 Good evening aspirants welcome again to the Hindu news analysis brought to you by Shankar Aayez Academy for the day 30th and 31st of August 2021. So these are the list of news articles that we will be seeing today and they are also provided along with the page numbers of different editions and also the link for the handwritten notes in PDF format and the time stamping of the concerned articles is given here. So come let us move into our discussion. Now let us take up this editorial for our next discussion. So with the very title of the article itself we can have an idea on what this particular editorial is going to be. Yes it is centered on the concept of equality. So the word subversion which is given here in the title is a theme of this editorial and if you are not aware of the meaning of this word know that subversion refers to the process of undermining the power and authority of an established system or institution and the established system which is focused here is the system of equality. So this is the basic idea behind this editorial. So with this idea in our mind let us now approach this particular discussion. The syllabus covered by this article is highlighted below for your reference. So we all know that India is a sovereign socialist secular democratic republic with a parliamentary form of government and we are also aware that we are federal in structure with unitary features. So this is the kind of governance and administration that we are following in India. So India being a democracy it has got a set of rights which are mentioned in the constitution like most other democracies in the world is got and these rights are even enshrined in the preamble of our constitution. So among the various rights that are enshrined one of the most important rights that are ensured in our constitution is the right to equality and this equality accords an equal status to all the people present in our country. So this concept of equality which ensures equal treatment to all people marks the central edifies of our democracy. So if you could remember before we gained independence almost all Indians desired to be treated equal and this longing for equality formed a base for our thought towards independence. So the promise of the far-sighted Indian constitution was always the equal rights to all people and this is the reason why we had accorded benefits to certain sections of the society say like that of smaller groups, religious or linguistic minorities or Dalits etc and through these benefits our purpose is to achieve the substantive equality. Now see this substantive equality which I mentioned now is a legal principle that refers to the achievement of true equality in outcomes. So this true equality is achieved through various measures say like that of equal access, equal opportunity and also through the provision of services and benefits as per the unique needs and circumstances by having in mind various aspects like that of the cultural, social, economic as well as historical disadvantage and as you would have noticed these benefits are accorded irrespective of the color, race, language, faith, caste, region or the food which is practiced by the particular sections of the people. So this is a broad overview of the kind of government that we have and also the underlying foundation of our democracy. So now let's move on to the main points that are discussed in this editorial. So now coming to the editorial see the author here argues about the role of faith in ensuring equality. So according to the author faith is emerging as a ground of visible differentiation between citizens or to put it in simple words according to the author the citizens are divided or they are getting divided based on their own notions related to the faith or the religions they practice and it is obvious that when such differentiation emerges it becomes really hard to sustain our spirit of equality for all the people and when this sustenance become difficult it will ultimately lead us away from our democratic idols. So this is the argument which the author puts forward in this editorial discussion and the author here has also given us a few examples to substantiate or to prove or you know to explain why she has taken such a stand on the role of faith in ensuring equality. See the basic reason for me to choose this particular editorial is because it has got a lot of valid points that would be really helpful when you're writing your main answers because in this editorial we're mainly going to discuss on how religion plays a major role in dividing people. So whenever you get a question related to democracy or when you get a question related to the role of religions in ensuring democracy you can actually make use of all these points. So now coming back as I said earlier the author here has given certain examples to prove our argument. So now let's see them one by one. So the author first brings in the Citizenship Amendment Act of 2019 and if you could remember there was a wide controversy that was going on that this particular act that is the CAA Act is partial towards a particular section of the people by allowing the non-Muslims from three countries to fast-track their citizenship and the author here considers this move to be a serious push to introduce religion into citizenship. So the Citizenship Amendment Act of 2019 is one point which highlights how religion plays a role in dividing people. Now secondly she takes in the examples of marriage choices. So if you could remember there were certain laws that were brought in some states say like that in the states of Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh and Mathya Pradesh which were found to be stringent or which were found to be hard towards the concept of interfaith marriages or towards couples who indulge in interfaith marriages. So these legislations they brought in the concept of love jihad in limelight and we even have discussed about this issue quite a lot of times in our Hindu news analysis wherein we covered on what the issue is and we also cover the various pros and cons that are associated with such a move. So I would like to advise you to go back and watch those videos or to watch those sessions alone so that you can brush up your memory on those issues. Now coming back so with the concept of love jihad in limelight which was introduced through these new legislations it really made the interfaith marriages to be seen as crimes unless proven otherwise. So the author here finds this to be a curb on the terms of choice which each and every citizen of a country is entitled to equally. So