 In speech events, where we use Yandha, there is a main activity, that is oral activity, and that is very basic activity in our social life. We call it conversation. And interestingly, you will know in this module that conversation also has structure. If you call it a Yandha, there is controversy over its status as Yandha. However, some Yandha analysts, they call it a Yandha. Okay. Now, we get access to speech. We participate if we get access and we follow frames, as we discussed in previous modules, and Yandhas used in speech events. And we follow Yandhas because they represent expectations of the readers and listeners. And with these expectations, they are able to understand what you say or what you write. Still, we need to know structure of conversation. Why? Because conversation is a form of power, a form of our struggle. For what? We have to snatch time floor, floor for our voice be heard and give feedback to these speakers. Yes, this term is used most commonly in parliament. You may have heard who is on floor, who is talking currently, whose turn is this? He holds the floor. And for floor, we have to compete. You see, in parliament, parliamentarians again and again request the speaker, I want to talk, I want to talk, give me the turn, give me the floor. So this is the reason to consider conversation very important. And we can understand the struggle for power, the struggle for taking floor if we know the structure of the conversation. We should know that certain conventions regulate conversation. And these conventions and norms which we follow in conversations, they are together called floor management. Because floor is the central idea in conversation. Floor management, how it regulates conversation, it regulates turn taking. Whose turn is this to talk? And how many people can talk at a time? One at a time, definitely. And people won't interrupt or they are allowed to interrupt during one's turn. And how much long there will be pause or there will be no pause, there would be totally silence. Because interruption and silence, they have very important meaning in conversation. If you are not allowed, for example, to interrupt the speaker, it means speaker is very powerful. And sometimes if you are allowed to interrupt, it means you are showing the speaker that you are listening to that person. You are showing your agreement. You are showing your approval or appreciation. So same thing is being given different meaning. Same is the case with silence. Sometimes it shows that you are embarrassed. That's why you are silent. You are speechless. You can't say anything. You don't have any opinion or you don't know something. What to say? So many meanings are also given to silence. These meanings are also based on gender. How to get it and how these meanings are gender based, we will talk about this shortly. Let's further see the conventions and structures. How to get it on and hold it. First of all, you compete for it. After that, you hold it and then you give it to the next speaker. Who will be heard and who won't be heard? These are the things which constitute together the structure of the convention of conversation. For example, in press conferences, in parliamentary debates, as I have given you example earlier, you see how people compete for done taking. From these conventions, a structure of talk is derived. We have already seen this structure. Centrally, this structure is woven around turn taking. Turn taking is the central activity that hangs it together. That hangs the conversational structure together. That hooks it. There is start of turn, then transition point. This is the point where one leaves his head turn and gives it to the next speaker. Then turn getting. You get the turn, then turn holding. Speakers and listeners, both, they give cues to each other and these cues are called back channeling. They give feedback, back channeling. Back channeling, for example, you do it verbally sometimes, sometimes by gestures. Your facial expressions, your smile, your surprise, your knit, your, for example, your yaw, absolutely, and down till me. These are your back channeling. You are well aware of these things. It sends a cue to the signal, a hint to the speaker. What kind of cues? Your back channeling shows that people are attentive to you. They are interested in your talk or they are in agreement with you. These conventions are required. These conventions which are required to manage the conversation. They are acquired at home and school. They are part of our socialization. Our parents tell us, our teachers tell us, that when a person talks, listen to that person. Don't interrupt. Similarly, when you talk with your elders, you won't interrupt them. When you will remain silent, when you will talk, all these things are told by our elders during our childhood and school days. The study of these conventions and related moves and conversation, moves means the stages of conversation, turn taking, etc. Their study is called conversation analysis. This is a sub-discipline of discourse analysis. It helps to know how gender shapes everyday talk. Now, we conclude that our talk becomes discourse because in the beginning of some module, we said that a person has communicative competence if he or she has access and then right to speak and then his talk is spread, becomes everyday discourse. It gets forced because people take it important. If we want to make our talk discourse, we want that our talk gets hold and is considered important by people. So, we need to follow, we need to know the structure of conversation.