 So, we took up several questions just before the lunch time, there was one other question I think from Kakinada which we did not take, I request you to use the hand raised option again while we start answering the other questions. One important question was about the subscript and superscript that is indeed the first question we will take up. Let us see what the question is from Kakinada, please ask. In the case of nested enumerations, how many levels we can go through itself? Yes, I read your question on chat, you said that I think 4 or 5 beyond that there is giving some error. So, there might be a limit on the number, if you want to increase this number perhaps you have to tell enumerate what counters to use. I can think of only numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, Roman numbers, alphabets small, ABCD, capital ABCD. Beyond that what to use I also do not know, with itemized maybe it will work, but I do not know how to change the setting. Sir, in alignments, this of center alignment, after closing the end center we are specifying no end end. Suppose, if it is in the case of flourish right and we are not specifying no end end, why it is so? Okay, thanks indeed for this question, very important question. We will start answering this in detail. Any other question from Kakinada? So, one important question was that in the begin center, we did begin center, end center shall we just go to the computer? So, whenever we have an empty line like here, we have one empty line or two empty lines is the same as one line, that marks the beginning of a new paragraph. If it is the beginning of a new paragraph, there will be some indentation. For every paragraph new beginning, there will be an indentation, but then if there is no empty line it does not mark the beginning of a new paragraph. So, the fact that there should be no indentation is because it is a new paragraph. The fact that it is following begin center, end center is just a coincidence. Begin center some text that is to be centered and end center that finishes centering. After that it thinks that this is a new paragraph now, but whenever it is a new paragraph it will put some indentation. So, let us compile this and see. This is where we did, this is to be centered two lines, we put two double slash here, double backslash that is why it is a new line. After that this is a new paragraph we do not, it will stop being centered as soon as you put end center, this is no longer centered. But then it is the beginning of a new paragraph that is why some space has come here. But then after this also we had put one empty line. So, this also should have come with some space indentation of the paragraph, but then to prevent this we have put slash no indent. Indent means some space no indent means it will rule out that whatever comes at the beginning of the paragraph that has not come. So, it was just coincidence that we put it immediately after beginning center. I let us go back here, end center was there, here there were some empty lines, two, sorry, we have some empty lines and then there was no indent that is why here there was no space was left. So, after flesh left, flesh right also same argument applies no indent that has been put here is has been put only because of this it is the beginning of a new paragraph and if you do not want that indentation then that is when you have to put that no indent. Another question was about the subscripts, superscripts, how to change the font sizes to large, small this is something we will see very soon. IEEE margins two columns about this we have already answered that IEEE margins whatever margins are to be set will certainly get decided when you use IEEE conf class file which class file not article not book not report you have to use IEEE conf this particular class file has to be downloaded from the net separately from IEEE website it does not come in the default latex installation. But the CLS file is available for free on IEEE website they want us to use that class file that is why they made that available two columns is the default in IEEE conf if it is one column then you have to say slash one column how to change the space between the two column that is something I have forgotten now, but I am sure that IEEE conf inside that class file you can see this best is to keep IEEE conf.cls in your current directory why because you cannot keep it where other article.cls all those class files are because those are all requiring super user permission you can keep it in the current directory and when you latex it will find in the current directory first there was also question about inside IEEE tapers typically it is two columns that time you want table to come completely exhausting the width of the page completely exhausting meaning the side margin should not be flies but the table should fit in not just half the column width, but twice in other words the table should not be inside a two column environment. So, how to make the table and some figures come in one column this is something that is certainly possible, but then I do not have the answer now I would suggest that answer to this is certainly available on the net. In fact, IEEE class file will also have the answer because IEEE wants us to do like this they will have provided detailed help about this what is certainly important is how to view the contents of article.cls file that has come on the chat that is a good question that we certainly answer right away. So, how do you find out which are files have got taken for example, why do not we see grep why do not we see the log file why do not we see glimpse dot log file it says this pdf tech version number so and so it is saying that in the current directory it has picked yeah dot slash means current directory in the current directory it has picked this tech file yeah this was given as the argument to the latex to the pdf latex command then immediately you said document class article so it had to find this article.cls file article.cls file where will it find from it has somehow decided to go to slash user slash share tech mf tech live some long path inside this directory it has found article.cls yeah how did it know it should go in this just like all your commands get found in some path this is one using Linux tools like that for latex also there is a path every every file it requires it will look from some collection of directories that collection of directories is all intimated somewhere everything is very open very visible so there is a variable called tech inputs on this computer tech inputs is not there why tech inputs is not there because all the tech files that are required they are there in the default latex directories if the files that you need if they are there in the default