 Now, once you have decided the current and you decided the flow and then now it is a sequence of slide. You must know what slide comes next and what is the previous slide, this is very important. So this is about connection and those who have seen you know in olden day building construction you might have seen this relay of bricks you know somebody at the first floor want to carry the brick from the lorry and you know one person will give the next person and the brick is being transferred some kind of relay. You cannot give a presentation by just being a relay agent you should know where it is coming from oh it is coming from the lorry where it is going to oh it is going to the first floor and you cannot just be a party of that relay. You should know that the person who is next to you the person who will carry next to you should have equal capacity that you cannot carry like 10 more bricks accumulate and then transfer the other person will collapse correct. You should know the sequence is important what slide comes in which order it comes and what slide is for what purpose that is important. Avoid back and forth movements between slides this I commonly see in many presentations that you know you have 20 slides but your fourth slide is so important that it has to be referred back after 15 slide after 18 slide so that would distract the audience you have to keep them captive listening to you so try to minimize all the distraction components that might usually arise. Now regarding introduction describe the background of the work and here is a place where for teachers they have enormous room to make a class make a presentation interesting that you can use little bit of history related to how this development came about in the first place. What is the background what is the origin of this new concept you can always make a connection with you know how it came so if I want to tell about I teach computational chemistry quantum chemistry and so on so in this domain in chemistry and physics there is something called Schrodinger wave equation those who take first year electronics in different colleges in the country at least they would have heard of this H of psi equal to V psi Schrodinger wave equation. So, when I introduce Schrodinger wave equation I always talk about a story of Schrodinger Irving Schrodinger very young person in 1926 he went to Swiss Alps for a vacation with his girlfriend and the story goes like no one knows what transpired during those days he came back and he published the famous Schrodinger wave equation. So, one can always put this as you know before you start talking about Schrodinger wave equation you tell that you do not know what and all happened in Swiss Alps with his girlfriend, but end of it he came with Schrodinger wave equation is it because the girlfriend created or girlfriend had an influence we do not know that is a story that is what the background or you know sometimes the history helps in many developments and then people would know that the girlfriend person Schrodinger or I know him so students would know these connections would make it interesting describe the background of the work give due credit to people who have done the work before that is very important in research that we call it citations we should tell that so and so in this institution had done this work before and that is where I got this idea you make this connections properly and have some supporting slides towards the end of the presentation after giving a blank slide. So, you suppose you have 20 slides and you have some potential questions which thought of that audience will ask and you already have a pre-fixed answers or you already have some thoughts about that you keep 21st slide empty and 22nd, 23rd slide you keep this so called backup slides in case asked for the technical rigor you can always bring that slide 22nd, 23rd slide to support your argument so always good to have supporting slides after a blank slide and which you could use for answering questions how do you prepare the slides so let me recapitulate what I have done then I talked about the confidence building the right attitude and content creation what is to be stress what is to be flashed and then I talked about the flow in which order the slide should come how the slide should be connected to each other so my story goes like that now till now I have not talked about how to prepare a slide right now I am taking a small little detour that how to prepare a slide how do you prepare a slide and when you start preparing a slide you must keep in mind that you have already written a story in your mind and many times what I see among students is that when you are asked to give a presentation the first thing that they will do is open a power point no thoughts in the head but they will open a power point and start typing something no that is not the way to start a presentation a presentation when you go to the power point or start typing the content that content is pre created it is already created in your mind and you have already scribbled down a few points that this is the order in which I want to talk about the story that this is to be stressed this is to be flashed and you cannot directly go to a ppt and start typing the content that is that is incorrect have a story and then go to computer and it is not the other way only after you having a story you should go to the computer and when you go to the computer you should start worrying about small little things a series of minor nitty gritty and these are some uninteresting slide but end of it each drop of it the cumulative effect is so important that it is between you making a good presentation versus you not making a good presentation remember that slides are a visual expression of your thoughts or it is an aid a i d it is an aid but that is not the presentation presentation is what you do slide is only an aid to support you with the story or embellish the story that you have or to make a icing on the cake that is the purpose of slide do not think that when I ask you to give a presentation it does not mean that you go and create the slide