the third on the line comes the criminalization of food for religious reasons. So when I say this itself you could actually guess that it is something to do with cow. So yes your guess was right the author here tries to bring in the example of stringent laws which were imposed on the butchering of cattle for food purposes and also on the penalizing of beef consumption. So this in fact brings to light the role played by religion in structuring the food practices of a nation's people and the next example here is the disturbed areas act. See this act is titled as the Gujarat prohibition of transfer of immovable property and provision for the protection of tenants from eviction from premises in disturbed areas act. So because it is so long it is generally referred to as the disturbed areas act. So this act it basically circumscribes or to put it in simple words it basically restricts where one can recite and this actually implies a forced separation of communities. Now I am saying this because this act was brought in an atmosphere where there was communal writing and forced displacement and in fact as the author here points out a significant person of the state himself has openly opined that a Hindu selling property to a Muslim is not okay. Likewise a Muslim selling property to a Hindu is also not okay and apart from admitting this statement he also further added that they have set this rule in areas where there have been riots and the main reason for them to bring in this act is to tell them that is to tell the Muslim community that they must buy property in their own areas. So this is an open statement that was made by a significant person of the Gujarat state himself and the author here is clearly pointed that out in this editorial as well. See this practice of faith being an hindrance to equality is not something which is new or something which has emerged in recent times. No it is definitely not like that because it was there even before the independence itself and one classic example to prove the presence of faith as an hindrance to equality was the banning of a leading religious group by Sardar Patil on September 11th in the year 1948 after Mahatma's assassination and he banned this group mainly because their actions were found to be aimed at solely spreading anti-Muslim hate and as per the author there was always a sentiment which was evident in the Indian society and politics which clearly wanted a country in the mirror image of Pakistan see like one with an Indo-majority. So to conclude as we all are aware the Indian nation is one which is formed on the promise of shared and participatory kinship and this Indian nation it recognizes Indian nationalism to be distant or to be different from the faith which is practiced by individuals. So when we take nationalism we view everybody to be equal and we view them only as citizens of India rather than viewing them to be people who are practicing a certain religion or to be people from a certain part of a country and so on and so forth. When we take Indian nationalism we always view people to be citizens of India. We never view them to be a person practicing such and such religion or a person belonging to such and such part of the state or part of the country. No it is not like that when it comes to nationalism every one of us becomes equal respective of the differences or the kind of practices that we are there to. So in such a case when we prioritize any one identity over the others then there are more chances for us to likely end up with disastrous consequences in the longer run and ultimately when that happens it will lead us to the turn away from the democracy which India claims it is and with this let us wind up this editorial discussion. So these are the important takeaway points in this editorial and with the learnt idea in mind let us now move on to the next news discussion. Now for my next discussion I have chosen this article from the science column. So this news article is about a study and its finding which is reported about the presence of brigemonite in a meteorite. See this brigemonite which I mentioned just now is a mineral that is found in earth's interior or that is found in the interior part of the earth. So first let us see a few facts about this brigemonite mineral and then we will move on to see the findings of this report. So the syllabus covered by this article is highlighted below for your reference. See this brigemonite is a mineral which consists of minerals like magnesium, iron, calcium and aluminium oxide. So this brigemonite has got a perovskite structure. Remember the term perovskite is used to refer to a high density, high pressure and high temperature structure that is stable when it is deep into the earth. So that means when I say brigemonite has got a perovskite structure I mean that brigemonite has got the tendency of a high density and high pressure and a high temperature structure and it is found to be stable when it is deep into the earth. Now moving on further see this brigemonite is said to be the earth's most abundant mineral. So this is called an abundant mineral because it makes up to around 38 percentage of the earth and this brigemonite is found in the lower mantle. See actually brigemonite has been identified as the most abundant solid phase in the earth's lower mantle especially at the depths between 660 to 2900 kilometers. So previously this phase or this mineral was just referred to as perovskite because it has got the tendency of a high density, high pressure and high temperature structure which is stable when it is found deep into the earth. So that means when it is taken out of the earth or when it comes from the place where it is found to be unstable or it is found to fail to maintain its stability. So coming back this mineral was just referred to as perovskite previously but then it was only in the year 2014 that it was given the name as brigemonite and this name was given to this particular mineral after Percy Bridgeman who was a 1946 Nobel laureate and a pioneer of high pressure research. See scientists they generally believe that the chemical and the physical properties of this brigemonite has got a large influence on how the elements and the heat flow through the earth's mantle. See if you could remember I told you that this is a mineral that is found deep into the earth approximately at the earth's lower mantle at depths of 662,900 kilometers and I also said that this mineral is found to lose its stability once it is taken out from the place where it is staying or from the deep of the earth. So now you may have a question