directory default directory includes the current directory if it is in the current directory or all the default directories then this variable is not required yeah so that is why echo this particular shell variable doesn't have anything but what I do many of the useful files I keep in a particular directory and that is not the default that's not default since tech inputs is same for both latex and PDF latex it is in fact a tech tech directory so you so I have to keep such a variable because I don't keep it in the default I keep it for example all figures I keep in one directory so that I don't have to make a copy of the figure each time in each paper like that such a variable is where you can specify so incidentally it happened that the default includes these directories if it is if it doesn't include this that is when we need that article not serious so this is where that file is kept so why don't we open this file and see now so this is running into two lines what we can do grep tech mf tech live in glimpse yeah so many have come why don't we pipe it through article pipe it through for the grep command and we look for only the article yeah why don't I do this faster this is the exact file why don't we do less and that file so it this particular file has been picked from some big directory it is this is file article or serious yeah percent it has percent one percent or two percent it's a comment it says how distribution license copyright issues yeah all these are comments so it has many such new if one can define a if as a if then later to a large extent works like any programming language one can declare all this length set length paper height paper height is been declared here yeah so various things are all being declared here this is how one views the CLS file it's a plain text file if you open it using a editor like when then it will in fact it will in fact show some nice syntax also only that it says it's read only this in this particular terminal the syntax has been disabled but I can it has been disabled because colors are not visible here all comments are coming in one color all these commands are coming in different colors you can see all these variables about the width between two columns etc is all visible from here so that answers this question about how to view a CLS file CLS file is just like a tech file it's all very readable syntax highlighting is exactly the same VIM syntax highlighting is the same for CLS file or STY file or .tech file yeah so how do we include this CLS file you just keep it in your current directory if you don't want to maintain multiple copies of IEEE com.cls then you can keep it in a particular directory and include it in the tech inputs this is something we can do after the P break we will say how to set the variables tech inputs etc yeah so supers now the now coming to the question about superscript subscript so we will quickly see just one example of superscript more examples also we can see later when we come to math mode also we will see how to set the font sizes small this is smaller yeah this is different fonts this is this can be seen on the net also script size this is even smaller footnote size this is really small this is extremely I am writing this this is extremely size extremely small this is just for convenience after footnote size whatever you put that text will come very small why don't we latex this and see what what's happening to the sizes so footnote size is not a size it appears it comes footnote it's applicable only within it's applicable only within a it's applicable only within a footnote yeah we will say large capital huge this is large this is very here this small you can see that the sizes are changing the sizes are all changing proportionately on the top we have said 12 point and 12 point means this size which is same as this size after that all the sizes are changing larger and smaller yeah script size is the smallest this is smaller this is just small footnote size is actually between script size and and small yeah so this is typically there on the net don't worry about this any latex manual will have this information if you want to make it large then this is large if you if you in the large command if you make L capital then it becomes little larger and huge means very large huge is maybe maybe I do not know if all capital will make it even huge it says it's not a command but let them may not know huge is not a command but I am sure this is a command large with all all that is between huge and large here you see this this particular thing has got generated with all letters in the large command capital yeah ok so that completes all the questions we asked how do you put subscripts and superscripts is one thing we have not yet seen let us go to that now this is normal size again yeah script size means what either superscript or subscript that's very small actually smaller than footnote size now we will see a subscript RT suppose we say T T to the power 100 yeah it is showing red in our syntax highlighting it is showing red that is because superscripts are something that are that have to be in math mode yeah why don't we just try to latex even though it shows red syntax is after all just it says that's a error please note we have not come back to the prompt and I said this is a this is some mistake you all have to remove it says that missing dollar inserted yeah missing dollar inserted means what it is supposed to be within dollar signs we will come to this in more detail when we see math mode we have to put this in between dollar signs then the red has gone there is no error now here I made the font larger see this one has gone as a superscript to T only one has gone 0 0 also was supposed to go well 0 0 was supposed to go we did not tell latex we put superscript and we put only one in front of it if you want everything to go as superscript then you have to put them in curly brackets yeah so notice that now why don't why don't we increase this we can we can put this and increase the space after that double here now because they put one 0 0 all between curly brackets it has put everything between the curly brackets as a superscript yeah and the size of the script also has become smaller superscript or subscript the script it is script size that is the definition of script size this is how you put superscript superscripts we need only in math mode and that is why we had to put them between dollar signs if you want the same thing as a subscript instead of hat you can use underscore underscore is the same thing that is immediately after the 0 letter on each keyboard but underscore is your unit shift yeah this is different from dash this is dash and this is underscore it is showing in red because underscore supposed to come