 My name is Ian Scoones. I work at the Institute of Development Studies at the University of Sussex and I'm a co-ordinator of the Future Agricultural Consortium and together with Tufts University based here in Addis, we've just finished a two and a half day conference on the future of pastoralism in Africa. We've had about 900 participants with us and some really key themes I think have emerged out of this. First, pastoralism is live and well in certain parts of the continent. There's a massive driving market that's creating incredibly vibrant cross-border trade in a number of places. The greatest Somali region obviously being the most prominent of these but equally in other areas. And also there are dance sites. There is incredible pressure on pastoral grazing lands, the acquisition of land for land investments, the encroachment of pastoral grazing lands and key resources in those areas by agriculture and other land use resources such as wildlife. It's constraining pastoralism in a number of areas. And then of course superimposed upon those constraints is conflict. Conflict is a recurrent feature in pastoral areas and has been for many years but the combination of resource pressures and conflicts is putting a lot of people under pressure. So we see in a number of pastoral areas this division between those who are making it in sometimes moving up, commercialising, being successful, engaging in regional markets and those who are really struggling. And so there's a big, big questions for policy. What do you do at the two ends of those extremes and how to address that? And one of the things we've been discussing in the workshop is the importance of the new African Union framework for pastoralism. The African Union with its CADAP framework and so on is obviously a leader in thinking about the future of agriculture more broadly in the continent. But now with a framework document agreed by ministers we now have a broad policy framework which Member States can relate to and I think here is a moment around which some of these issues that face pastoralism can be addressed. So uncertainty for sure, questions of climate change, uncertain markets, conflict and so on but also a positive story and with that a great diversity and the need to attune policies to particular areas and particular places.