or you may have a confusion as to how scientists would have got this mineral from the deep interior of the earth. So the answer for this is that see initially this particular mineral did fail to survive the trip to the surface that is it was not able to maintain the stability that it has when it was down deep inside the earth. So no one was able to test this particular mineral but then after several meteoroid struck earth this mineral was able to be found because like in today's news this brigemonite was found in earlier meteoroids also because if you remember I earlier told you when I was starting my discussion itself that the findings of the study has reported the presence of brigemonite in a meteorite. So now comes the next question that how a mineral which is found in a meteorite would be similar to the one which is found deep inside the earth. So to understand this we need to understand the signs behind the shock compression. See this shock compression refers to a property or the process at which one material gets converted into another material under dynamic loading and this dynamic loading is a kind of process which is generated either by explosives or it is generated due to high speed impact of solid materials. So as I said this shock compression involves the conversion of one material into another. So the material here can either be gases or it can be liquids or even solids so there is no restrictions to this material. Similarly this process is not just restricted to be happening only inside the earth or above the earth or in the outer atmosphere. Okay so that means it can happen in any places just like how it can happen between any matters like gases liquids and soil. So generally in a shock compression process there is a complex interplay of physical and thermochemical processes. So what happens is see such shock compression they also happen when the meteorites impact on the earth's surface. So during such an event that is when the meteorite come in contact with the surface of the earth the shock waves are generated and these shock waves are known to create new minerals or new forms of minerals. So this is the general concept. Now coming to the context here as I told you this shock compression can happen in any place be it inside the earth or deep inside the earth or even in the outer atmosphere. So now coming to this context that is the presence of brismanite in meteorites see the shock compression in this regard occurs in the collisions of asteroid bodies in the solar system that is there is a shock compression happening when the asteroid bodies in the solar system collide with each other. So when the asteroid bodies in the solar system are found to collide they create some hostile conditions similar to that which is found in the deep earth like high pressure and temperatures and we know that when asteroids smash into one another some small pieces of the asteroids break off and those preases are called as meteorites and when this meteorite hits the ground it will be named as a meteorite. So now the meteorite has the same hostile conditions that existed in asteroid similar to that of the deep earth and this further will help in creating new minerals or new forms of minerals as we already saw. So it is by this logic or it is by this understanding it is believed that a mineral that is found deep inside the earth is formed in a meteorite as well. Now this particular understanding has enabled the scientist to study about the brigemonite. See brigemonite was already found in a few contradict meteorites such as the 10ham l6 condrite and this use how meteorites. Now here you should note that the 10ham meteorite is the first natural specimen of brigemonite and this particular brigemonite is found to be a high density form of magnesium ion silicate and therefore it is also called as magnesium silicate perovskite. But then according to researchers the compositions of the brigemonite which is found in these meteorites are found to differ from that which is expected in the terrestrial brigemonite that is the one which is found in the earth. So this is where our news here becomes important because it talks about the meteorite called Katol l6 condrite. See this particular meteorite was actually collected in the town of Katol which is present in the Nagpur district of India and this particular meteorite was collected after a large meteor shower that occurred on the 22nd of May in the year 2012. So this meteorite actually contains the brigemonite with a composition that closely matches the one in the earth's lower mantle. So this is why this brigemonite is also referred to as the Katol brigemonite and note that this is the first natural occurrence of iron bearing alumines brigemonite. Because if you remember earlier when we saw about the 10ham meteorite we found that it has got the magnesium ion silicate. But it is only in this Katol l6 condrite we were able to find the first natural occurrence of the iron bearing alumines brigemonite. See now coming to the implications of this particular finding see this finding has got a two-fold significance. So the first significance is that if this brigemonite's formation mechanism is understood then it would be really helpful for us to better understand the origin and the evolution of the planetary interiors and thereby it will help us to understand the formation and also the evolution of the earth. Now coming to the second significance see this particular finding in fact adds evidence to the giant impact hypothesis. So for those who are not aware about this particular hypothesis know that this giant impact hypothesis refers to the idea of how the moon and the earth formed and this is one of the most widely accepted theory. Now according to this particular theory or hypothesis the earth and the moon are said to have formed as a result of a giant impact that had happened nearly 4.5 billion years ago. And this particular giant impact is said to have happened between an early protoplanet and an astronomical body. Now here the protoplanet is called the proto earth that is the primitive or the earliest earth which had rivers and seas of lava. And then when you take the astronomical body it is called this thea which is said to be roughly a mass-sized planet. So according to this hypothesis at some point in the earth's very early history these two bodies that is the proto earth and the thea collided and during this massive collision nearly all of the earth and the thea melted and they reformed as one body. At the same time a small part of this new reformed mass is said to spin off and this