only inside math mode so please note they are different symbols next to 0 but using a shift key is what you get underscore underscore is what you one uses for subscripts here that hundred has gone down as a subscript now yeah I hope this answers the question of superscript and subscript but we will see this in more detail when we come to math mode we will continue the slides now or else we will go to list somebody asked about how many nestings can is possible I can think of only four or five if more are if more are required you can easily configure this list environment yeah only that you should tell what what to use after numbers are exhausted after capital small liters Roman liters are exhausted footnote please note footnote is different from footer footer is what comes below on each page page number is typically there in the center of the footer page number can also be on the left side or right side all those settings can come with fancy header package if you do use package fancy header this this I typed earlier this morning then you can have many more fancier headings footers but footnote is a very basic thing it will come only in that page yeah let us see a quick example so let us do like this so we already have some text we will see these examples we have compiled the entire document so we are we have made a table let us see the different things that we have made we have made a table here and inside table sorry this is some text we put here this we had typed earlier this morning then this is another subsection and then there is some question mark here because it is inside some table why the question mark has come you will see very soon when we use labels and reps and other such markup inside this plotting inside this enumerate environment one footnote has come footnote has actually come here but that footnote has a symbol you can have many footnotes on the same page you can have footnotes on many pages all the footnotes will be numbered 1 2 3 within the same page and across pages also the entire document has only one running number unless you use some report where the footnote might depend on the chapter number each of these numbers can be made to depend on the section number on the chapter number from with from within which they are called so this particular one that has come here has come as a symbol and more that note the footnote is written has been written down what about this question mark this question mark is because we did not detect two times first time that number is found yeah first time the number is found is decided and second time it is put wherever it was required for example that question mark that was there here also has gone off this footnote has come because we said of slash footnote command let us go back here in plotting we said slash footnote once you say slash footnote you have to open a curly bracket and everything that you type until the end of the curly bracket yeah all comes until to that curly bracket ends up to here they all go into the footnote yeah they do not have to be on different lines one can easily put them on the same line yeah that is why it has gone to footnote at least I personally prefer no space if we remove the space there then that it will stick to the word plotting here now one has come even closer if it had been a second footnote the number 2 would have come this please note this one is not the same as this one it is just coincidence that inside enumerate the first one we have called the first footnote you can see this you can make matrix operations as a first one your matrix operations come then plotting and plotting is where the footnote is yeah so this is how one uses footnote okay let us see the next thing in the slide label label name and references this is one of the most important things used in latex all the cross reference things never have to be done manually yeah this is very important because we might have equations we might have section names section numbers and we are calling we are saying for more details please see so and so section but that section it is section to now very soon we will include more information it will become section number 3 yeah typically most reports books chapters introduction articles introduction is written at the end that entire section introduction is not there typically and you will actually say number to first section to but later on introduction section all numbers have to be changed by one for those purposes we will never use the number that is generated yeah so let us go back to this so let us see the first time that section occurs so this is the section yeah so we will say label intro section so inside this inside this label almost any character is allowed of course percent is not allowed dollar is not allowed but underscore you can use here yeah why because this inside a label only so I my convention is to use colon here we can go to the next place where section occurs here again another label glimpse some some meaningful names yeah these are some two labels report this section we can say now this section in the bracket section number which number is this one or two we don't know at the time of writing so why don't we see slash ref glimpse section whatever section it is we have already given it a label yeah this section in the bracket you might want to say what is the section number this section of course you don't have to say because the same section but if this section I mean section number 5 and from within section number 5 you want to say look we already discussed in section you already discussed this in section number 2 some other cross referencing is where it is extremely useful yeah well this label doesn't have to be on the same line it could be on the following line also that makes it easier to read now we will see what happens when you compile it so now we will write this and compile it once we have compiled it let us go back to this this is where introduction section starts note that introduction of section number 1 we gave a label to this section also these are sub sections sub sections of section number 1 let us see where section 2 starts a glimpse of sci-fi function this is supposed to be section number 2 this is where we do this section section number question mark has come here it was we are supposed to say section number 2 why as 2 number not come why as question number question mark come because in the first time this particular tech file was being compiled it found out that this section is section number 2 the second time you compile it is when the number 2 will come wherever it was referred to why don't we compile this just once more when you compile this automatically events I said refreshes the screen somebody asked which PDF viewer to use yeah so I that is