 Welcome back to my classes. So today we will be studying about, this is not, this is a BMW symbol actually, Biomedical Waste Management. So we had seen in last class about solid waste management, but in Biomedical Waste Management as I had mentioned earlier, it includes infectious agents, so it should be taken care very properly, otherwise there will be chances of spreading diseases. So today we will be seeing the categories of waste and how the waste is being disposed and various methods used and the various color coding system of Biomedical Waste. So what is Biomedical Waste? It is nothing but waste generated during diagnosis, testing, treatment, research or production of biological products for humans or animals, it is given by World Health Organization. So it is nothing but a waste generated during diagnosis, testing, treatment or research part for humans or animals, okay. So we have healthcare waste, majority will be non-risk waste identified to 90% and risk waste is 10 to 25%. But the problem with this waste is, if this 10 to 20% waste, if it combines with this, it will be a big problem because it is highly infectious waste, this 10 to 25% if it goes to the non-risk waste that also will become polluted, just like a polluted water is added to a normal water, the entire water will be spoiled. So similarly, the healthcare waste categorization is very important. So there will be sources like we know all these hospitals, labs, research centers, blood banks, nursing homes. So all people are under risk, people, the sanitary workers who are taking care of this waste or were collecting this waste, medical or paramedical staff's patient and the bystanders and attenders and general public, everyone in this chain is under risk. So it can cause infection, it can be genotoxic, chemical toxicity will be there, radioactive hazards are there, physical injuries and public sensitivity. So genotoxic drugs are there, infection, it can cause infection by hepatitis like hepatitis B infection or HA infection if you get contact with blood bonds, particles and the chemical toxicity like the poisons, burns and intoxication, radioactive hazards are there, it can cause headache, dizziness, physical injuries if you mishandle a sharp instruments, you get physical injury and the materials like chemicals and explosions and some waste with high content of heavy metals like mercury and pressure containers like oxygen cell enters. So biomedical waste act came into India in the year 90, 98 and it was amended in 2000. So before that there was no proper handling and there was no rules for handling biomedical waste, it came into existence in 1998. So this is what we need to study. According to WHS study WHS started we have 10 categories of waste, the waste which is produced from this hospitals or anywhere the biomedical waste will be categorized into 10 categories. The category one is human anatomical waste like human tissues, organs or body parts which came after surgery or surgical procedures, lab collection or any other tissue collection biopsy and the treatment or dispersal option is incineration or deep burial, it will go to incineration or go to deep burial. Category number two is animal waste such as animal tissues, organ parts, bleeding parts, blood and experimental animals, the same goes to incineration deep burial and category three is microbiology and biotechnology waste. So it is produced from vaccines, humans, animal cell cultures such things category four is waste shock. So it should go to the puncture proof cap and will go disinfecting and shredding. Okay so the category three is again microwaving and incineration this category three waste. Category five is discarded medicine and cytotoxic drugs it is either illustrated or dumped in landfills. So we have studied landfills it is not just dumping, dumping with excavated earth is landfill. So it will be either disrupted or it will be placed in landfills. So category six is solid waste such as oil plaster, cotton, brocings will be either incinerated or autoclave. Category seven solid waste will be autoclave or microwave or shredding waste generated such as shock waste such as tubing catheters or IV sets. Category eight is just nothing but liquid waste, waste generated after laboratory and washing, cleaning and housekeeping stuff can use it disinfectant category number is number nine is incineration as produced after the incineration and biomedical waste it will be disposed into landfill. And the last one is chemical waste which is of production of chemicals and biological products and it will go to the landfill. So this is a little bit confusing because many categories are overlapping but just you need to learn the names of it not matching to details. So this is how we segregate our hospital waste we have seen all these colors of bins either in hospital or lab or any colleges or anywhere where the biomedical waste is being produced. Okay so this is a color we have commonly seen green green red yellow and blue okay so let's start with yellow so what all things goes to yellow the human anatomical waste such as placenta or other pathological specimen soil in and contaminated counts drapes pantages dressing swaps stick all these things go to yellow the main thing is yellow and red receives infectious waste but the yellow waste yellow bin collects all these which consist of blood and which goes to incineration which things are goes to incineration and it will not be including mostly the plastic items you can see the plastic items are not here. So most of the infectious plastic items will go to the red pack you can see the gloves IV sets drains syringe not needles plastic culture plates tubes this is dishes pet tissues and all plastic waste except shops but here the infectious waste but not plastic plastic legs swaps the cotton's animal tissues bandages this will go to incineration but this goes to shredding they'll disinfectant before go to the shredding and they'll go to shredding or sometimes it will be recycled because since it is plastic so the next one is black bin black bin usually the household items like wrappers kitchen waste paper this is mostly the other waste produced from the labs or hospitals will be collected in black this can be handled easy so this is a color coding of our categories this one two three six goes to yellow bags and it will be treated by incineration three six and seven goes to red bag you can see this three six and overlapping here that's why I show this picture yellow and red what goes to yellow what goes to red so this you need to learn what goes to yellow the categories the blue and white four and seven this is plastic pack it should be puncture proof autoclaveing or shredding this is autoclaveing and chemical treatment red red one this red one will be autoclaveing or chemical treatment or shredding this is incineration yellow goes to incineration red goes to autoclaveing and shredding and this yellow blue or white is function proof sharps it will go to autoclaveing and shredding and the black all five and and 10 it is posted in landfitt okay so red yellow blue and black so sometimes there will be symbols like this bio hazard symbol or cytotoxic hazard symbol will be put on the biomedical waste and should be transported to biomedical waste management system in