other objects of everyday life, such as a house, which also simplifies to represent this symbol approximately, or a person. This fact, for instance, which whom you first tried to draw. And afterwards, you can get, now, well, let's simplify this even more, and you're ready to do this. You have a giant problem with this writing. You can write with the things that you can see and you can touch. And those things, although they are the nicest things in life, are not always the language. So what do you do? Imagine a fairly obvious example. You want to write an arrow, you draw an arrow in a very simple type way. But now imagine you have to learn to live. How do you draw? I mean, it's even a philosophical, complex idea up to this date. What does it mean and how do you draw that? The good part for the Sumerians is that their language to work for an arrow, pronounced as T, sounds a little bit like that, because it sounds fairly similar to the word for what you did, which is pronounced as T. So what they figure is, if I want to say that I live, I can draw an arrow and hope that people will understand what I mean. And that's what they did. Of course, how will people understand it? I mean that I live and that's what they don't mean to learn. Sometimes context is sufficient. But on other occasions, you need something else. And while this contribution to phonetic values is not as the way it was principle, the Sumerians also introduced something called the terminal case. Now I'm going to explain to you how to do it. As I always get with a good writing system, I'm writing an arrow, so how will decreasing of the Sumerian write that? It's taken what you need to write to. They say, well, you know how it looks like, and now I'm going to write a Sumerian. You have to find others that phonetically sound similar. So you take the word for a S, which sounds like T. And you take the word for a S, that's how it's like that. And there you go, you just read the Sumerian. The problem is how do you figure it's even efficient? There it goes to the terminal case. A certain symbol was introduced to write it. That wasn't pronounced. You didn't see how it sounds. You just reminded what the person wanted to write. In this case, it sounds like a fish. So if it's a fish, it sounds approximately like that. So it should be T. Now, let's take this even further. And take names that aren't even real words for objects in everyday life. It's taken that way. It's said that his name is T. And now I want to write it. First of all, we want to split the name of the syllables that represent other words that are objects in everyday life. So you can take the word for a house that's T. You can also take the word or a symbol for a hand. You can recognize very fine fingers, which sounds like T. And you take water that's A. And sure, that's how you approximate the right of its name. To figure out its name, you can attach a determinant for a person in the beginning. You don't pronounce it, you just know, oh, that's the right name. And now imagine that he sure wasn't a regular person. Imagine that his mother was a virgin. Then imagine that his wife and kids from his church was caught by the police and executed. But resurrected soon after his death. In this case, he sure was obviously not being a very ordinary guy. In this case, the determinant for a person doesn't do his job for a long. So we can replace it with a symbol used for sky and also used to represent names of gods. As people, you've just built out Jesus. As we already said, writing has become and was becoming increasingly connected through development and civilization. What people figured was that why do we need semantic writing for if we can represent everything? It's called mix of Jesus with one phonetic writing. So first of all, people experiment with something called a syllabary. A syllabary is the writing system that has one cycle irreconcilable in the language. But then they figure for some how to complicate it and it's correct. Afterwards, a syllabary can represent not only syllables but also single consonants or sometimes vowels and develop what we now are using called an alphabet. The principle of an alphabet was that certain civilizations or cultures in the region copied the symbols of other cultures to use them to increase these small phonetic particles until they start using them as letters, as we use them nowadays. In general, some old Egyptian eras were copied by some other writers and further simplified to use the stickers after a couple of centuries. And that's how Phoenician writing about this history we're going to talk about later originated. Then some other writers figured, oh, they have an alphabet. It looks nice. I wanted to. And copy those letters, rotate a little bit. And that's how Greenville with alphabet and grammar gave the name of the alphabet as well. And in some way or another, some people literally like those letters, too. And there we go. That's how we write Latin harmonies. And if I read a reading system, don't think about that. That's letter A actually represents a very simplified head, I'm not sure. Not sure. To go back to the map. Now look at history. You had those civilisations. At some point you found that Phoenicians copied Egyptian eras to create a class of alphabet. It was the first alphabet, so it was very long. And other people wanted to copy it, too. So it spread to their names, the Arabians. And this writing was replaced serially writing in the region. And it also spread to their trading partners or enemies. It reads, of course, such as Italy. So writing spread to even useful. How it is spread to other parts of the world? And if you release a question once, some people think that writing spreads because it's a better form than the writing for it, which is actually wrong. Writing spreads through conquest, dominant cultures, et cetera. So if we zoom out to the map a little bit more, we see that