because you were participating in a forum at the time when I was explaining this PDF viewer events just use events events PDF viewer refreshes the screen that is why by just compiling again the PDF now found the number 2 when you did PDF attack this number 2 has gone and sat inside this yeah that is because we use slash ref what is label whatever number you will need later only there you give a label because you gave the label inside a section it will take the section number and put it as that label and whenever you refer to the same label name that particular number will come there yeah so that is the number 2 has come here let us see section number 1 section number 1 also we had given a label that label has already got the number 1 this section why don't we say section number which comes after section introduction in the bracket sec num ref intro section I think that is the name we gave yeah this is the number we had given so we have added section number section which comes after section introduction which is section number something what is that number we still don't know yeah we have given a label so we will refer to that label we have written and we will compile this only once now yeah whether compiling once is enough or not that is what we are going to decide now this section section number 2 which comes after section introduction your section number one one has already come without having to compile twice whether once or twice whenever you put a new label or ref just compile twice nowadays we do not have shortage of computing power come pdf latex twice is no harm incidentally one was enough because that particular label had already got number one the first time you introduced it and we compiled we compiled two times for this question mark to be replaced by two already that number had become one as soon as you called it it put the number one and you didn't have to compile twice now so this particular numbering is very useful for chapters sections footnotes you might want to say that this has already been clarified in footnote number 3 but then you put another footnote and all the numbers are going to change there also you should use labels inside footnote whenever you say label it will automatically inherit the number of that footnote it's very useful for equations very useful for table numbers figures so anywhere you can also use it for page yeah you can say this page you can take a counter whatever this particular page is that page should go to a counter to a label and you can call that particular label later using ref so this let's go back to the slides the ref and label come together label label name wherever you want to call it ref label name this ref could come either before the label or after the label but the number to actually appear there you have to compile two times after putting the label after you put the label label name you have to compile at least twice then the number will actually appear there so we can we can see an example of this when we see an equation again yeah very important for this course at least and in general is how to include code inside a document so code code is one place where where it's important that we include things verbatim yeah verbatim is what it will come in typewriter font why verbatim why we have to put things verbatim because there might be certain symbols of the code which would have which should not have the latex which latex should always take literally yeah let me show you how difficult it would be if this if this verbatim or listings were not there LST listing yeah look at this so this is a tech file that I already have it says in whatever is written here is python syntax yeah python syntax what is that syntax this is our prompt on the prompt you type these things yeah you may or may not have seen this already yesterday but inside this python syntax one uses various symbols yeah these these symbols should really appear as python code sorry let me just look for yeah for example this is the output that has come from python and maybe there are multiple spaces here and I said already that in in in latex multiple spaces are same as one space yes so obviously all alignment is going to go bad because some some numbers might have lesser number of digits yeah there might be 0 here 1 here 0 here and if it is 0 then maybe we don't show it yeah so clearly all alignment will go bad here but actually in python output it was aligned and now it is not aligned so you you so it is important to put it in a so called verbatim environment yeah so one way to do it is let us see what happens with this how to make a table we will see very soon but look this is what has come verbatim what is the significance of verbatim you have already copy pasted something that has come as the output of another program or maybe it is python code itself has already written up somewhere and now you won't just include it into your latex document in the process of including there could be some some particular symbols that have a different meaning in python but then when you include it here now suddenly these symbols will have will they will have a interpretation because you are now going to do PDF latex yeah for example maybe maybe you have curly brackets here yeah maybe we have curly brackets here and let us see what happens when you do PDF latex when you do PDF latex it has come curly brackets yeah it has come curly bracket even though curly bracket I said has a different meaning in latex why did it have exactly curly bracket effect because we use the verbatim environment suppose you had copy pasted the code from in from some other file here now now latex doesn't know look this curly bracket has come from python it has come from whatever some other code and curly bracket should be taken literally so let's see what happens in latex now curly bracket is actually used for various purposes if you don't put anything between if you just put curly bracket nothing will come see right now what has happened you didn't put double slash so it has all put everything to one line moreover that curly brackets have gone they are not even there here yeah they were supposed to be here and here so now when we put a different code into our tech file we will have to do suddenly so much more work we will have to put double slash here here here here why don't we put double slash so that because we wanted to really look like the code so it's in some some error so there is some because of all this because there are so many opening square brackets and then closing square brackets because of all this it's giving some all types of new errors when you do PDF latex while the purpose was that this particular output has to just be displayed in your document yeah so here there are this PDF latex but with