 So I'm going to talk for about an hour here about some of the work I've done with Kepler and it's a review for many of you because I've worked with so many of you on this topic. And I have to start any topic about cellartinity with this quote by Leighton that says that the sun did not have a magnetic field, but it would be as boring of a star as most of you in the audience probably did when it is. So most people think the sun is just this boring thing that comes up and goes down and makes my tomatoes grow, but actually it's a fascinating object. So I've just done a lot of time today drawing conclusions between what we see in Kepler and what we see with the sun, and I'll start off with that. First of the short story about these two phenomena, I'm going to talk about spots and flares in cellar activity. Okay, so in 1859, an English astronomer Richard Carrington was doing his daily observations of the sun. He had a little solar telescope that projected on a screen, a little image about 11 inches across on the screen, and he was drawing the patterns in the sun spot. He had been looking at this large spot for about a week, tracing it across the disk of the sun. When he saw what he quotes as a singular appearance of two bright flashes of light marked A and B here in this diagram. Two bright flashes of light that lit up so brightly that he thought that somebody had come and poked holes in his screen. He thought sunlight was streaming in from another room. It's another like poked holes in his screen. These two bright flashes of light lit up bright enough that you could see them, and he ran downstairs to yell at his assistant. About a time he got back five minutes later, the whole system had moved, and in the course of 45 minutes, a region the size of Jupiter had shifted and evolved, and it had started to decay away. And what Richard Carrington had seen was the first solar flare that had been observed. Okay, just to put this in context, this is a big spot. This is a sort of PowerPoint stretch on the star. This is an image from 2014 of a spot in SDO. I mean, it's a big spot, not like good looking large, but it's a big spot. So that's fascinating enough, and it wouldn't really be warranted to talk about, except for 12 hours later, this massive auroral storm occurred. Where people saw right around Aurora, all the way down to Cuba, and Southern Hemisphere. And there was reports in the New York Times for several days of ongoing auroral activity that drove people out of the shops, and you could see it in the dusk. It's huge. Amazing auroral mission star in this painting by the Acre Corner Church. And this drew this connection between these events that we saw here on Earth. First off, they didn't know what the auroral were at that point. They were just a speculation into the cons. And then they knew it was electrically caused because telegraph lines induced a lot of charge. People burned their hands, telegraph operators burned their hands while using the telegraphs during this event. And then it drew the connection between these events we see here on Earth that could possibly affect life, and what's happening on the sun. This sort of magnetically driven activity. So it raises a lot of important, basic questions. How often do these massive spots occur? And how long do they live? Carrington watched this painting for weeks as it moved across the sun and came around again. How often do these huge flares occur? Which seem to be spatially coincidental of these big spots? How often do these kinds occur? And could they affect life? I mean, beyond just burning the foreheads of telegraph operators and causing power outages in Canada and things like that, what else might giant flares do? Or giant charge particle impacts on the Earth due to life? And then, more generally, what could spots and flares become just about the stars? And how would these phenomenon change through cosmic time? So these are really basic questions that were prompted by this big event, and which still to this day drive a lot of research.