 Well, obviously we don't know but I think the question is that some of the farms were sites which were built in such a way that their function was not so much oriented towards farming and agriculture. This is why I say that we have to look at the different functions of the site and we have different expectations. This was a slide with, you know, are you talking about the rumour of the Iron Age of Bob? Bob, yeah. I think the problem is that there isn't a single explanation because in the Iron Age where we have quite a lot of evidence and mobility, we do know, I think there are many, many reasons why people may introduce animals. I think one of the things that has been suggested is in addition to trade is that people were regularly reading from other areas and bringing them in. That's a possibility. For the Roman side, I think that the way the site operated was not oriented towards farming at a different purpose and the use of wine they needed to introduce animals and that's why. I guess we can, you know, talk more during the discussion at the end of the session. Now we move to a challenge intensive. So, Aleksa Laika, she's going to be talking about coastal Camelida herding in northern Peru. It says from strontium and it stops from Coaca, Colorado. I get to pick this. Yeah, it's a long, it's a long, my thesis is going to be really long just for that. So we wanted, my collaborators and I wanted to thank the organisers for accepting our paper to give a different perspective from the Andes region of Peru. Our paper, the motivation behind it and the point of contributing it was to look at directionality in herding along coastal and highland roots in the Andes. So just a bit of background. This is a map depicting the concept of the vertical archipelago that was first discussed by John Moran in the 1960s. And the idea behind the vertical archipelago was that at different kin groups at different elevations in the Andes had a barter and trade system that allowed them to survive within their isolated elevation, but still gaining access to coastal and other highland area resources. So this has been focused on and Camelida herding over the last 30 years since Jane Wheeler's work in the 1970s and 80s. But work in the 80s and more recently with suggestions by junior scholars, we need to start thinking about horizontal forms of movement. Izumi and Melody Shimada in 1985 in their paper discussed the idea of a horizontal archipelago, the idea that the different river valleys and the Andes would also be involved in this broad trading network. And then more recently by Veronica Tomsek at Stanford University with her work in the Warmey Valley has also started to suggest this idea of horizontal movement along the coast and obviously not just movement into the highlands. Just a bit of background on the period of time as the title shows we're working from the period of 650 to 850 AD during the Moche period. The entire Moche period expanded from 200 to 850 AD. And this is a general map of where the influence was all the way down in the Penne Valley and farther south up close closer to Ecuador. And this cultural period is defined by beautifully crafted ceramics. We have an amazing industry of metallurgy that's going on, gold and silver plated artifacts. We also have the well-known portrait in erotica pottery that's done from the period of time. The domestic practices and the details around herding have been less studied. So that was the motivation to address this within this region. So the site that I'm going to focus on is the site of Huaca Colorada. It's the largest late Moche site, so for 650 to 850 AD in the southern Hequitapeque Valley. This site is very important because it would have been a nodal long trade route that reached into the highlands in contact with the highland culture called the Huaca Marca culture. And we see just a huge amount of these kinds of ceramic vessels. These are feasting plates. And the central part of the site, as you can see in this topographic map, sector B, is full of these ceramics. So there's a strong tradition of trade and interaction with the highland zone. So this valley goes straight up into the highlands and the Huaca Marca would have been there. We see variation in the ceramic metallurgy and other kinds of artifacts with sector C and sector A. These two zones still elite context similar to sector B, but more production evidence. And just last year we actually found a looted tomb in sector A. Unfortunately, not a lot of remains were left behind. We did have a beautiful spoon made from camelid bone. So there is a lot of interaction across the site, different material patterns, but overarching evidence that there is long distance trade with the highlands. So my training, through various years, is still piece to kind of it, has been mainly zoroacchaeological. And over the last few years I've been trying to incorporate isotopic work to address this idea of mobility and how far camelids are coming from to reach the site, or to either be bred at the site and raised at the site and going abroad. So this is just a quick zoroacchaeological graph showing just how common camelids were. So the domesticated yamen and alpaca. We do have some dog and deer at the site, but just overwhelmingly in all three sections of the site, it's very much camelid. We have some interesting contexts as well. So camelids would have been part of daily practices and herding just from ethnographic records. They also were important to ceremonial offerings at the site. So the burial at the top is a 25-year-old woman with approximately, it's not present in this photo, but there was a six-month-old child found there at the site. And in the same floor context, we had a juvenile camelid burial. So very important in spiritual practices at the site. We also have another young, this is a young man, 16 to 18 years old with three juvenile camelids. So very much part of this idea of offering to the site with different renovation events. Metallergy would have also been important, as you can see in this copper spatula. The preservation is amazing. So we figured that