some difficulty maybe you can do these things it's just just two lines here it has set in it has first of all put some begin paragraph some some indenting here unnecessary it's all clearly unnecessary so for all these reasons we are not happy with this whenever you want to include a code lot of overhead work will be required moreover whatever you're including in the code might be generated by the program you make a small change there again all this work would have to be redone for all these reasons why don't we just say there is a verbatim environment in latex we will use that environment and say latex whatever follows between begin verbatim and end verbatim that should be just displayed on the screen as it is don't be too smart trying to interpret curly brackets or something square brackets or something don't do all that if it is begin if it is if it is between begin environment and end environment just put that text literally just put it verbatim verbatim means actually that as a process of doing this it is showing in a different font that this has come verbatim that the default is to put it in typewriter font it might be possible to do it in other fonts also okay so that that is one aspect about verbatim but then verbatim for example will not know this is python it will not show it in nice syntax it will not say for example array is a command or the square brackets curly brackets yeah so if it is python code why don't we this is a relatively newer thing I should say why don't we say LST listing yeah this has come because of the listings package because of the listings package because of the listing package it has shown all this yeah they have shown this in particular fonts the fonts font changes are not very explicitly visible because of our particular listings settings but then we will see some more examples where this is more visible yeah so about listings also there were some doubts that somebody whether to use listings or listing in that context we will see this in little more detail after after we see other topics coming back to the slides if you want to include text verbatim especially if it has come from another code if it is generated if it is already written up for some other purpose and you want to only include it verbatim then you can say begin verbatim end verbatim yeah also line by line there are some easier ways slash verb also does verbatim if it is code of a particular language then listings it's a very good package to do it you use it and then you can also set how that which what color the commands should look what color the comments should look can you use LST listing of a whole block of code also if it is only for that line you can do LST in line now coming to figures tables floats yeah so what is float about it what is figure table how do you define figure table and what is float about it yeah so float float stands for that you see figure table they always require some amount of space which which may not be there in the at the end of that page yeah you might call a figure and this happens to be almost at the end of the page there are there is space for two three lines but not for an entire table there might be space for three four lines but not for a big figure so you should allow this figures tables to float float is like something floats on water it goes if the water level is high float up something that floats in the air like balloons they go depending on some density so depending on some other parameters it will float to a relevant place yeah so float that is the reason that figures tables are called floats there are many other environments which are all float environments where it will not occur precisely where you put it like begin abstract end abstract equations these all come precisely where you call it in the tech document but while you are late-taking it might happen that table figure these require lot of space and there is space for just two three lines but not for a whole table so table will come on the next page but two three lines continuation after whatever comes after the table will already come here so the sequence will get broken table occurs at a particular place in a tech file but it could come later yeah so one can specify that even if it comes later it should always occur at the top of the page it should always occur at the bottom you might say no it should occur here yeah so we will see these things in more detail now meanwhile there is a program there is a question on chat saying how to show algorithm inside a document any package is available so there is a algorithms package use package algorithms that also has to be installed separately I think it is not there in the default I am answering this specific question how to show algorithm in a algorithm typically we want input output we want some indenting all these things are for you have a for loop you have a while loop until so and so happens you repeat this you also want the steps to have some numbering so that you can refer to those numbers all this is very much possible using a package called algorithms it is very relevant for computer science documenting computer science reports so how do you include figures so graphics is a package that allows us to insert graphics yeah so graphics both with an x and with a s this is not a spelling mistake yeah so graphics and a with x and s both are two separate packages they work together they are they are not incompatible with each other so they are used for including figures if you only use a package you should write use package graphics before the begin document in other words in the preamble and when you want to actually include it that is where you will say include graphics yeah so we will see an example and then after include graphics you have to state as an argument to this particular to this particular command you will specify the file where it is so let us see an example here is how we start a figure begin figure h stands for here h stands for this whatever comes whatever comes in square brackets after the environment has been specified as a please note begin is a command but begin means it's a command for starting a new environment what is that environment figure figure happens to be an environment which is float why what is float about it it will float to wherever there is space yeah many many journals many papers many books want the figure to always be at the top of the page perhaps that is the default when you use report class file but if you want it to be here preferably wherever you call it you want it to be there then you use the h h for here similarly this top bottom t b t b t for top b for bottom h for here exclamation mark exclamation mark means you try harder to put it here even if there is a less even if there is less space