small part became the moon as we know it. So therefore researchers there of the view that the further research of brismanite will help them in understanding the formation of the moon as well. So these are the important takeaway points from this particular news article. So now let's move on to the next news discussion. Now our next news discussion is going to be based on this particular news article which is taken from the science column. So this news article is basically about a paper which has appeared recently in the proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. So this proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences which is shortly known as the PNAS is actually a peer-reviewed multidisciplinary scientific journal. So coming back as I told you the news is about a paper that was published in this particular scientific journal and the title of the paper is that integrated farming with intercropping increases food production while reducing environmental footprint. So this is the ultimate theme based on which the entire paper is designed. So this study put forwards an integrated cropping system that incorporates key farming tactics. So this particular integrated cropping system that is mentioned in this particular study has been tested in around 16 field experiments over 12 consecutive years between 2006 to 2017 and the experiments are showed that the integrated system were found to be increasing the crop yields at the same time decreasing the environmental footprint. So as I said this is the underlying theme and also the crux of this article here. Now based on this context let us see about the integrated cropping system that is put forward through this research and we will also see whether it is applicable to the small farmers in India. See first of all this integrated cropping system which is mentioned in this particular study has got four key components incorporated in them. Now let's see them one by one. So the first component is intensified cropping through relay planting or intercropping. The second comes the within field strip rotation and third on line is the soil mulching with available means say like that of crop straw and then the last is no till or reduced tillage. So according to the study these four components which are incorporated into the integrated cropping system is actually found to be showing results of increasing the crop yield and at the same time reducing the environmental footprint. Now let's see about each of the terms that I mentioned in these four key components. So the first point as we saw above is the intensified cropping through relay planting or intercropping. So here the main point that we need to understand is intercropping which is also known by the name relay cropping and our discussion now is going to be on the concept of this relay cropping like on what it is and how it is helpful. So come let's get into the discussion. See this relay planting is actually a process in which the different crops are planted in the same plot and then they are planted one after the other in the same season. Now say for example when you take the relay cropping in vegetables the vegetable cultivation is followed from October to the month of May which is approximately for eight months. So what happens is in the beginning of the process two or more crops of different durations are cultivated in the same field. So by doing that when the vegetable of shorter duration is harvested the second vegetable will be having better space to grow and when this second vegetable enters the next stage say like that of the fruiting phase then a third vegetable will be planted in the same field and this will be followed by the fourth and the fifth vegetable. So likewise with modified principles of mixed and relay cropping the farmers will be planting up to three to seven crops in the same patch of land that too within a period of eight months. So some examples of such relay cropping would be the planting of rice or wheat along with cauliflower, onion and summer guard or with potatoes, onion, ladies finger and maize all done in the same season in the same piece of land. See one good benefit with a relay crop is that it has got reduced risks because in this process we need not have to depend on one crop alone. So even if the price of one crop fluctuates or even if the farmer is unable to get the expected yield in a crop still the farmer will have the scope for profit because he have other crops left. So he can make profits with the other crops and not just that it also paves way for better distribution of labor and less spread of insects and also any legumes if planted will be adding nitrogen to the soil which in turn will enrich the fertility of the soil. See this is not something new to India because it is already in practice in India and in fact small farmers in Telangana, Karnataka and Maharashtra they are actually doing this and they are earning money out of such relay farming. So in places like in Telangana, Karnataka and Maharashtra the farmers are planting onions, turmeric, chilies, ginger, garlic and even some native fruit in this method but then though it has got a lot of positives it is also got certain constraints which need to be paid attention to say like that of the difficulty in mechanization and also the high management requirements. So by now I think you have a fair understanding on what is relay cropping the process involved its pros and cons. So now let's move on to the second point. So as we saw earlier the second component of the intercropping pattern is within field strip rotation or strip cropping. Now see this strip cropping is again a method of cultivation in which the large fields will be divided into small strips and in those strips the grasses are left to grow in between the crops. Now see this method actually helps in breaking up the force of the wind and this process of strip cultivation is actually in practice in the United States where the fields are generally larger than those that are found in India. So in the United States we can find farmers to be growing wheat along with corn and soya bean in the same form in an alternate manner by adopting this particular pattern of strip cropping but then one big disadvantage with this method is that it needs large lands and large fields which is not much available in but then we can actually practice this in those areas which is owned by the governments. So coming to the third point this point is on soil mulching with the available means like crop straw. Now here you should know that mulching is a process of placing any organic or