straight away ok keep in mind that I want to tell the story for that I will take some help from the slide ok so font size what kind of font size is good debates about this but I prefer to have a 24 this is my personal opinion gathered over the years 24 font size is good because of the fact that the size of the seminar room can vary and size of the projection screen can vary 24 is somewhat a compromise between not too large not too small font size even if it is in a small room it is not too large if it is in a large room like an auditorium 24 is not too small so it is a reasonable bet for a making a power point presentation the idea is to make it visible even for people who are usually you know in when you go and watch a drama like live performing arts you have to be VIP to be in the first row right that is about drama but in a movie it is other way round if you are a VIP you sit in the real most row correct they call it like what balcony or these days I do not go to movie I do not know the terminologies box office or whatever like it does not matter so the VIP sit in the back and VIP sit in the front for a performing arts and friends keep in mind that teaching is somewhat of a performing arts but unfortunately even in this room there is no one sitting in the front row there is an attitude issue there is an attitude issue when I go to the class the first seats which are usually occupied is the Gaussian the middle middle seats not the last ones because last ones they think that what will serve think if I see go and sit in the last one so people prefer to occupy the middle seats first and then they tend to occupy the front seats some very studious students will come and sit in the front and the back VIPs will come late in the class after 5 minutes 10 minutes and they all are VIPs they are there for watching a movie the people who are serious they are there for watching the performing arts so but we need to take care of the VIPs in the back row so we keep 24 phone size because VIPs we should be you know taking care of them right so we keep 24 phone size it is important now regarding color what kind of color you would use black is the best if you have a white background and blue is also okay for the real text that you want to convey if you look at the poem that I have displayed the blue to emphasize the emphasis came from you know that that came from the blue where the where the river starts and you know where it flows through emphasis came from blue color over here the same slide it you have blue color so blue for emphasis good black in general is good and you look at try to read the last line avoid using light colors and you need a you know binoculars to see what is that what is that word no no icon icon see that light colors all these are light light shades of different primary colors do not use those do not use those that is not going to make a good presentation some colors are fancy but not visible as you travel as you begin to address the VIPs I told they are important people in the class important people in the conference so do not make use of this light shades of color use dark shades red is okay okay now language what kind of language you will put in the slide oh somebody would say that sir I am very poor in English so what but you need to make a presentation you have to make a presentation use telegraphic language what is telegraphic language he came I went class over that is fine he came I went class over it is a story the person is telling a story the class over class is done but he uses a language which is telegraphic but the message is conveyed it does not matter what is there in the what is there in the slide he came I went class over but he could he can build a story out of that and you should be able to speak about what is there in the slide okay use telegraphic language avoid using long sentences because nobody is going to read through all these you know there is a theory on the concentration attention of students in the classroom you know if you want to be a good teacher you should know how the students psycho psyches will work right it is said that after 10 to 15 minutes after the beginning of a lecture the concentration will drop down dramatically I do I have a means to show this I I just want to draw a curve how the concentration of students will drop how the concentration of students will drop so this is the this is the concentration axis and this is time elapsed initially everybody would be very attentive and this is our 10 minutes and this drops down very very very rapidly and beyond 10 minutes it is bad so if you are planning to teach some real concepts after 10 minutes what you should do you should take a coffee break oh coffee break after 10 minutes of lecture it is taboo no I cannot break the class I do not intend to say that it is a real coffee break what you should know do is that you should you should give a jolt what you do you should give a some kind of jerk jolt and shake how do you shake I will tell you how so after 10 minutes you know that you are going to present a really important concept stop speaking it is not like 10 minutes or 2 seconds more not in that sense so around 10 minutes you know that a important concept is going to be introduced the class should get best benefit of that so around that time before the concept comes just stop stop speaking class will be silent normally and then people will begin to speak you know they cannot keep quiet children you know they cannot keep quiet and if you are keeping quiet they are keeping quiet because you are talking you stop speaking and then they will they will wonder what went wrong all the all those who are beginning to sleep they will wake up there is something important something is happening there so that is the coffee break that I am referring to you must take a periodic coffee break maybe one or two coffee breaks in a span of one hour that you give a jerk you give us some kind of shake okay then give a take a pause and say now it is literally show now I am going to tell you something very important you can have animation depending on your skill level you know in