even if it means going a little out of the margin still we insist that it is here yeah so let it you let it does not want you to decide anything about such things but you will at least be able to specify h you will be able to insist a little exclamation typically means force something we had seen it in the context of when q exclamation we had used there so in most of the Linux commands exclamation means insist so here insist that it is here that is how we should understand this you can also specify multiple letters h t b preference first is h then top then what if h is not possible then top then bottom so one can specify different such optional arguments between square brackets but if it is optional that is why it is a square bracket it is not required necessary it does not have to be specified then you might want the figure to be centered that is a begin center end center and then inside you will say include graphics is the command then between square brackets you will put some optional arguments we will see more option arguments and then sign sign is supposed to be the name of the file which contains that figure yeah so sign is where the figure is stored let us see what the figure is yeah once that figure file name has been told then you can say end the centering you can give a caption what is the significance of the caption we will see very soon and then you can give a label to this figure why because this figure will be figure one for example and later on you might want to say refer for more details to figure one so for that you have to give a label so if you are giving the label inside a figure environment automatically the figure number will come it will not take section number even though this figure occurs inside a section the label will automatically understand that it is between begin and end of a figure because of that particular fact label will take the figure number and put it as the name of this label whenever you whenever you slash ref pic colon sin it will become this figure number now we are going to first see where is this file sign is it sign.pdi for sign.png what is it after that we will compile this and see whether the figure has got included or not yeah when we do LS in my particular computer there is a file sign.png there is no file called just sign sign.png is the one that is there why don't we view this yeah we don't know whether png files are to be viewed using events or not there is no harm in trying so luckily png files are getting opened using using events so sign is some figure that already has this much information yeah it has some legend how to put a legend etc when you make a plot in python is what we will cover later somehow this figure has already got generated and this pdf file this png file we want to include in our report yeah if you want to include this png file in our report then how do you do it in the latex file this is how we have done in the latex file we have written this did we specify .png there is no harm in specifying it okay so graphics package has some default extensions already it has been told you can add more things to it you can also set it why don't we write .png and now we will try to compile it you can see inside this lins .log it has said hey look file there was this file that was called path it has told it is in the current directory only because it is current directory it is not saying it is also saying it is inside the 8 page as and when this file pages are getting generated it is putting this numbers and inside the 8 page there is a I think after the 8 page meaning in the 9th page or the 8 page this we can verify when we open it it says it has found this sign.png it has also used some file command to say to understand that type png file yeah then it said look float specified change to exclamation ht yeah some some warning it has given this is where it is started it has been told to look for sign.png and it has found it in the current directory that is how we should understand this yeah now let us open the document and see whether it has put this or not it has put it here that particular file has been taken and it has been put here with some scale scale option it has set sign curve here number one of course it has put itself figure word also it has decided and put itself because it is inside a begin figure and figure it has put this number one there it has put this word figure there number it chose itself colon also has come what should come in front of this that is what is specified using the slash caption yeah please notice the slash caption sign figure yeah if you if you comment this if you do not want this you can still take it yeah now it has not put that caption neither figure nor number nothing has come now caption when you say already the word figure number will all come it will also put that caption there yeah this is how one input figures so let us see about these other optional arguments yeah this this sign.png might be a very big file big not in terms of size not in terms of file size but in terms of the width height for that purpose you might want to scale it down in how in how much space should you fit it you can say scale equal to 0.4 yeah these are optional arguments to the include graphics command you can also see some more specify the factor by which you have to scale the image less than one means it will make it smaller you can also specify height where height and width can be specified both together yeah the figure itself might say I might have some height where if you specify both then the ratio is going to go bad yeah if you specify only one of them then the other one gets decided based on the figures height and width so if only one of them is specified then aspect ratio is maintained even if you specify both you can still say keep aspect ratio in which case maybe some margins will get cut yeah I am not sure keep aspect ratio how that will work if you specify both height and width I can also say you want the you want the figure to be rotated by some amount yeah for example we might have scanned some image inside some scanner you might have kept a page scan some image and while scanning somebody has not kept it carefully and the figure has got rotated a little the scanned image has got rotated a little now with so much capabilities of latex maybe you can rotate the figure a little rather than asking that person to again keep the page scan it properly yeah how much are carefully somebody scans still one two degrees difference is always possible yeah so you can use angle equal to 90 angle equal to two three degrees I think I think the default is degrees you can specify the angle to what extent should be rotated positive negative both angles are allowed so these are optional arguments to the include