inorganic material over the top of a soil surface in order to protect it. So when you take soil mulching it refers to the process in which the bare soil will be kept covered with straw leaves and also other mulching materials even when the land is in use. So this particular method is followed since it has got certain benefits associated with it. So the benefits of following the soil mulching includes the reduced soil erosion less compaction the moisture conservation the increased control of soil temperature and apart from this even the beneficial organisms say like that of the earthworms are kept in place and adding to this there is also a reduction in the weed growth as well and on talking about the fourth point which is the no till or reduced tillage. See we know that tillage is an agricultural process in which the agricultural land is prepared through mechanical agitation that is by digging or by stirring or overturning. So when you take the no till or the reduced tillage method of farming you can find that it is a process in which the seeds of the crops will be sown through drillers and the most important point here is that these seeds will be sown without any prior land preparation or it is done without disturbing the soil in which the previous crop stubbles were present and this particular method of no tilling or reduced tilling farming is also known as the zero tillage farming and this method helps the farmers in reducing the cost of cultivation and not just that like soil mulching this process also reduces the soil erosion crop duration and also the irrigation requirement and the weed effect compared to the traditionally followed tillage farming. So to conclude these are the four methods which were suggested by the international group and when we analyze this we can find that they are actually worth following in India and in fact it is already in practice in some parts of the country and as pointed out in the news article these factors are applicable or you can say they are advisable to the Indian small farmers. Now this is because as per the current statistics India has got a significant population of small farmers many of ohm are owning less than 2 hectares of land and know that around 70% of India's rural households are still primarily depending on agriculture for their livelihood and also around 82% of the farmers they belong to the category of small and marginal farmers and of all the farmers only a very less percentage of them were found to borrow from formal sources struggle by borrowing for huge amount of interest which in turn ultimately puts them into a debt trap. So therefore instead of falling into a debt trap it would be really advisable for them to adopt these practices that we discussed in the article today because they are not only cost effective but they also possess high chances of making profits. So therefore adopting this integrated system not only help in increasing the crop yields but it will also decrease the environmental footprint. So with this we have come to the end of this article discussion. So if you would have carefully paid attention then you will know that we have covered this article both in the prelims as well as in the mains perspective because knowing about the practice and the methods involved in it will actually help you when eliminating answers whenever you get a question related to the cropping method or its implications. Similarly when you take the mains perspective you can actually make use of these points to enrich your answer especially when you have a question on improving the lives of farmers or in adopting the farmer friendly cropping patterns. So with this we will wind up this article discussion and now let us move on to see what the next news article has got to tell us. Now let us take up this news article for our next discussion. The article here basically talks about the olfactory organ network which plays a significant role in helping us humans to differentiate between the various kinds of smells which we happen to come across day to day throughout our lives. So as reported in the news article a study has been conducted in this regard by the Karolinska Institute of Sweden. So as a part of the study the various signals from the olfactory bulb were measured and it was observed as to what happens in the brain when a person happened to encounter unpleasant smells. So on observing the researchers found that the negative smells that we come across in our lives were found to get processed earlier than the positive smells that we encounter and know that this is the first of its kind study wherein the signals from the olfactory bulb were measured and observed. So this is the ultimate information that is conveyed to us by this news article. So the main point that we have to remember here is that the negative smells get processed earlier than the positive smells. Okay so this is the crux of this article here or the takeaway point here. Now taking this opportunity let us have a quick learning about the olfactory organ which has gained a limelight in this article. See as we all know we humans have five basic senses and they are the sense of touch, sight, hearing, smell and taste and along with these senses we also have five basic sense organs which are related to these senses. So our human sense organs they contain receptors that relay information through sensory neurons to the appropriate places within our nervous system. So to put it in simple layman terms the sensing organs which are associated with each sense they will be sending information to the brain and through these informations the brain will help us in understanding and in perseving the world around us. So among our five senses one important sense is the smell and it is under this sense comes the olfactory system which is actually a bodily structure that serves the sense of smell. So this system consists of the nose and the nasal cavities as you can see in this image here and the system in its upper part will support the olfactory mucus membrane for the perception of smell and when you take the lower parts the lower part acts as a respiratory passage. So this is basically the structure and the ultimate function of the upper and the lower part of the olfactory system. Now on talking about the olfactory bulb see this is a structure that is located in the forebrain of the water braids like us and the main purpose of this olfactory bulb is that it receives the neural input about the various orders that gets detected by the cells in the nasal cavity. See if you have noticed I had mentioned a term called neural input. See this