kerala it is the image in palakkad palakkad district image means indian medical association go echo green that is i m a g e indian medical association go echo green that is run by indian medical association that is the agency which handles biomedical waste in kerala so every institute or every hospital or clinical setup or lab whose handling biomedical waste should have a licensed from image and this image people will come regularly to collect this and it should be segregated properly otherwise image will find you and they won't take non segregated biomedical waste because it is very difficult to segregate and it is the disposal is based on the category so category segregation is very important in biomedical waste so next we see the methods how we dispose it okay so now we had seen already the color coding and the categories of waste and what goes to which bin and storage transportation so these are the treatment and disposal options for biomedical waste so this is what i was talking incineration incineration was present in solid waste management also but it is mainly used in biomedical waste next one is chemical disinfection wet thermal treatment microwave irradiation encapsulation safe burying and inertization so the incineration is nothing but it is high temperature and oxidation process will occur which reduces organic and other waste to inorganic incompressible matter in the volume will be reduced by 80 to 90 percentage so basically we have three types of incinerators double chamber pyrolytic single chamber and rotary gins this is the most commonly used in biomedical waste setup but this is the most apt one because it has a double chamber so the first chamber is this one and second chamber is this one so in the first chamber there will be burning and the temperature will be high and again the residue will be again going to the second chamber okay this is a second chamber this is a first chamber and there will be oxygen supply here so it will be burned twice so that's why it's known as double chamber incineration and temperature here it will be 500 to 700 degree Celsius and this is 1100 to 1200 so temperature will be more so if it is a single chamber it is a single chamber there will be a 10 to 20 percentage residue which cannot be burned in single chamber but in double chamber that residue also can be burned further so the amount of residue will be further reduced but it has to be burned at a higher temperature so it will be 1000 to 1500 temperature at the second chamber so this is a double chamber incinerator also known as pyrolytic so the single chamber there will be only one chamber temperature will be around up to 700 to 1000 so this is a single chamber one but the rotary kin is the most expensive one it is not very common since it has around 50 lakhs around coast so it is the most apt one to keep rotate and continuously rotation and there will be continuous monitoring there should be continuous monitoring so this is not easy for everyone to adopt this method since it's very expensive but it is the most perfect method of incineration you can see how big the machine is so in better countries western countries they adopt this method so single chamber or double chamber and rotary kin each one has its advantages most least advantages is single chamber then have a pyrolytic or double chamber then this is not frequent or this is all about incinerator so incinerator is a common question kept on asking for example so in excess disinfection this is like we keep adding chemical products before before the waste being go to the scavengers or go to the disposal okay so we can use formaldehyde ethylene oxide glutritic acid sodium microchloride and chlorine dioxide this is all disinfection and with thermal treatment is like it is autoclaving we have seen autoclaving 120 degree one signatures and 15 lbs pressure and 15 minutes so this is with thermal and microwave irradiation we can also do at 2040 megahertz and wavelength of frequency and wavelength of 12.24 centimeter the microorganisms will be destroyed and capsulation is nothing but it's a procedure which involves filling big containers made of high density polyethylene or metal crumbs with waste so this bins will be mixed with waste and high density polyethylene okay so these containers then filled with immobilizing material so waste will be mixed with an immobilizing material like cement or something after this containers are sealed and disposed off to the landfill sites so this is how we do encapsulation so big containers will be filled with waste or polyethylene or polyethylene or metal crumbs okay so for polyethylene or metal crumbs filled with waste and some immobilizing material usually cement we use so cement we use and it will be disposed to landfilling site this is known as encapsulation we encapsulated waste with a immobilizing material within a polyethylene or metal crumbs so we know that big trumps of TARS and other polyethylene trumps we can use it for this purpose but it is very rarely used so you can see this is a drum where the waste is being added and again cement or tar or something will be kept on adding and later these products will be this will be disposed to the landfills okay so that is encapsulation it is also known as solidification so immobilizing cement will be added to this so it won't be able to move around or move into the air or it can be kept at one place so usually it will be kept in landfill sites so safe burying is nothing but the burying we had seen in our solid waste management which is buried keeping it by digging it digging a trench okay so inertization is it is a process involves mixing waste with cement and other substance before disposing in order to minimize the risk of toxic substances okay so this is nothing but encapsulation but here that usage of drums is not there that just mixing with some immobilizing material immobilizing material and it is disposed so inertization is mixing waste with cement or other substance before disposing so inertization which made into a drum or only ethylene drums is known as encapsulation the idea behind inertization or encapsulation is immobilizing it by keeping or mixing it with cement or other things so that it won't fly off or it won't get mixed with any water bodies or other other and won't create any no sense okay so this is I was talking about image Manthurati Kanchipur Palakot so Indian Medical Association go ecograin so this is the agency which is taking care of biomedical waste in Kerala so there will be an agency in every state there should be a state there should be agency that will create this waste will create a big public health problem okay thank you that's all about biomedical mismanagement what we need to learn is categories of waste color coding and the methods methods are the most commonly asked incineration or incinerator then this chemical or thermal microwave will are just using microwave radiation or with thermal like top living and chemicals like formaldehyde etc etc encapsulation and inertization are mixing it with cement or other content encapsulation using drums and safe burying and incineration has three types double chamber single chamber robot chickens and disadvantages so it's biomedical waste management okay thank you so I'll come up with a new topic in next class