graphics command for using the included graphics you should call the graphics package you should use the graphics package graphics package will decide about the extensions etc yeah so what we did not try ourselves is what if we do not specify the extension what happens if we compile it so we compile this now we will see the figure so again it has picked the correct file there was no file called sign file was signed on PNG but still this default extensions it has looked for the PNG file you can look for that in glimpse log it has looked for signed on PNG yeah so there are some other extension that are possible JPG Jeff all these extensions you can declare in the start whenever whenever we don't give any extension whenever the whatever is specify that file is not there then you should look for these extensions okay so let's see the next topic what are these float the next topic is about float so graphics and tables are special because they cannot be broken across pages yeah you have to have the entire thing in one page you are forced to do that yeah for graphics clearly you don't want half figure in this page half in another page for tables tables there might be such long tables that they don't fit in one page anyway even if you start from the beginning of the page they don't fit that is possible yeah so they are supposed to be floated if you want the table to break across pages what to do about that that we will see later but let's assume that now we have small tables which will fit in one page provided you begin quite early the middle or the top of the page see so that is that is a importance of floats so there is this font size that I have to make larger because of which these permissions are going out but you can wait for a minute to see so this particular page something is going out of this page is going to the bottom that is because this floats don't work in beamer they work in regular documents only regular articles reports they don't work in beamer and here is going to the bottom of the page filling out of the page because the font sizes have to be made larger yeah in beamer it is not possible that it will go to the next slide so that is why only this particular part we will see immediately after the tea break when we make the slides smaller and we'll save both the files that time on a view so one can specify figure environment it allows us to put a caption even the table allows us to put a caption one can also center it can label the images yeah all the figures are auto-numbered tabular now coming to this important topic called tabular which many of you had asked some of you had asked in the questions tabular is the environment tabular is what you use to type type set a table that tabular itself comes inside a table environment why because you might want to make a table without an environment that is also possible so the tabular is enclosed inside a table environment the table environment now allows you to give captions the numbers etcetera come from the table environment but tabular itself is the main one that is the one that is to be used to construct the table how do you construct the table yeah so here this what you see has been constructed using a tabular environment now you have to specify how many columns how many rows number of rows doesn't have to be specified but number of columns has to be very clearly specified at the beginning of the table only and inside each column you can specify whether it should be justified inside that column to the left side or right side or to the center if you use this which we call the pipe the pipe if you use it produces a vertical line between two columns why you know you might want to make a column in which there is no vertical line between the columns or you may want you might want double lines so vertical line is produced using this pipe you can also another one there is also paragraph mode where you might have many many you might have long text which should automatically split to multiple lines that is also there that's called P P for paragraph mode in a in addition to left right center justification there is also a P now as far as the float is concerned you have to specify whether this table has to be whether this table should be in the top bottom or center in the page yeah so that is specified by T B or C as optional arguments to the table environment please note table is different from tabular tabular is the innermost one which actually makes the table and the stable itself is a float that is why you put it inside a float environment called table list of tables list of figures inside a report you might have many tables figures which is also required to be in the table of contents after the table of contents we also want to have a list of tables list of figures these are all also automatically generated if you as soon as you put list of tables command inside your main text this list is generated and put into the document of course you might have to latex two times again list of figures also now we will see some examples of tables let us construct a very simple table let us first see what happens if you do not put a tabular if you do not put a table environment when you say tabular you are supposed to say immediately after that how many rows how many columns yeah suppose we have three columns three columns and suppose these are all numbers these could be rupees for example and then they should all be aligned to the right side so that when you total each each digit comes one above another the least significant digit all have to be aligned to the right side yeah this is an example where so you can put some numbers 45 how do you separate 45 56 9 0 0 0 51 yeah this is how one specifies a table now as I said if you put it on another new line latex does not understand that this supposed to be a new line you have to say new line for the last line we as soon as if you are going to say n tabular of course it knows that the line is ended for the last line no requirement of double slash even if you put it there is no problem why don't we latex this and see and see what output has got created only one page has got created this is the output yeah has it got justified to the right yes it has not separated the columns putting in using any slash it is not using any vertical line now we can go ahead and put that three columns is specified because there are three letters l c and r l for left c for center r for right as soon as you use one of these letters it becomes like a column yeah we might say centered one these both sorry these both should be centered this should be right or maybe this should be left this will also create the same one but they will be they will be aligned in a different way inside that you might say on the left most we want to