my school I tried to act on a stage in a drama it is called some some classic drama I had no idea what the character is supposed to do so halfway through my prompt who was like hiding behind he stopped prompting me so I completely lost it dialogue I forgot so I was like you know on stage waiting hearing prompt is not coming what do I do that kind of so you must create something to you know shake and you should say now I am going to tell you something very important and this has to come after that pause a pause of how long maybe 30 seconds maybe one minute it is worth it okay so if you have the idea that the concentration drops down and it happens even in presentation of course in a scientific presentation you cannot say that now I am going to talk about something really outstanding in scientific presentation you are actually running so fast that you do not you do not have 30 seconds to spare in the middle of the talk I am since I am addressing a large set of college teachers as well in this conversation I am trying to combine little bit of this teaching issues when you give a topical presentation so here is the time where you would introduce that coffee break and then go on to speak so that now you are taking it deep to the conceptually you are going to some other direction bring back the attention restart the class that is very important you show you have to be keeping people kept theme you know attention only on you not on the Facebook not on the you know SMS pads then the purpose will not get served the language telegraphic simple language preparing slides contents clarity is a prime goal I said you know the story very well but how do you make it so clear the presentation should be very clear clarity is very very important one way you can do that is to minimize the textual content textual content should be kept to a minimum do not for too many text that is the reason why I prefer telegraphic language not full sentences in case you cannot avoid long text suppose you are from humanities you are taking a lecture on English language and literature a passage is very important there and giving a talk on English language and you cannot avoid text so you are bound to be using a textually rich slide but keep in mind that nobody is going to read your entire content if it is like a newspaper okay so how do we handle that another situation where you will have lot of information in a given slide how do you handle such situation lot of information in one slide is not a good idea at the same time you cannot bifurcate you cannot partition the information that is the time you should use animation okay now I will have to switch this slide I have a situation where high on text and all those my teacher colleagues listening from around the country this passage is quite effective very important passage because it gives us a room to reflect upon ourselves this is written by my most favorite author English author Burton Russell on a book entitled unpopular essays and the particular chapter is the functions of a teacher very inspiring statement functions of a teacher if you want to be a good teacher you must read some of these you know philosophical thoughts shared by famous authors and see it is full of text what do you expect out of showing such a textually rich slide you can you can directly force the audience to sleep they will literally go to sleep if you show three such slides are good enough irrespective of what is reported in those slide irrespective of what is printed in the slides three such slides are good enough to you know make them sleep so now let me try to tell you how do you present the same content same content I will I will first I will have to read as matters stand today many teachers are unable to do best of which they are capable for this there are a number of reasons some more or less accidental others deep-seated to begin with the former most teachers are overworked and are compelled to prepare the people for examinations rather than to give them a liberalizing mental training people who are not accustomed to teaching and this includes practically all educational authorities my god I am making some very powerful statements which will hit upon may be Delhi I do not know but I have academic freedom so under that umbrella I can speak now so people who are not accustomed to teaching and this includes practically all educational authorities and have no idea about the expenses of spirit that it involves clergymen clergymen are priests who serve in you know churches clergymen are not expected to preach sermons for several hours a day but analogous effort is demanded of teachers and you must also see that this passage was written in 1947 and you see how true it is in today's context my colleagues all over the country when I teach three hours a week in IIT my colleagues all over the country I do not know how many more hours they teach perhaps they teach four hours a day I teach three hours a week plus four hours of laboratory in a typical semester certainly this is a thought provoking passage written by Burton Russell in 1947 read the statement clergymen are not expected to preach sermons for several hours a day but analogous effort is demanded of teachers results is that many of them become harassed and nervous out of touch with the reason work in the subject that they teach and unable to inspire their students with a sense of intellectual delights to be obtained from new understanding and new knowledge very very powerful beautiful beautiful passage but now we are not looking at the content and and and its impact on our educational system what we are looking at is the same content how do you present the same content this is how it it has to be presented as matters stand today many teachers are unable to do best of what they are capable for this there are a number of reasons some of some more or less accidental some are deep-seated so this was my first appearance of that that part of the text then I will use an animation to go to the next part of the text so there is an order already built in to convey the same thing and now the emphasis is coming you read