 Hi everybody, I'm Trove Kalafatic from Institute of Archaeology in Zagreb. I will present you some recent developments in in the research in laboratory work on the research in Croatia with my colleague Mislav Čapka from University Hospital Zagreb. Thank you organizer for organizing session and for a nice session to be here. We will start just to talk about some, when I see here the western Europe and especially Netherlands and Belgium and even Denmark, we have this urn field, you know, you have from Bronze Age, Iron Age, Roman Age. In Central Europe we have this term strictly to the late Bronze Age mostly. So we also have urn field cemeteries before that in Middle Bronze Age and we also have urn field cemeteries in Iron Age but we like to talk about urn field cemeteries only about in-line Bronze Age. I will discuss this part of southern Capetian basin. As you can see it's standard, let's say part of of Central European urn field cultures or groups. We can call them around river of southern Drava and you can see the Danube and with lot of cemeteries around, we will focus some research not just on this urn typology, we wanted to move further to see what's beyond all this typology, especially I worked and my colleagues we worked on this badicig regenic group which has very uniform type of urns which I will show now and we as they are all very fragmented with very fragmented bones and metals we start using CT scans 13 years ago at the beginning as some kind of pioneers and developing by the years also usage of magnetic resonance in our research. It's very interesting that we also have some ideas to develop we have a lot of very very crowded cemeteries with more than 100 burials but none of the graves are disrupted. They are all very close maybe even touching urns but we found the proofs of some visible marks on the graves which are important not to destroy any older graves as you know and we plan to take all the grave together with this visible mark maybe to put some in some bigger veterinary animal machine for CT scan maybe to see difference in color of the soil because we discovered that some parts of the soil some clays and some sands have different reaction and different picture on the screen let's say so we can distinguish them. We have two cases here. The two cemeteries one largest one of Baricigregeni group in Majkoac and the new one from this year is Petrivci Nerozjek. Both are very important because this Baricigregeni group has this special particular ritual where they have this large urns always reversed to the soil together with the bones and Virvitica has standard ritual where you have the urn with some vessel or not on it. And the sport belligish has the same standard ritual but we don't have any belligish cemeteries in eastern Croatia and western Serbia we have but we will talk about that later. The important part is that eastern Croatia here is the contact zone of all three groups and there are we have mixture of different rituals on different cemeteries in Majkoac we have only Baricigregeni let's say type of burial but in this Petrivci we have Virvitica and Baricigregeni burials mixing together. When I say Baricigregeni burial I mean as you can see large urn with open lid reversed in the ground with some side boots and this is Virvitica type of burial also standard type with really standard type of urn it may differ from grave to grave with some other vessel. We will see in Majkoac some lowland settlement of Baricigregeni group it's interesting that we found two cemeteries in a lot of years of excavating and researching a wider area so that's discussion because we have this standard settlement as you can see divided by some water riverbed with cemeteries and we have also past years found also this cemeterie together with settlement I think the solution is they didn't have that together with them in the settlement I think it's just later cemeterie for some reason maybe after the end of this settlement or whatever but it really is connected and we can see that these graves on cemeterie two are younger and later than the pits around we can see that by such a graphic positions of the graves as you can see we have this problem of fragility of the urns it's very bad preserved the only way and not the only way but the best way to take them out is to document all to take all the soil and to have it in foliar to take it all to laboratory for some other work and research in this case we didn't have, we didn't do that as you can see it's under also reverse term with some side wood but this urn we were never able to fix it again to restrate it because it's so, we thought if we take every part if we take picture here but it's still half missing because it's just very, very collapsed and they are very dense of the graves as you can see the graves are very dense on the Machkovats this is some standard type of urns after we take them out and restore them you will see our process this is sometimes nine or ten types of the urns but these first six types of urns can be I would say one type it's only modification of one same type with open lid as you can see it's standard type of shape of vessel used even today everywhere some pictures from Eastern Croatia, some from Zagreb but I also find some in western Europe Amsterdam I'm collecting now today so it's really standard maybe it's the longest way so you can have some regular pot from the beginning of prehistory until today is the same and this type of vessel is probably also the same this type of vessel are existing even in early Bronze Age from early Bronze Age urns so it's probably very useful for work as you know we started use 2006 the radiology, paleo radiology has started immediately