vertical line that is compile this and see now it has put these lines whether it is aligned to the left right center is more visible after you put these lines as I said because these might be numbers you might be interested in totaling it that is when right justification is important yeah here clearly if you want to add then this is left left justification is not a good thing to do if they have different number of digits centering is also not good yeah if they are numbers it is best to write justify you might also want to say that the last one this particular column is total that is if you want two lines here if you increase the number of lines that many more lines will come we have put four lines there they take doesn't complain why do you want to put four four lines it has just obediently put four lines yeah and in multiple number of lines can be put by this how about separating we are able to separate columns by putting this vertical lines how about separating rows but separating rows what you have to do is you have to say one horizontal line just put one horizontal line it will put a line for the entire row we put a slash h line at the end of the first row that is why it has put one h line between the first and second row only yeah similarly we can put here you can also put at the top so now there is a problem what is the problem here you have to say that after the second row is when you need a h line yeah so by putting slash h line wherever you want you can put you can separate the rows using a vertical horizontal line if you want to put a if you want to put a line after the last row then you have to put this two slashes yeah this we put because we got an error you might say there is one header that is why you want two horizontal lines yeah the left one might be unit price unit price then quantity total cost yeah this might be how these numbers are now we have to make this font so this is how our table might have been built and we might want to separate the header the first row from the rest there you can put two h lines yeah for making it look better we can put two h lines here very easy to make tables in latex it has put two h lines yeah it is also possible using multi call using a multi call which we will not do in this course out of if somebody is interested or multi column within a table what is the meaning of multi columns you might want to merge two three columns together for a few rows and below that you will still want to have them a separate columns there is a multi call there is a multi call by which you can combine multiple columns into one multiple rows into one is also possible to combine but these both multiple column multi rows we will not see in this particular course one important thing that we should be saying which is not in the slides is about paragraph mode yeah you might have one of them as paragraphs which is specified using t it is specified the width of the paragraph it is a three centimeter this this could be long text showing into multiple lines so as soon as you put one more column yeah so how many columns are there now four columns are there four columns are to be separated by three ampersands yeah so let us go back to whatever table was first our table had three columns that is whether two there is one ampersand here one ampersand here so two ampersands per line per row two ampersands are required to separate three columns yeah so the number of ampersands is very important if you put less number of ampersands there is a problem if you put more number of ampersands there is a problem however one of these problems may not show up as a latex error why because latex might think that there is no text last few columns are all empty why I have to specify ampersand ampersand ampersand for the last few columns if you put less I think there is no problem but something might something else might go wrong later on somewhere else it might show up as an error so for example here we will see there is an error what error from that number of ampersands going wrong we should be able to recognize that this error means about that inside a table this is one thing that often people go wrong what is it that people go wrong in first you had a table with only two columns now suddenly you decided that you want one more column first you had a table with only three columns three columns and hence two ampersands per row now you introduced a third column introduce a fourth column fourth column ok first header we introduce is extra ampersand but for others we have not even introduced let us see what happens the number of ampersands per line is lower it has not given an error here it has assumed that these are all blank yeah that is why it did not insist on an ampersand we could also put a slash vertical line then it will also it will complete only till there yeah look you did not put another ampersand that is why it is showing up as a problem here even though latex ended correctly if you put another ampersand then it will come correctly yeah so please note that these are typical mistakes that we all do why did sometimes it is not close don't don't quickly go and say latex there is an error something is wrong with this latex package some bug all this open source community people don't remove bugs properly they release the packages don't go ahead and conclude like that first of all I already told for bugs never complain this is opportunity for you to get involved and start removing the bugs yeah the entire open source community has evolved because of volunteers only let me let me admit I have not contributed anything at least I don't complain yeah second thing is first give a thought whether there is some mistake you did that is very likely to be the case why it is likely because latex has been around since at least 20 30 40 years since 40 years nobody has noticed that the line is not vertically closing for certain rows is it possible yeah so please pay attention to these facts before you point out that there is a mistake yeah so what is the significance of the paragraph mode if you want some text to go over multiple lines then you have to use P if a paragraph then it will be both left and right justified but immediately after P you have to open a curly bracket and say how much width this particular column should be that particular width does not have to be specified for LC and R there the widest thing will decide the column width but for paragraph mode since it is supposed to run into multiple lines you have to tell how much width per line then you can notice that it has done both left and right justification inside that column yeah is there any questions about the table environment we will take the questions now there are no more questions then is the right time to stop for tea