 Kiitos, Anna-Kaisa. Hyvää juttuja minua myös. Olen parttina Anna-Kaisaa domestication in action projects, jossa olen fokusit on aktivitirekonstruksia on reindeer, study human and animal relationship ja olen täällä nyt to present recent developments in the methods for physical activity assessment for a reindeer. So reindeer is a semi-domisticated species. What it means is that not all reindeer individuals are willing to work with human, willing to understand and read the human. But in those cases where the reindeer is willing and the handler and the reindeer are on the same wavelength, so to speak, it will result in a mutual fulfilling relationship working and social. From ethnographical data we know that the reindeer were used to transport people and their belongings by carrying or pulling. Also radio riding and radio skiing were used in transport. So as regards to activity, the method of attaching harness, you can see ethnographical depictions of harness and then current reindeer-raising harness on the photo on the left. So the method of attaching the harness would affect how the loads are distributed, the weight of the sled of leaves itself on top of the weight being pulled and transported. R reindeer riding, there's a suggestion that the rider should weigh no more than 70 kilograms. So reindeer skiing, which is currently used in reindeer riding has its reindeer racing, has its history, has its roots in the history, where there's a mention from the mid-17th century that a reindeer could run 18 measures of distance called penningulma on iced crust covered snow, and this distance, depending on the method of calculating penningulma, is 180 kilometers. So already then it was a point of pride the speed and stamina of a reindeer. We rely not only on ethnographies, but we are very fortunate enough to have in this domestication action project and interview studies going on. And more luckily we have an active reindeer herder and reindeer racer among the interviewers. So there's going to be a lot of in-depth activity related questions coming from me, which they gracefully accepted as part of the questionnaire, and this active reindeer racer will know how to ask more pertinent questions relating to reindeer racing. So the methods of looking at activity are the same sort of methods that are used in human activity reconstructions, which are bone cross-sectional properties, enthysial changes and pathologies of joints. First, mentioning we use pathological lesions, developed by Bartosiewicz and Urk group, where we score for living, new bone cross and ablination for all joints, not only phalanges or metabodials. And we also track other pathologies as trauma can also indicate a specific human-animal action. Well, when we are directly inferring method developed on cow, which has two rigid steps compared to reindeer, which in addition to large vestigial ditches, which are intensely used in a motion of the hoof, there will be a bit more for us to score and to understand. Then we also look at pathological lesions of the vertebra. There's a picture of vertebral fusion and spinal process warping. If you remember the ways the harness attached on the previous picture, this is a method of attaching harness in Siberia, which instead of having two bands attached by a strap, this first strap goes completely across the reindeer. So it's possible that this warping is due to uneven load distribution to the reindeer spine. And these vertebral fusions may be suggestive of reindeer riding, where there's heavy carrying, where there's a lot of stress coming on the vertebra. Actually, this particular individual, its rider was considerably heavier than 70 kilograms, but he considered that if not a strong reindeer, he can carry me, but it didn't come without a cost. And then changes at emphasis. We decided with Anna Kaisa to look at reindeer emphasis to understand physical activity as one would do in humans. What was great about this was that we could make use of all the extensive studies made on human emphasis. And then we had like groundwork of what's the best method, what all things to take into account when you are creating a scoring system. So for example, understanding that there are fibros and fibrocartilatinal emphasis, there's for bone formation and bone resorption going on. So around 2014 Anna Kaisa and I went to, well, some years before, went to Oulu University Zoological Museum. We took all of the reindeer there. We took all appendicular skeleton bones, suns, metabodios and phalanges. We looked at each emphasis separately, and we observed, is there a variation in this emphasis? How much variation there is. And then we confirmed that into the three-stage scoring system. Or for some, you couldn't find observable variation. What we found that all emphasis did exhibit a variation, and those insertions were more likely to exhibit variation rather than insertions. So this work will be extended now with Emily Hall into phalanges and possibly also to natural crest. But why are there changes of emphasis? Everyone who has worked with human emphasis and activity reconstructions know that this is far from explicit method. So why there are changes? There's two sort of, in my view, different perspectives. It can be overuse, which would suggest that it's pathological, or another perspective that it's normal function, where and there. There's also other sources of variation at emphasis, which can be difficult to discern from activity effects, potential activity effects, which is age. And if one considers that the where and there is to the normal function, age would increase the amount of your repetition, which would increase the variation in the morphology of an emphasis. Body size is also a factor to be considered, especially with reindeer, which has substantially different size of subspecies, also different size male and female reindeer. Hormones is a factor in humans that also should be taken into consideration with reindeer, especially culling, whether you're looking at an ox or a bull, does that differ? In our project we are happy again to have a researcher examining the effects of culling on the skeleton. Then environmental factors. What kind of, is it mountainous? Is it more plateau-like? How deep is the snow cover? Those sort of things will affect on the general expression of emphasis. And third, our method of choice is biomechanical properties of mitshaft. This uses the same basic principle as we have for emphasis, where we take the extensive studies made on human and apply it, adjust it according to reindeer morphology to suit the needs that we have. The first, very first step was to look at all the variation in the long bones and metopodias and to try to understand how to orient the bone so that it would be standardized method, which is repetitive and reliable. And with this method we define a plane on which any possible torsion in the long bone mitshaft is observed. So we, there's different possibilities to measure the 50% cross-section, maximum length physiological or interarticular, and in this method paper we attempt to illustrate which would be the most suitable method of obtaining the 50% cross-section. Then this is where we are at. This is, I'm now presenting some ongoing and future work, so you can keep on following us. I am especially interested in how the harness attachment, the weight of the sled, how the weight is being distributed, how that affects the movement of limb joints. I would like to know the extent of which, how much there needs to be weight for the limb movements to change and possibly change the muscle recruitment. That is something I wish to do in large scale, but let's see how funding goes with that. And then we, the understanding comes from ethnographies and the interviews, and then I would like to include that, looking at these traditional weights being used, these are reindeer racing kilometers per hour and how does the joint movement and muscle recruitment change. We also, I was fortunate to meet with Jarno Kynkäniemi, a reindeer herder, who is willing to show me one of, when he slaughters one of his racing reindeer, all the muscles and muscle attachments where I can check that everything was done correctly on our emphasis paper and if there's something that needs to be recrafted, I can do that with his help. I think that was just the most generous thing ever. And when we present this standardized method for obtaining the cross-section, we are going to look at differences between free-ranging corral and racing reindeer within, you know, a limb element and between limb elements, if there's a difference. Not have seen comparing to limb segments, but completely elements. So if I made myself understood, and then of course the additional scoring and then checking the existing scoring. And I myself am very interested in understanding the etiology, what affects changes we observed at NCCS, why we observed changes in bone cross-sectional properties and I think that you might know me as a human activity reconstruction person, I think by adding another study species will enable me to enhance understanding of mythology. And I'm very grateful that you took the attention to listen to my presentation. I acknowledge our funding parties, which are European User Research Council, Academy of Finland and University of Oul. And you can follow our official work and unofficial and social activities in the Domestic Assembly Action Project by looking at the web page, Facebook and Twitter. We've already tweeted. Thank you.