the next pass next paragraph it is not really next paragraph but next section in the same paragraph to begin with the former the most teachers are overworked and are compelled to prepare their people for examinations rather than giving them a liberalizing mental training very very beautiful liberalizing mental training is what is expected of a teacher a teacher should impart liberalizing mental training to students not to equip them to prepare or not to not to train them to do how well in exam do do well in exam that is not really the objective of a teacher then I use animation to bring in the next part of the same text all in the middle normally the passages are not moving all in the middle best emphasis minimum text single slide and the emphasis is very much there the passage the content of the passage the spirit of the passage is conveyed through effective use of animation if I were to use the first whole newspaper kind of paragraph a beautiful passage nobody is going to listen to you it is important how to deliver if you have rich text content you use make use of animation and this is something which I really really like there you know a comparison between clergymen and churches and teachers in classrooms nowhere in the world a clergyman will do several services a day they will do once in on a Sunday maybe once a day you look at the efforts involved you know clergymen preachers and religious practices they do not expect you to do same you know several times a day but a teacher is supposed to do you know it is supposed to teach several times a day how is it possible so this is a very powerful thing that if you were to do this they the teachers would not be able to inspire their students with a sense of intellectual delights I think I am hoping that authorities will have a good solid look at this this passage of Bertrand Russell who had written this in 1947 so that is about how to handle you know text rich slides make use of animation okay and of course you cannot stop middle of a sentence you have to pick the right sentence make use of animation and when you have to stress it you must and now comes a very you know content rich slide a table and I am speaking to a general audience there are some some chemistry here handling data intensive slides some numbers I I do not get anything I do not get anything out of this at the same time you want to tell tell your story you want to tell your major finding how do you do that so I have highlighted this first row and I have highlighted this this row to tell something to stress something at the same time I am not I am not going going to go and read that okay anti addition 31.6 like you know in whether in TV news channels many TV news channels will say high is 31.3 low is 27.4 for God's sake it is there why do you read isn't it TV channels will show and nowadays they have improved they use fancy graphics they will have you know good good plot of like graphics of India and then different cities and only music will come it used to be so repelling during Durandasan days early early times that they will read out they will show 31.6 and 25.6 and they will read out if you are showing why do you read out okay so the purpose of showing this slide if it is data intensive what you should do is very important that you stress where it has to be stress remember I I promise that I will come back to the stress and flashing slides later and this is also a part of this presentation skills how to drink water on stage because on stage that's a tomorrow's lecture on stage practices I will talk in detail about on stage practices body language non-verbal communications and so on and it's important you know if you if your throat get dry anytime you must immediately take a small sip of water so let me come back to this slide so I have a data intensive slide I want to tell a few important points in this so I use colors to stress those keep in mind that nobody is interested in looking at all of your numbers and nobody wants you to read those numbers again for them okay so you have to tell that this is important you look at this this is 16.9 and if I compare that with 22 it is higher by this many units correct so that is the key point and I have to tell that that is the key point without losing the rigor of work that is involved why do I say that this is from my own group that an entry right here one entry in this table takes about three months to get so you can then imagine how precious this data is one entry in the table takes three months so you are conveying two things here you are conveying what we found by comparing this 16.9 and 22.7 that's a key focus by comparing while comparing that you are also telling that look this is so difficult to get I have so much of that data I have so much of such data so I have done a great work so you are also announcing that in an implied way you can't say that each entry will take 30 days so this is equivalent to you know 40 days of 40 years of human time it will not serve the purpose and you should make them understand that each entries so difficult to get but here the story is revolving around 16.9 and 22.7 the difference is this much units therefore I have this conclusion so you are in a position to handle a data intensive slide this is how you should handle data intensive slide you can afford to show this numbers but highlight where you want to derive conclusions from that's important preparing the slide I said talked about font size, color, height, text, high graphics and preparing the slide uniformity and appearance that is important uniformity and appearance and those who have been critical looking at my own slides till now all slides had some kind of heading and all slides had a horizontal red bar at the top and all slides had my name at the top that is not to popularize my name but because this is this had to be uploaded in model website and it has to be converted to PDF file and distribute so for that purpose I thought that those who have created it let the citation be there like the credit has to be given as I said in one of the previous slides the credit has to be given for those who