 module 30, clinical assessment, formal assessment. So when we talk about the clinical assessment, we are talking about the two type of assessment. One is named as formal assessment, the other one is named as informal assessment. So informal assessment, we are basically used a different standardized test. And when I am saying that we are going to use different standardized tests, that mean actually that those tests have certain procedure of administration, scoring and the norms. So what we mean by the norms of the test, it basically means that the test can be applied on a specific age group and certain norms will be developed for that age group. Now how those certain norms will be developed, they will be developed in such a way that if a 10-year-old child is there, then how much score can be achieved on that scale. So when we will administer that test on a 10-year-old child, then we will compare that score with the already established norm, from where we will know that the score is coming in the average, above average or below average. So when we have a standardized test, then it has a standardized procedure. Now there are different types of standardized tests in which the most commonly used are an achievement test, intelligence test and aptitude test. Apart from this, there are psychological tests which are standardized and used in this. So number one is the achievement test. Now the achievement test basically is that these are the tests which measure the accomplishment, that is, the accomplishment of the learned material which any child has learned in a standardized environment or in a structured environment. Now what does this mean? For example, there is a school where it is saved, where it is given education in a structured environment. And after that education, there is a different type of test taken on it, in which it is known that how many percent of what it has learned. So these types of tests are called achievement tests. Now the achievement test predicts that either the child or the person is capable of doing that thing further. You can understand that if a child is learning the Chinese language in one semester, and his score has been good, for example, above average, then can that course be read in the next semester? Then he will definitely be able to read it because he or she scored above average. But when we talk about the intelligence test, it means that we measure the intellectual ability of any child, the variety of mental functioning. When we are talking about the variety of mental functioning, that means that the child has different abilities, for example, reasoning, judgment. So intelligence tests are devised to measure these abilities. The score of intelligence tests gives us intelligence quotient, okay? It gives IQ level. And this IQ level determines the intellectual capacity of any person. For example, we say that the IQ level is 100 is the average IQ level. And at the time, different intelligence tests are administered on the child. And if the child scored higher than 100, that means that the intelligence quotient is above average. And if the IQ level is lower than 100, then we will say that the IQ level is below average. The intelligence quotient is also given in reference to chronological age. That means it also determines how much the age of a person's mental age is above, how much it is below or how much it is equal. So for example, if a person is 24 years old and his mental age is also equal to 24 years, then we will say that the IQ level is appropriate to his or her age. In this way, we will talk about the aptitude test. The aptitude test determines the potential of learning for a specific thing in a person. This means that we will try to determine whether either one person is capable to be an engineer, to be a doctor or not. So this is usually administered on children at that time, when they have the challenge to learn or to adopt new fields in their life. For example, in Pakistan, after a metric, it is a challenge for the children to go to pre-medical or pre-engineering or to go to the arts. So at that time, the aptitude test predicts that either the child has the ability for the pre-engineering of pre-medical or not. So when you have to determine a person's aptitude, the aptitude test is administered for that. Other than this, there are some psychological tests. And those psychological tests are used to determine any psychological disorder. For example, we are saying that the person has a depression. So either the person has a depression or not, we have different scales which can determine either the person has the depression or not. There are different kinds of their cut-off scores, which with reference to the age and with reference to the total score on the test are determined and norms are developed. So the range from there is seen that either the person has the mild depression, moderate depression or the high depression. The severity level is determined. Similarly, if there are any interpersonal conflicts, then the marital adjustment or marital adjustment scales are also used in different ways. Along with this, different kinds of scales are used to determine the personality. They determine the personality of any person. Either it is the inward or outward or extrovert or what. Similarly, when we have discussed these four different types of standardized tests, their administration can be at two levels, one at individual and the other at group level. When we talk about group level, it means that a large group of people like 15, 20, 25, you can administer these tests. Apart from this, we can do individual administration. This means that if a client comes to you and specifically you want to be determined who has a problem or what is his achievement level or what is his intelligence level, then at individual level, when he sits in a different room and does administration, we call him individual administration. Thank you.