Aramean became the official language of the vast Persian empire that we know from a couple of real escape order movies such as 300, Alexander, Prince of Georgia, and so on. And basically both Aramean and Al-Qaeda write into contact to places such as the Arab, the Indian subcontinent where people started using the providing Sanskrit. Or to Aramean, where the Arabic alphabet was given birth to it. Greek and Latin, on the other hand, became the official language of the vast Aramean. I'm not going to go into that, but they basically brought the Latin alphabet into you know, it's a state-of-the-art, for the Middle Ages, with the spread of religion was Christianity. Latin was one of even five continents where it replaced both Christianity and Latin alphabet. The cultures that were present in those places. So, basically everyone writing an alphabet got it from there. Now to go a little bit more shortly, for the other place where writing originated, we moved to China. As you're going to see, China's right in which developed around the 12th century BC people in a very similar way. Basically, people started drawing pictures of things they see. You take a horse, you simplify it and then you get a much more simplified horse which is the river. It keeps in China until this day. A notable fact is that this sign which was devised about 2,000 years ago is still in use today. Further and further, how the river's principle of kinetic writing and the use of the term is developed. Where, as long as you can see another thing, take this sign for example. It gives you information on two things. The how to write means a female person. The how to write is the very simplified picture of a horse that we saw in the previous slide. It's pronounced approximately as now. If my Chinese is not very reasonable for us to read too much. Generally what this sign takes your information on are two things. How it will sound approximately like a man and what it would mean, a female person. What does the word for a female person sound like a man? Well, it's the Chinese word for a man, which also sounds approximately like a man. And it's not China's writing to the biggest extent that works after the single thing. Generally, as on the other basis, Chinese writing is great to Chinese readers. Either through conflicts, as we saw in some European examples, as it's great to be a man at some point in time. Or through a religion as it's great to Korea, where it's great to Muslim through Buddhism, or to Japan, where it's great with the teachings of Latin Syracuse. At the beginning all those people started writing only Chinese with Chinese characters. This can remind you of the medieval time in Europe, where everyone wrote in Latin Latin letters. We didn't write in German, we didn't write in Irish, we just wrote Latin if you wanted to write it. And that's how Chinese function in Eastern Asia for that time. Slowly, by time people started developing their own scripts, such as the Japanese syllabary, which is also still in use with the combination of Chinese characters, where one symbol represents one two. Sanctuary Stater, then Korea's quilt and alphabet. And the king could advise it, basically wanting to state in the briefcase of his book, even a non-person can learn the alphabet in the case of its use. But I think most of those people didn't use those new device-made scripts for a long period of time, because the guides who needed to write the same, rich-class competitions, etc. they already knew how to write in Chinese. So the kind of practice that those techniques were first used by the less educated ones, which in that time were either known as people, or very often women that didn't have access to the education of the politician class. Of course, after some time, those scripts developed to gain more popularity, and while the use of Chinese characters in Vietnam feed it away, since Europeans conquered Vietnam, I'm going to introduce the Latin alphabet. The Korean alphabet and the Japanese syllabary are still in use in those countries. A curious fact is that Chinese still uses this chronosomatic writing that was so, for example, as old as 5,000 years. A favorite question is, why isn't it so primitive? And the answer is very easy to justify. The perfect explanation is that Chinese culture remained more or less intact for the last 5,000 years. So as I said, you don't know the writing because it's better. You've adopted through cultural change, through invasions, through other Roman cultures giving it to you. And Chinese just didn't have it, so it's going to vary very well with its primitive script nowadays too. We can leave it to that and talk about more in this question afterwards. To show you the last place that developed writing, it's Mesoamerica. It's also been a place with very old cultures that developed conflict societies early in their history, where the first evidence of writing comes from the old Mexicanization of 900 BC, but writing reached its real heights in Central America through the Maya script. And that you probably know from various pictures or adventure movies or baronites who visited there. Unfortunately for the Mesoamericans and for the Mayans, at some point in time a couple of kids with nice spears, big guns, and lots of diseases came over the ocean. And what it was and for actual extermination of the whole population was great bad diseases so most of the people there would actually die. On the other part they chased down everyone who had let's say my initial issue because I was paid in writing, it was bad for Jesus. And they worked most of those books destroying the monuments, so nowadays we have much less knowledge about Central American writing than we do Chinese or European writing. So as I mentioned earlier we can read Maya for example and Maya's latest page was a syllabic script where once I represented one syllable. Nevertheless the Mesoamerican writing systems