have originated it so in that sense nothing wrong in keeping the name at the top so there is this pattern there is a general appearance and I use this continued preparing slides it is continuing the connection is intact it is not lost and the uniformity in appearance and this is where lot of this you know Microsoft and many other presentation making programs available in the market many of them give lot of this fancy themes some are so repelling that you cannot put anything worthwhile in such fancy themes and when I say themes it will have you know huge lot of decorations and you know some water droplets falling and then some foggy cloudy thing and you cannot really do justice with that create your own theme what I created plain background white and a strip of line at the top that is the width of which I have selected color of which I have decided the font that is appearing above it I have decided that is your template so only the content changes the template remains the same have a good theme a theme can be white theme theme theme can be a dark background so on it is it is left to you to decide each slide should preferably have a heading as far as possible do not think that the slides are with heavy graphics would please them you know that is a wrong notion and students usually you know they will have lot of animations and they will have lot of fancy decorations with very bright looking colors thinking that oh everybody will be impressed they will have the wow factor you know modern times people all talk about wow wow factor in a way scientific presentation is not really defined to be suitable for a wow factor based on your slides what story you tell people should have you know explained wow what a presentation it was what a study it was what a story it was what a result it was that should be the wow factor you should be aiming at not the wow factor that you may borrowed some Americans who have created this fancy theme and that slides look so great yeah there are few people who are not interested in the subject would comment that oh the slides your slides were great but that to me it is a humiliating comment your slides were great that means you have the contents of content was poor slides were great but the what about the content oh content I did not pay much attention that would be the usual reaction instead you should be complimented for the content of the slides okay that is that is most important but do not go after fancy graphics and all that that is not going to serve the purpose fancy graphics if at all you you are more you have artistic bend of mind and you want to you think that I can make it better I can make the appearance much better you can do that only at the end of preparation of your slides go back and redo those content creation decorations and all because when you have a when you celebrate Christmas or somebody's birthday you buy a cake with name written on the top a happy birthday so and so and that is important that is only icing on the cake and nobody is going to you know scrap off that cream and eat it people want to eat the cake right so you should ask this question yourself did I create the cake did I talk about the cake I am not going to talk about the icing alone that is that is not so important as that of cake so a birthday cake is valued for the cake content inside of course children view it differently they want all these you know fancy roses on on top of the ice icing that is a different story but we are no longer children right we should have a child like mind that will be helpful but we are talking about the real real stuff what we found a story which we have written so keep the distinction that decorations is only icing on the cake I never spend too much time decorating instead spend too much time worrying about what content you should create and what story you should speak which order it should come what fonts you will have what theme your slide should have in doing so what I did I have recapitulated what I whatever I have been saying a periodic summary is also important I think it is there somewhere in the slide uniformity of an appearance good quality readable from long distance may want to include slide numbers which suggestion which many of my colleagues in the department say that slide numbers if you include it helps people to note down the slide number for asking questions towards the end and if you are one of those persons who do not want to be asked questions then probably do not want to put the slide number okay but it is generally good practice to have slide numbers for some reason I do not put slide number I do not know why but it is a good practice to have slide numbers but you know not everything can be perfect so I do not put slide numbers myself and you might might have noticed that I do not have slide numbers okay so you have you have the story you have the slides now that you have your slides ready what next okay what next preparation and practice so there is this theme in this the last one hour what I have been you know shouting at or I have been talking about the theme had reappeared we started from content creation and I said in the outline that there are four four modular sections in my talk and I am going back to the same same content that this slide was one of the earlier slides but with the color emphasis had changed it had inverted because now I am going to the next module of preparation and practice you this is a recapitulation which one should do when you talk about a story there are turns and twists and you know bring back the old characters and because because you are taking a detour okay so that is important so I am going to talk about preparation and practice so content creation is done assuming that you have all good slides good story set and how do you prepare and how do you practice how to gigantic people one says no fear other says no fear both are equally exciting equally interesting but it is thought provoking it is a simple little cartoon and I borrowed from cartoon stock.com assist at assist on 10th of February 2011 this is again a practice that you should follow if you ever