with all of this, we would attempt to consider isotopic work. And this is just one other example. It's important, I think, to mention just this recurring pattern of offerings. We actually also had the offering of a pregnant woman. And there were some juvenile camelid remains found throughout, around her body. No complete skeleton, but this idea of juvenile remains and birth was quite striking. Across the site, we can see that there's consistent patterns of meat sharing, mainly within the thorax region of the site, as well as within the lower limb. And the age patterns in general concentrate around sub-adults, where you would have had a lot of meat to share around. And this is just one example, a beautiful image from the Spanish Chronicles that indicate one of the possible ways that they would have potentially sacrificed camelids by creating incision in the abdomen and potentially manually stopping the heart. So there's a wealth of knowledge ethnographically. And then some of the data, with a lack of cut marks and a lot of the complete burials we have, maybe some of these suggestions could be valid. So I want to preemptively discuss some of the isotopic work, for the radiogenic work that we did, just mentioning the stable carbon and nitrogen work that has been conducted. So this is a small sample that was completed last year. So we were able to process this data for the purpose of this presentation. And we mainly sampled camelid remains. These were all M2s. If they were present, for the younger material, if we didn't have M2s, we dealt with M1s. So we see there might be an issue with weaning signaling. But just bear that in mind. And we were able to also sample some of the human remains and the dogs. So in general, you can see it's quite a strong C4 signal, in particular among the guinea pigs that we were also able to sample, this being from post-cranium, not from teeth. And the human remains obviously show more enriched values, in particular with the dogs as well. We also do have a small group here that does look like it's a lot more of a mixed C3, C4 diet. So potentially camelids that might have been going up into the highlands, which has a stronger C3 associated diet, and then potentially coming down to the coast. So that was some of our earlier interpretation. And then just also some of this preliminary carbonate data, indicating that within the local range, it's about negative one to about negative six, that the animals are clustered in that local sort of coastal signature, as well as with the dogs and humans situated within that. So these sort of two patterns were indicating mobility, potentially, but also these sort of strong coastal signatures. So we wanted to see what the strontium in particular lead had to say about that. So very overwhelming chart, but it really gives you a good idea of the stronger differences. So just to mention the baseline work, which is what our team did, we went around the site of Wapakura and sampled from Algorogo tree, which is Miski tree. It's prosopis alba, the species name. That is common in the region. And a few record have attested to hamlets, potentially eating the pods from those trees. So we figured to sample those plants. We also sampled from agricultural fields, older agricultural fields that were around the site. So direct sediment from around the site, as well as water from stationary lakes in Algorogo forest nearby the site. So this is the local baseline for immediately around Wapakura. And I listed just the ranges just for your reference because the numbers are quite small. So the local baseline is the first line listed there. Previous work in other parts of the Andes have shown that the general coastal range is 0.705 to 0.708 and highland ranges are usually 0.71 and higher. So you can see from this pattern, the humans and the dogs that we were able to analyze for strontium are a lot more from the southern Hechtbeke Valley. That being said, they can't necessarily be from other regions. It's possible, but just within this local range. And then we have a majority of the hamlets falling within that sort of general coastal pattern and with only really a few coming or going from highland areas. So it's a very strong difference if we also compare dogs and humans, which we figured was a very interesting comparison considering some of the human burials I showed you are from foundation offerings. They're not from a formal cemetery. So being able to interpret what the camelers are doing and infer about where the people are going maybe isn't the best idea. So we figured direct assessment was better. Among the lead work that we did, again, this baseline sampling we did around the site directly, we were able to get lead isotope ratios from those just as a point of not necessarily a contention, but there's not a lot of lead isotope work done in the Andes. There's a few papers that have been published, but we wanted to attempt to extract that to start building the database up, especially in the north, where no lead isotope work has been done. And in general, there's a similar pattern being seen among some of the humans and camelids that the lead is also indicating non-local origin. So getting back to this idea of directionality, we know from the dietary information that was provided by carbonate nitrogen from the collagen in particular, as well as from the carbonates that there was an enrichment in nitrogen values to a degree and also a lot more C4 contribution. But this C4 contribution doesn't necessarily have to mean that it was from maize or corn or even amaranth or what is known as coetia in the Andes, which are C4 plants, could have been from this coastal vegetation, which are also C4 plants. And if we think about the constant mobility along the coast, if we think about the spread of moche influence along, specifically along the coast, camelids might have been one of the means for this ideology, this stylistic practice to have spread and to have persisted for 600 years. So I will leave you with acknowledgments. Thank you to our funding bodies. Thank you to the organizers. And yes, any questions?