 Thank you for this. It's really nice to see comparisons between Latin America and Africa. It's awesome And I have like a small question for Simone. Have you perhaps considered doing the same analysis for South Africa? Because then like the whole labor RTI could be really interesting to see. Thanks. And the second one, if I can take advantage of the mic, have you tried to see whether the nature of growth or the way in which the economy moves is driving this process of polarization in the labor market? Thanks. Thanks very much for all the presentations. It was very interesting to see these comparison. So I was, I'm sorry Simone, I don't have much to say about Ghana, but I was intrigued by the by the references to the minimum wages for both Brazil and Argentina. I understand Sergio, this is not part of your analysis, but you were referring to other things. And I was in particular wondering whether these how binding is the minimum wage in this country and how binding was it to start with? So you were making a reference to the fact that the minimum wage rose in real terms and at the same time we saw falling for, sorry, increasing formalization and a kind of more poor kind of growth. If I think from the standpoint of Colombia, 50% of people earn below the minimum wage and so the minimum wage is by no way poor. It sort of benefits the more the middle classes. So I was wondering a little bit how that's the minimum wage fit the overall story and the poor part of the conclusions. Okay, yeah, thank you. Actually, there's a study on South Africa that was done by Haroun Borat together with Amy and think something interesting that they were looking at like they disaggregated the patterns by gender and they found quite different patterns depending on whether you were looking at male or female workers. So in South Africa, you had this phenomenon that female workers largely stayed in the domestic service occupations and they saw kind of a move towards this low-skill routine manual work that was still dominant there and then you had a more polarizing pattern among the male labor force. The working paper is on the wider website, if you're interested in that one. Regarding the process of growth, I think what we have been looking at in a way is this kind of lack of growth in the manufacturing factor or this kind of absence of industrialization patterns and this move of workers towards informal service sector jobs and something that we have been struggling with to some extent is deciding on are those routine jobs or non-routine jobs that are done in the informal sector basically because on the one hand it's very ad hoc, so it's very non-routine in a way, but probably it's jobs that you could get rid of often or that could be optimized in a in a way kind of and I think this is something that we have been doing some extra coding on also to try to to get those right, yeah. Okay, so about minimum wage and inequality, so yes, you're right, we did not do this here but I've done that in a previous paper with Shikou Fihiri and Julian Messina and there are many other papers looking at that, so in our paper that this other one what we do is look at two sub-periods from 94 to 2002 and 2002 to 2012, okay, and what we see is that wage and inequality or earnings inequality was decline even in this during the 90s, but not as sharply as in the 2000s and there was a real increase in minimum wage at that time that produced unemployment and increase in inequality in that period, but during the 2000s when it had income growth in that period what we saw is that we had a real minimum wage increase, so basically it more than doubled in real terms and when I look at the wage distribution, it's funny to see that it becomes very concentrated around minimum wage, so when you say that half of the population in Colombia workers are making less than the minimum wage, they're probably also somehow their earnings are related to minimum wage, they're earning probably, no, okay, so that used to be the case in Brazil No, no, yeah, but we informally in Brazil is really high but when you see minimum wage being binding is at the informal sector in the known register with those or labor without contract, okay so and there is this fairness argument and also because of the labor legislation even if you are an informal worker if you are work for a firm, right, with no but you are not registered, you can then to the firm saying that look I worked here have proof and they did not pay me the minimum wage, so basically all the firms knowing that they pay when have this informal type job at least minimum wage, so it's amazing to see that the proportion of people in the formal work, in the formal job making exactly the minimum wage is higher than in the formal sector anyway, so in Brazil I think that the growth in 2000s, which was explained by manufacturers, right, could also explain why you had a rise, a raising in formality, right, formality grew in Brazil that period and minimum wages, raises that did not unemployed people during that time or did not contribute to increasing inequality Well, I don't know, I first thing as I think is that the question is about the proportion of worker under the minimum wage in Argentina and the labor market of Argentina, I don't have right now exactly the number, but I can refer to the article the author was Mauricio Mbazquez who analyzed the the role of minimum wage and the inequality in Argentina during the I think they focused on the first period when the minimum wage became more more operative in our labor market and what they say that it was an equalizing effect because this huge increment in Argentina more than to 200 percent and it is a reference for the collective bargains also and the collective bargains during those period also increased more than 50 percent, I think from 2000 per year increase or I think more than 1000 collective bargains in Argentina in 2008, this is the number I have, but in the in the paper I mentioned by Mauricio Mbazquez and Mbazquez they with I think they tried with a counterfactual distribution wage, the effect of the minimum wage in Argentina and in the inequality and it was effect any other questions? So I have some questions for you It's for all of you the two first and the third is for you. So the first one is I think you all find that the earning structure effects matter more than composition effects So do you have any idea why is that result and the same for polarization when you find result It's mainly for earnings and not for jobs. So do you also have any idea of why is that? And the third question for you, you find that formality has an effect at the first period then the effect vanishes So do you have any explanation or any hypothesis for this? Who wants to start? So can you repeat the first one? Yeah, so the structure effect is higher, right Yeah, and I believe that has to do with the fact that many gaps have have closer have