take some material from the web you should indicate which source you have taken from it is a matter of courtesy if not rule it is a matter of courtesy to show that you have taken this material and this material is not you know eternal it is going to be not going to be available for a number of years so you should say that on what date you have taken the material it may be still there it may not be there so as far as you are concerned you are giving the proper citation for people who have created it so this is a very interesting slide one person says no fear the other person says no fear pronounce the same but means very different and here is the place where you should really start body start thinking about you have a good story made all nice slides but now you have to prepare and what is the key to this preparation that you should analyze what is preventing you from going and giving a wonderful talk oh I have my heartbeats have increased I am feeling nervous my hands are becoming cold all kinds of issues because you are thinking about on stage maybe lights off you are the only person brightly lit and you are talking to a huge group of people sitting in darkness all kinds of nervousness there what you need is a scientific approach that is a meaning of this gigantic fellow the larger one he says that know your fear know your fear then if you know your fear then you will become the smaller person no you are getting the point what I am trying to say if you know the source of your fear you will have no fear and oh no fear okay so you should try analyzing what is the cause of the fear I said that the root cause of the fear is that you are not confident about the content so if you are by now you are confident you know the content you know that you have a good story to tell you will not have fear and then you have the fear of you know going up the stage my advisory sitting my teachers are sitting my principal said he will come and sit in the front row my god it is quite intimidating sometimes right but if you look differently that I know everything why do I fear start asking this question why do I fear I know the content and I have a story I have good slides made let me perform so that is the way you analyze your fear that is you you are in a position to know the factors that are distracting you and keep those factors away then you kno w you know your fear and net result would be that you have no fear if you have no fear and no fear no fear on stage you will perform better so that is why this is important to analyze what is the distraction now preparation and practice you cannot be casual on stage you can be relaxed if you are such a person if you can you don't be too casual many times you know students will come with with chapel and you know a t-shirt which is torn all kinds of you know this is an opportunity on stage it's an opportunity you have to take it with good amount of seriousness and don't be too casual even if you are you are a teacher with several years of experience and if you I said in the beginning that you can be caught by a little guy sitting at the corner asking a question which you could not answer and it can be very humiliating and it can be hurting at times so you can't be casual about any lectures any presentation if you are on stage you have to be having some level of preparedness and how much I prepared for this and today morning yesterday night you know few hours I spent on this preparation in spite of the fact that I have been giving this talk for last several years you can't be taking it carefully it's important even if you are repeating the presentation you have to take it seriously for beginners practice in front of mirrors in front of mirror in a closed room you are giving a presentation first time in your life maybe at the masters level you have the slides you have the story but you are feeling quite nervous what do you do just go to the room close the door go in front of mirror speak to yourself speak the story talk to yourself first in a closed room nobody is there nobody around that is the first stage that will give you some more confidence don't be over critical these are all stepping stones okay you have to you have to meaning that there is no escape I said it's a global world you have to be improving your presentation skills the first step if you are feeling nervous is one of the ways you can practice that go in front of the mirror and practice yourself and then close your eyes and dream about the slides how do you dream not by going to deep sleep because such dreams will never come you can't design a dream right only weird dreams will come and when I say these are dreams these are day dreams that is you are in complete consciousness you will go lie down on your bed close your eyes and you can see each of those slides first slide is this second slide is this I will talk about this I will stress about this point and then I will talk about that here I will pause here I will stress this is the dream that I am talking more you dream you will become more and more confident but these the dream of this kind should not be at the expense of late night hours not sleeping yourself it's not worth it if the dream becomes so intense that you can't sleep because of oh tomorrow I have presentation what will I do what will I do that is not the dream which I am referring to so you should have the full hold of what you are going to speak in the form of day dream but this is a kind of practice it will help you a lot and then next is to give a mock presentation a trial presentation first to a friendly group of people when I say friendly group your your you know colleagues from the department or your own friends who will understand the subject or who will not understand the subject you can have a few mock presentation these are for these are tips for people who are generally very nervous if you are not a nervous person you do not have to do all the practice no no practice in front of mirror no no day day dreaming actually is very useful I am I am not nervous about coming to stage my by myself but the day dreaming of the content in the major