neural input is nothing but the neurological signals that are transferred from an organ to the brain. So what happens is that in this process the smell receptors cells they extend directly into the highly organized olfactory bulb wherein the information about the orders is being processed. So following this these signals from the olfactory bulb are then sent to the brain and as I said earlier it is based on these signals that are sent from the olfactory bulb to the brain only the study was conducted by the Karolinska Institute of Sweden. So this was the first time wherein they had taken such a study on measurement of the signals that were sent from this olfactory bulb to the brain and the study has shown that the negative signals related to smells were found to be getting processed earlier than the positive smells. So this is the idea here and this information will actually be helpful for you in your prelims preparation especially under the general science because recent times you would have noticed that we also had questions on basic science. So in that regard this particular article will be of great use to you. So with this let us now wind up this discussion and move on to the next news article. Now for our next news discussion I have chosen this particular news article. So this article is about the Vanadurga temple which is situated in a village near Jinji and this particular temple is said to belong to the Pallava period. So the news here is that this Vanadurga temple which is said to be in ruins is expected to get a new lease of life as the archaeological survey of India have sought funds for its restoration. So because of that it is expected that this particular temple will soon to be restored. So this is the news here. Now keeping the news aside based on this context we are going to see or we are going to cover some important points about the Pallava period which would be helpful in our prelims as well as main's perspective. So come let us move into our discussion. See the period of Pallava rule is actually an important chapter in the history of Tamil Nadu and on talking about the origin there are actually many theories regarding the origin of the Pallavas because some scholars they consider that the Pallavas were foreigners and according to this particular theory it is believed that the Pallavas were the descendants of the Persians who had invaded the Northern India or who invaded North India but then many scholars they do not accept this theory and it is a general notion is that the Pallavas were people who migrated to the Tamil country from the northern part of India and when they were in Northern India they were said to be serving under the Maurias but then there is actually widely held belief when it comes to the origin of Pallavas and according to this belief the Pallavas are said to have established their rule in the Tamil country after defeating the Kallabharas. So now I will briefly tell you about this Kallabharas whom the Pallavas have defeated. See actually the Kallabharas are rulers who occupied the Tamil country from the middle of the 3rd century AD and till the end of the 6th century AD but unfortunately there is no much sources that is left for us to study about them and since there are no much reliable sources this particular period is referred to as the Dark Age because we don't have much or we don't have adequate information about the various aspects of this period but however as per the government sources by the end of the 6th century the Pallava king named Sima Vishnu is said to have captured the Tonday Mandala and the Chole Mandalam from this particular Kallabharas. So thus the Kallabhara rule in the Tamil country it came to an end due to the ascendancy of the Pandyas and the Pallavas and that's how the Pallavas were believed to have rose to power. So when you take the rule of the Pallava it extended from the 6th century that is from the century when they defeated the Kallabharas to the 9th century so they almost ruled for three centuries. Remember the core of the Pallava kingdom was known as the Tonday Mandalam and this particular Tonday Mandalam which is mentioned here is extends from the river Krishna in the north to the river Palar in the south and one more important fact here is that Khanchi Buram was the capital of the Pallavas and Khanchi was under the Pallava rule from the 3rd to 9th century AD. So this is a brief gist about the Pallavas and how they rose to power. So now let us move on to see the importance of the Pallava period. See actually the Pallava rule is significant in many respects because this particular period witnessed both religious revival as well as literary growth and even an excellent administrative structure is said to have existed during the Pallava rule and know that the Pallavas are also affected. Important changes when it comes to the sphere of heart and architecture and since our news article today is also related to the Pallava architecture we are going to go deep into this and cover about the art and architecture part of the Pallava reign. See actually the points which we are about to learn from now is important both in the prelims and in the main's perspective. Say for example in prelims you may get a question on the distinctive features of the Pallava rule and when you take the main's examination you may have a question on the different types of architecture that was in existence during the Pallavan reign. So this is the reason why I have chosen this article because each and every point that I am about to discuss now will be helpful for you kindly pay careful attention to the coming part of the discussion. See the Pallava glory is said to remain in their contribution to the art and architecture and know that the Pallavas were the pioneers of the South Indian art and architecture and in fact they were the ones who introduced the stone architecture in the Tamil country and the contributions that were made by the Pallava are still in existence and one good reason for this is because they engaged the usage of granite to build temples and to carve structures. So when you look at the Pallava architecture it is not something which developed or which emerged all at one go because you can find that the Pallavan architecture had evolved stage by stage right from the period of Mahendra vatman 1. The Pallavan architecture can be classified into three broad types. So the first is the rocker temples. Secondly it is the monolithic Radhas and the sculptural Mandapas and the third one is the structural temples. So now let's briefly say about each of them. So first comes the