after inventing of radiology from 1869 till today even the first usage of radiology in archeology one of the first was our scientist Goranovich Kranberger who made this first radiology pictures of Krapina Neanderthals as you can see in the end of 20th century we have CT and then in 21st century magnet resonance when we started in 2006 we just made some Rengen pictures but the clay soil in the urns was so hard and so we didn't get any of the results with the standard Rengen so we decided to use standard Siemens computed tomography machine of newest generations and we used these slices of 1.2 mm we tried even 0.2 or 0.5 and many different types but we decided this is the best for us you will see why so also this is how it goes the let's say some research procedure we excavate this is the drawing of the urn and this is the restoration of the urn we need this because of you will see we didn't know for many years this ritual of putting the burn bones in the pit and then covering with the reverse urn it was for 50 years main theory but as you can see on CT scan all the bones are inside of the end of the urn and all pictures show that bones are always you don't see much of the lid now but they're also on the top I mean on the bottom of the reverse urn you saw Mattia in Denmark that we can see the metal and the reason is why it's important to see metal this metal is burned together on the funeral pyre with human body and very very fragile if you don't know it before it will collapse and disappear we had such situations before 2008 so we decided to take picture of every grave as you can see this is the same situation some graves with the bones together they were probably put together in some organic material and not thrown in the pit and covered by the covered by the reverse urn this is as you can see also some metal this is probably child grave we don't have final anthropological results but for my in our research experience smaller urns are belonging to children and smaller urns are also the important for the they have more metal as you can see there is some fire here and mill together so it's still unopened and waiting for some next generation of CT scanners we can wait I think it's we just measure humidity of the urn and we think it's stable here and it can wait for some better results so the reason I told you the disease was on the funeral pyre of oak with the fire was made by oak trees so high temperatures are involved and we had some problems connecting with this dry clay even CT scan couldn't reach a good visibility of all these bones between bones and clay here in the urns so we tried one new method I mean new sequence of magnetic resonance because to see we got the bones but the problem was with magnetic resonance on the funeral pyre you lost all water in the bones and you can't see the bones anymore that's the way how magnetic resonance works do something with molecular water and then shows the picture but last years Siemens together with us developed some new sequence for the machine it's important to them to work with us I mean to work with human bones and human material because you know at least they say it's okay for ethical reasons because it's much longer program of making picture it's a few hours so any living person couldn't stand so much of let's say some kind of adjusting now we have this new type of software included in all this UTE sequence is standard sequence of all magnetic resonance machines of Siemens in some way we also have this new generation of magnetic resonance machines in Croatia but still waiting for our turn to have these pictures of Petri's cemetery we excavated this year much more metal objects survives now in our research this is the cemetery in other one Petri's on the contact zone between Baricegregi and Belagis and Viravidic as you can see we have some preliminary result this is excavated last month it was much easier to do it this one because procedure is much quicker because after CT there is some kind of small metal so we can't go to magnetic resonance because of that we still can see as you can see it's much better visibility now it's I think we develop our methods on the heaviest type of soil in much it's much easier for us to work and to see we discussed about can you measure or not bones in our anthropological research you can it's good because it is not so bad because most of these bones as you can see on the research of colleagues it's fragmented after you opened but it's a lot of I think it's month of measuring of every urn to do anything close and good for anthropological research the other thing I just wanted to shortly mention is this type of marks here and we plan to take all the piece of soil together I think we will be able now with new generation of machines to see even this dots I mean these marks are visible they are not the same type of soil like cemeteries so it's not just some urns here and there really there is much more story around it not just urns but around all the stuff together and now I can in the end call you to the power some kind of workshop it will be held in Zagreb in autumn for four days there is one two levels of it there is some parallel radiology workshop not just urn fields but also medieval graves also some mummies Egyptian mummies we like to work on mummies with Swiss colleagues also Zagreb has a large collection of Egyptian mummies so also developing some methods and we are also organizing some small conference concerning parallel radiology meets archaeology is the second one every two years we have conference you are all invited there is some fee for the first workshop and for the other one it's completely free so you are all invited thank you for your attention