kept tighter during this period at least in Brazil So I mean many not only the RTI, which is not very important but other gaps as for example the education premium Decrease it the experience premium decrease it has ratio and gender gaps also decrease it So overall the structure effect which is basically fixing the the composition of the worker force fix it and look at looking at the difference in pay that explains most of changes in the wage structure and and your second question was Yeah Yeah, everything has to do with the way that you mean those two sub periods we see Like a growth incidence curve, which is basically proper in the beginning and more per rich in the second period So when combine those two you get that could explain that would be my answer Yeah, I think it's probably somewhat similar for For Ghana and I think part of why the composition effect wasn't that strong as because also we didn't include agriculture in In the analysis basically and I think the main Move in terms of the composition was really this move out of agriculture and then towards low skilled Informal jobs on the one hand and then this kind of more high-skill formal job sector jobs on the other hand But as we couldn't get a good measure of earnings in agriculture, which is really hard to do We basically had to to drop that segment and I think this is Partly why we may not to be seeing the the full composition effect essentially for for the case of Ghana Okay, my turn But what we find in the the composition and the the principal driver of the movement in the genie index was the earning Structure effect. We think that in Argentina would happen that it's not enough there in the increase in in employment to to affect the the distribution of the earning only unless the increment in employment changed the The the the returns of the occupation Where are increasing so because of that we think that the earning polarization was the principal driver and about the Third-second I think the the question and about the formalization process Stop it being an equalizing Factor in reducing in equal in equalizing factor in Argentina We think that because after after 2012 the macroeconomic context in Argentina became very very erratic with crisis and inflation over 12 percent per year and the even the The international context with what was favorable in the first period is stop it being in the second superior So the formalization Processes stop it and we saw in the in one of the graph I I show in the in the presentation and because of that the the formalization stop it being this this kind of factor Thank you very much. Thanks to the three of you. So if you don't have any questions Kunal, please Okay, so the question is this is the big picture question So generally you find that the routine bias ecological change make it not didn't make a big difference Explaining earnings movements and is equal movements So the question I have is that so if it's a horse race between skilled bias ecological change and Luton bicycle change It seems that skill by the current change is winning the race in these countries, right? If you could so it's just this two horse the two horses that are running of course The other thing minimum wages social factors other things are there But why would that be the case that skilled bicycle chains since you still dominate Luton bicycle change is it a good measurement of the task intensity occupations I know Simone is on great work trying to find new new measures It's to do with the nature of of automation not yet being so important in these countries Is it with structural change that was asked here earlier? What exactly is it? Why are we seeing as compared to the US that the horse race right now being won by skill bias ecological change? Sorry Okay, maybe I can give it a shot and then the others can can add I think something that we have been seeing in the global paper Is that even though I mean for all the countries we've been looking at here? We see this decline in RTI which if you look at it for the individual country case It looks like okay, it's it's declining But if you look at it from a global perspective We see that this decline has been way much flatter compared to the developed countries So the gradient is not as steep so we do see this move, but it's not yet as pronounced at least and I think this is Part of the of the story in a way Think the other aspect is this quite some change over time like if you remember the case of Ghana for example You have a decline in the education premium in both periods, right? Okay, it was a bit less pronounced in the second one But basically this change was equalizing in both periods and actually we did see a Polarizing trend coming from the remuneration of RTI So I think something to also keep in mind of course data isn't collected super frequently So we don't have maybe the most up-to-date one And I do think that this might change in the near future kind of and I think in a number of the countries We have been seeing an increasing trend of RTI matter mattering more and Probably also technological change picking up more in those countries and routinization or De-routinization picking up more in those countries So I think even though it wasn't the main factor for the full period that we have been looking at Seeing it mattering more in the later period should still give us a bit of a warning that it might still Have this kind of polarizing effect in the years to come and I think something Why we don't see it so much in the earlier years is also if you think of Shoring like some of those countries like if you look at the case study for Bangladesh or something We're actually countries that received the kind of routine type of job So you had some increase in those occupations for some time and the patterns are mainly now only only shifting kind of and I think Think that's part of the reasons Thank you No, so I think that's for Latin America and Particularly for Brazil, I mean a productivity labor productivity is pretty stagnant over the last decades So and there are many reasons for that like the region being not very exposed to to trade We are in a way protective to Small firms which cannot afford to mean to increase technology or adopt new technologies So in that sense, I mean, we don't see any big change in terms of technology that could drive a decrease in routine task Jobs, so that's why I believe that that's not a big thing for for the region as you seen in other regions All my my answer is pretty similar because Brazil and Argentina It's not similar, but in this case. I think the explanation It's it's pretty the same the the skill In in the the written decision Task that the high the higher and the skill are very Associated, so I think it's because of that. We don't see that kind of movement Totally agree. We're not the members are the same. We have five world cups. You only have two So thank you very much to all of you