rocker temples. See these rocker temples they are also known as the Mahendra vatman style of temples because it was this Mahendra vatman 1 who carved temples out of the rocks and thus they are also known as the Mahendra vatman style of temples. See the reason for these temples to be referred to as the rocker temples is because these temples were carved out of the rocks and it was really an innovation in the sphere of art because it did not this particular ruler it did not use any other building materials other than rocks. So when you take these rocker temples we can find the sanctum sanctorum and the walls of the temple filled with beautiful sculptures and the pillars they are carved in such a way that they stand on the head of lions. See the rocker temples of this Mahendra vatman 1 can be found at various places of Tamil Nadu and the most important among them are found at Pallavaram, Mahamandur, Mahendrawadi, Vallam and Thalavanur and the Mandagapattu rocker temple is said to be a very good example of the Mahendra vatman style of rocker temples. Now coming to the next kind of temples which is the monolithic radhas and the sculptural mantapas. See these monolithic radhas and the sculptural mandapas they constitute the Mammala style of architecture. See this Mammala actually refers to a king named the Narasimha vatman 1 who is a Pallava king popularly known as Mammala. He is called as the Mammala because he converted the port of Mammala Buram as a beautiful city filled with heart and architecture. I note that the monolithic radhas at Mammala Buram are now called as the Panjapandava radhas and here each rada or each chariot was carved out of a single rock and hence it is named as monolithic and these radhas they depict the five different forms of temple architecture. See the most important among the Mammala style of architecture is the open art gallery because several miniatures sculptures have been carved beautifully on the wall of a big rock and the fall of the river Ganges from the head of God Shiva and the Arjunas penins are notable among them and apart from these images of deer, monkey, cat, mouse and even other animals are also carved on this huge rock. So by now we have a fair understanding on the rock at temples and the monolithic radhas and sculptural mantapas. So now let's move on to the third type of palava architecture which is structural temples. See from the reen of Rajasimha, see the construction of structural temples began from the reen of Rajasimha. See these temple structures they were built with the use of granite slabs and hence they are known as structural temples. So when you take the structural temples we can actually classify the palava structural temples into two broad types. So the first type is the Rajasimha style and the second it is Nandi Varman style. See the earliest among the palava structural temples were the Kailasanatha temple at Kanjiburam and the Shor temple at Mammalapuram. See these temples were built by using sandstones and the Vimana or the tower of the Kailasanatha temple is shaped like a helicome and this particular temple is considered as the crown of the palava architecture and know that this temple is also called as Rajasimeshwaram and apart from this we can also find beautiful sculptures at this temple. The sculptures are designed in a way that they depict the scenes of the satirical drama called Matavilasa Prakasanam which are found to be engraved in this temple and apart from this when you take this short temple at Mammalapuram it is also filled with numerous structures and we even covered about this temple multiple times in our Indian news analysis. So because of its rich structure and architecture this temple attracts tourists from all over the world and one important point which you should always remember is that it is a UNESCO world heritage site and it is also the oldest structural temple in India. So these are the important points that we need to have in mind or we need to be aware of whenever we learn about the palavas. So with these learned points now let's move on to the next news article. Now let us move on to this news article. See yesterday was the 114th birth anniversary and the 59th Guru Puja of the late leader Pasumbun Muthuramalinga Devar. So in order to commemorate or celebrate the event the Tamil Nadu Chief Minister is said to have paid homage at his tomb which is located in Pasumbun in the Ramanadaburam district of Tamil Nadu. See this October 30th is known as the Guru Puja day because if you had known his history then you might be aware that Muthuramalinga Devar was born on October 30th 1908 in the Pasumbun village in Ramanadaburam district and he died on October 30th 1963 near Madurai. So as you can see his birthday and his death day coincides on the very same day that is on October 30th and this is the reason why October 30th is designated as the Guru Puja day. So this is the context of the article here. Now taking this as an opportunity let us see some important facts or some important happenings related to the life of the Pasumbun Muthuramalinga Devar. See as I said earlier Pasumbun Muthuramalinga Devar was born on the 30th of October in the year 1908 in a village near Ramanadaburam. So he is basically a man who should have been accorded national recognition because his contributions in the Indian history is quite immense. So now let us see some important contribution of Pasumbun Muthuramalinga Devar in the history of India. Now let us see them one by one. See in the year 1920 Pasumbun Muthuramalinga Devar made his fight opposing the implementation of the Criminal Tribes Act. See the Criminal Tribes Act refers to those pieces of colonial legislation that were brought to India during the British rule since the 1870s. So all these pieces of colonial legislation they were collectively called as the Criminal Tribes Act. So this Criminal Tribes Act basically criminalized the entire communities by designating them as habitual criminals. So under these acts the ethnic or social communities in India they were defined as persons were addicted to the systematic commission of non-bailable offenses like that of thefts. So on this regard they were registered by the government. So due to these events the adult males of the groups they were forced to report weekly to the local police and they also had restrictions imposed on their movement. So this issue particularly impacted Devar's political career because he was not able to henan's or reap the utmost benefit. So coming back this Criminal Tribes Act enacted in 1920 by the government of the Madras Presidency and it was