 Hi, I am Dr. Vidyadara here, head of the department and consultant spine surgeon at Manipal Hospital, Bangalore. It is usually the sideward bend of the spine which is called as foliosis and that was very gross to begin with, but nowadays we believe that it's a three-dimensional deformity. It is not just the sideward bend, it's also rotation and also the loss of backward bend. So, it is commonly seen in children. When we say that there is no specific cause, then it is called as videopathy. It is the commonest. Maybe it constitutes about 80,000 of scoliosis. It can be present because of birth defects in the bones of the vertebrae and then it is called as culminator. Or it may be neuromuscular, like patients with problems with the nerves or muscles developing paralysis of hands and legs and also the pelvic muscles developing the bend in the back which is called as neuromuscular scoliosis or degenerative, wherein with aging, elderly people getting a bend in the back because of aging process which is in excess or in accelerated nerves is again a cause. And lastly, ayatrasil. Following surgeries or interventions done by doctors, the patient developing the bend in the back is the last one. Let me talk briefly about the commonest that is the adolescent videopathic scoliosis which constitutes to 80,000. See, this typically happened to the girl between the age group of 10-15 years and it is a pain left unnoticed. It goes unnoticed, whereas in the West there is a school screening program in which they ask the child to bend forward and the doctor or the paramedic looked at the catalyst. The rib hum, if it is there, then they are taken for an x-ray and x-ray can detect scoliosis. Usually less than 10 degrees is not scoliosis. 10 to 25 degrees of bend, we keep the child under operation. If it is between 25 degrees to 45 degrees, we give a brace to the child so that it prevents progression and if it is more than 45-50 degrees, the child needs the surgery. Now this is a completely preventable problem. If you detect it early, it can be braced so that the need for surgery can be prevented. And the next commonest that we see is the degenerative scoliosis. An elderly person having a stoop either forward or sideways is again common, but this is very painful. And the patient develops more and more back pain, back pain on change of posture and also tingling numbness in the lower limbs and heaviness of lower limbs and so on and so forth. Now this again can be treated if the patient develops deficits or weakness of lower limbs or bowel blood and involvement or if the pain is more than 3 months, definitely the benefit of surgery is a big thing. If the patient's medical condition doesn't allow us to get a surgery done in this patient, we can always intervene by way of some spinal injection like fetish block or transferan melocidial injection and so on.