don't have a living character to use in national language nowadays. So we might say that everything that remains of us are known as two world places, China and Mississippi. To summarize what the topic is we can say three things. First of all write and originate from all the three places around the world which most people find hard to believe. But if you look closer to the letters they used in Thailand, Greece, Ireland or Asia nowadays you would find some similarities that they didn't even have. On the other hand, writing through its history as long as there was this pioneer's revival in Beijing in the Dominican cultures was driven from the direction of being very cinematic. You draw what a word means to be very punitive. You draw the word in the way it sounds and that's a different place. What I already mentioned since alphabetical writing first in history originated very very in a single place. Now alphabetical writing in every country that uses it such as South Africa, Europe etc. used to write and originate from one single place. So even if you think that the Latin script divides you extremely from the verbatic, let's say, of it, we'll be very close to reading it on your own. Generally what I want to transmit with all this is how I started with this book. Writing is something that is usual nowadays. Every reading is more than meals. Every week's treat signs for the labels are products. Sometimes we're going to read books. So imagine how hard life would be without reading. You read a sign of a t-shirt, you read everything. So next time you do read something, remember that painting. I'm very fascinated, thank you so much. I was wondering about the writing of the coffee you made about this well. I was just wondering why do we have some culture writing from left to right and some from left to left. Do you have any explanations of what you know? Is it about the perception of life or anything else? Have you ever read it? Before I answer that I will give you a question that requires a very short answer. Do you have an explanation where you have post writing systems going from right to left? Why do post writing systems go from right to left? It's just a fairly easy answer nowadays. Do you read your hand? What's the point? It's your right hand. If you're writing with ink and you're writing with your left hand this form of writing can actually be back with the ink with which you're writing. I don't have to write it, it doesn't go away with ink, but it goes right part of the thing since it was told. Like in many of those cases it doesn't matter in which direction you're writing even if you're writing with the right hand. So I would say that the direction of the writing how it's evolved doesn't sound like writing scripts go from up to the bottom or go like a snake in this way. Most people are dependent on the medium in which you are. In many cases it wasn't a problem to write in the new direction you've found through it to the right way. I was just wondering why did some cultures stick to one of them and be able to understand it. That's... The medium in which you're writing. We'll be talking for the next, for another talk. I should leave comments. Are there any more questions? And if you're in here is a question in the more of a problem? Write it down. Okay. And that is almost something to my question. The thing is every automated writing comes from a completion alphabet outside of East Asia. So to give you like one hundred cash goes from this early alphabet. Scripts sprayed by three wings. It was either it's in a very basic copying. Oh, it was writing exactly the same way with the same letters. It was a sort of copying where you say, oh, those have letters you can take them but use it in another way. Or it was something ideological diffusion. Oh, those people write. So it's right to a device that was written. So in the case of this early alphabet and for political reasons to agree most of what was great Christianity to this Latin painting population, devised an alphabet in which they basically used the form of those three letters introduced a couple of new ones but it was a political visitor to scholars devising a script. So it was inspired by the Greek writing very, very good. And let's say a Slavic A is a Greek A. And most of the readers think that's true too. Thank you. I think there is one on the back that I agree to be sure. Thank you very much for your talk. And what about language, writing and development nowadays when conquering new territories is the most popular? I didn't really understand the question, sorry. Do languages, do writing and development nowadays is there any way or in pretty much any other language to develop its writing in that way? Well, it does. I'm not saying that the reasons nowadays are much more political and in turn. And I can give you the first example that I want to mention is writing in turn. It's been only 100 years while there are some people still alive in this line. I've tried to work with a little bit more refined Arabic script. And a politician came and said that Arabic script was to use Latin letters and he basically changed it from the top down. Which was purely political in this way. People were doing fine with Arabic alphabet too. Another development that happens is to gain the example of many foreign countries that seem to be in the Soviet Union. Many of them used to have a similar original slang alphabet used for ungraded languages. But in order to say, oh, we're not firing this series anymore, we're basically replacing our own Latin letters now. We're going to work exactly as well. So I think writing still develops nowadays. But it's mostly political decisions replacing letters to one heritage to letters to a hopefully forgotten heritage. Thank you. I think we'll have to stop the questions right now, but there is more time to ask questions after the talk. Let's thank you one and happy birthday again.