 The battery management system, BMS, is a critical component of electric and hybrid electric vehicles. The purpose of the BMS is to guarantee safe and reliable battery operation. State monitoring and evaluation, charge control, and cell balancing are functionalities that have been implemented in BMS. The uncertainty of a battery's performance poses a challenge to the implementation of these functions. This article was authored by Michael Pecht, Kwakelsui, Yin Xiaoxing, and others.