subsequently implemented in a piecemeal fashion. So there were what he did is he mobilized resistance to this implementation and he toured villages in the affected areas and he also led protest rallies in order to fight for the rights of the individuals who were registered under this act. So this is one remarkable event or remarkable contribution of Pasambodh Muthuramalinga Devar. Now the second important event in his life was in 1937 when they were contested the 1937 elections to the assembly of the Madras Presidency himself. So he contested as a congress candidate in the Ramnathapuram district and he had a powerful opponent who is the Raja of Namnath. So despite having a powerful opponent they were managed to have a landslide victory with 11,942 votes against the 6,057 votes which were gained by Raja and this is how he came close with the congress. Now another significant event in his life is his support to the temple henry movement. See the temple henry authorization and indemnity act was passed by the government of see Raja Gopalachari back in the year 1939. So this particular movement removed the restrictions which were prohibiting the Dalits from entering the Hindu temples and they were also supported this reform. So on that line he helped the activist to take the Dalits to Meenakshi temple in Madurai and he also assured that he would give protection to the lower caste friends who enter the temple and would answer those who oppose their entry into the temple. And another important event in his life is that in the year 1939 he became a part of the forward block which was launched by Neetaji Shubhash Chandra Bose. See Deva and Bose are really very good friends. This was clearly evident when they were strongly supported Bose in the intra-con dispute and on that line immobilized most of the South Indian hordes for Bose and apart from this both Deva and Subhash Chandra Bose they also had the same ideology about the independence and both of them believed that independence could be achieved only through revolution and they also believed that India was one nation and that the people of India must have the supreme power. So these are some remarkable contributions that were made by Pashambore Muthuramalinga Deva. So with this we have discussed all the articles for today. So having done with the article discussion now let's move on to the next part of our inter-news analysis which is going to be the practice question discussion. Now look at this question the terms Tenham Kondrait, Katol Kondrait, Shuzhou Kondrait sometimes appearing in the news refers to A military equipment, B phases in solar eclipse, C mini satellites, D meteorites. See actually the term itself refers to the most common type of stony meteorite and the correct answer here is option D that is meteorites. See actually the term itself refers to the most common type of stony meteorite and it accounts for roughly 86% of all the meteorite faults. Now coming to this question consider the following statements. Statement one the All India Forward Block is a left-wing nationalist political party in India. Statement two it emerged as a faction within the Indian National Congress in 1939 led by Subhash Chandra Bose and statement three the party re-established as an independent political party after the independence of India. So we need to find the right answers here. See in the year 1939 Devar that is Muthuramalinga Devar joined the Netaji's forward block which he formed after resigning from the Congress presidency. So Bose launched this particular block by calling for the unification of all the left-wing elements into a united organization within the Congress. So from this itself you can infer that both the statements given here that the statement one and two are correct but you may have a confusion with the third statement. See this statement is also right because the party re-established as an independent political party after the independence of India and it has its main stronghold in West Bengal. So since all the three statements given here are right the correct answer will be option D that is one two and three. So now look at this question the term olfactory bulb which is recently seen in news is option A an essential structure in the system devoted to the sense of smell. Option B an extension of the nervous tissue of the brain that extends to the roof of the naval cavity. Option C an immune response system an option D both A and B. So as we already saw in the discussion this olfactory bulb is a nervous structure which is related to the sense of smell and it is actually an essential structure in olfactory system that is the system which is devoted to the sense of smell and this particular structure is located in the forebrain of vertebrates that receives neural input about the orders which are deducted by the cells in the nasal cavity and it is also an extension of the nervous tissue of the brain that extends to the roof of the nasal cavity and it is not only associated with the sense of smell but also with the emotions. So with this we can find that the right answer here will be option D because both statement A and statement B given here are correct. So the right answer is option D. Now look at this question in one side you have the terms and then in the other side you have the meaning of the term to the kind of definition or the reference of the terms during that particular period of time. Whenever you come across history topics like this so when you look here the first pair is amathiyas and ministers and the second pair is darmasena and the highest judicial organization and the third pair is puravupon and the tax in money on cultivable lands. So as you can see here I have given you a broad tabular column on the different terms and the definitions associated with it and also we have the related terms as well. So on looking at this we can infer that all the three pairs are correct that is the ministers were known as amathiyas in the palava kingdom and the highest judicial organization was called as darmasena and the tax in money on cultivable lands is called as purva puravupon. So since all the three statements are correct the right answer would be option C that is 1, 2 and 3. So the main question for today is here. Those who are interested please write your answers and post them in the comment section below. So with this we have come to the end of today's end of news analysis and if you would like the video then don't forget to like, comment and share and do subscribe to Shankar Eye's Academy YouTube channel for more updates regarding UPSC civil services preparation.