conferences major platforms many Nobel laureates sitting in in in the audience naturally there is little bit of nervousness so I will have my you know palm little bit cold and usually in western countries on international platforms they will keep the water but it will be too cold if you take cold water you will your hands will become more cold so how do you address such situations that can be addressed provided you have day dreamed the previous day or previous night day dream that you have full control of what is there in the slide and its sequence now if you are in full control doesn't matter whether Nobel laureates are sitting or a tough guy in the field is sitting or your supervisory sitting doesn't matter that's very important to have a day dream and so it's a very good practice that one can do so that's about mock presentation preparation and practice time management is very important roughly about two two minutes per slide is a good good estimate but it varies from people to people today what I was doing is much more than two minutes because I was going in the descriptive mode when a typical talk of 30 minutes something like 18 slides 15 to 18 slides is good for a 30 minute stop okay so that would vary from the ability to speak fast or generally if one is speaking slow then you have to readjust your timing and only affordable number of slides you should include in the presentation and it varies from people to people okay it's not that everybody should stick to 16 slides the person will speak so fast that is 16 slides is over in five minutes but that speaking too fast is not not helpful you have to have a steady rhythm and avoid elaborate introduction and this is a usual student problem students will come and give a talk when they have no story to tell no results at their end what they will do 20 minutes talk 15 minutes 30 minutes 30 slides 10 minutes of presentation and then little bit of results and discussion that that's not going to earn much brownies do not pack too many slides in the presentation so this is the time when I should ask everyone of you to have a nice lunch so that I can come back tomorrow and talk about on stage tips and let me stop with this beautiful picture you are on stage it's time to perform to me it's an opportunity and your attitude should be such that you are on stage and only you are on stage rest are all audience looking at you and not every day you will get such wonderful opportunity that people will look at you people are not looking at you for your dress not looking at you to assess how beautiful you are people really want to listen to you and a story from you a story which is pre-made a story which is converted into slides and you have everything and you have full confidence about the story that you are going to talk and it's a time to perform and this is what I am going to stress tomorrow it you are on stage it's an opportunity and it's a time to perform okay and I think that's a right time that I should stop and I would be happy to take questions from participants go to keep institute technology secrets in real life learning process in scientific presentation was very very inspiring it was very very good and we will have real stories to tell in later years and I have a question supposing we we are we are following all your prescriptions and we are finishing in earlier let's have anything yeah earlier than the time what if we have finished presentation earlier good question so this is where the practice would help that you have to first assess the natural speed at which you can speak for the given story you should have some kind of some kind of practice that will help you assess whether the two minutes per slide would be okay or four minutes per slide or some slides would take as much as five minutes you should have it have an assessment of the total number of say 20 slides for a 30-minute stock you should know which slide you would be spending more time and which slide you would spend less amount of time so that you can balance it out now having said this there is a last section which I have I am going to speak about that is a continued refinement process to your presentation that is on stage acceleration retardation on stage this is a decision taken on stage so first let me tell you that you should have a natural assessment of your your speed limits either fast or slower side of your speed limits and second you should know how much time you will spend on each of those slides so that you can balance out within the 30 minutes you can finish the story on time or slightly ahead of time but not halfway like not in 15 minutes for a 30-minute stock if you finish in 15 minutes that would look really funny so you do not want to take the risk of finishing it so way ahead of time you need to have a practice now having said this there is a advanced level concept where you have to be learning and practicing what is known as a on stage decisions as to when to accelerate and when to slow down and this is a advanced concept which I have been practicing myself with you know reasonably good success in various platforms in the world where you have to have a timer like my laptop permits me to see how much time I have consumed and or I can revert it and set it such that how much more time I have and many conferences will have this timer set on in front of you or right in this room I have a clock which is right across in the other side of the world so I would look at that and I take a on stage decision okay I have finished 15 slides out of 30 slides which I am going to speak today I finished 15 15 of those slides in first 10 minutes so that is a time that that you have to take a on on stage decision that you have finished half of the slides in 10 minutes and you have plenty of time to go then on you make sure that some of the slides in some of those slides which are important slides you go descriptive you go little in detail such that you will not finish way ahead of time okay this is an advanced concept this is to do do with on stage more on stage acceleration and retardation of the content or the story that you want to talk about.