 Hello, my name is Rupa and I am a self-driven design researcher which has made me come here and talk about design thinking today. How about design thinking? The basic thing with our depth was to put every possible keyword and internet to learn more about it. And what I found was, some said it was a process, some said it was a utility, some said it was a protocol, some said it was an expression, a mode of thought, a mindset, I don't know what all. So what happened was it all made me feel very confused. And there was one thing which I kind of figured out that there is no this definition to design thinking. It is a perception which can vary from individual to individual. These are few things which I really like and so I put a cross to share. Design thinking is said to be a process which has redefining the problem, need finding, ideation, prototyping and usability testing as factors. Somewhere it has been said it is a balance between business and art, structure and chaos, intuition and logic, concept and execution. Well, when we talk about thinking I find it really vague to measure. I cannot understand if it has got a beginning or an end. But here, when I was studying about this it said it is a structured method with clearly defined milestones over a project timeline. When we say it is a design thinking, when we are speaking about something it has got to have an outcome. An outcome is considered to be a tangible product because it has to be out there right with the users to use. So, we need to have a tangible product which puts the experience and output testing for results. Okay, if you flip back, if you flip back your pages of history, go back to your childhood when you were really small. We had a variety of modes to represent our ideas. We made those sand castles, we made pictures using crayons and we also made clay modeling and things like that. But now, when we have narrowed down it has just come to a very new principle where design thinking opens it up for you. It says you can use any kind of, you know, mode, any kind of tools which you like, which you think you could help in representing your ideas. So, these are a few things which are considered as design thinking tools. These are not fixed, you could add in your own way of doing it. But when we say we are creating something, we have to have input, we have to have a design process and we have to have an outcome which could be put out for testing. So, for input, we have interviews, we could use other methods as well. Brainstorming, sketching, wire trailing, prototyping, etc. can accommodate our design process. And usability testing, of course, we need to have a tangible product which is, I mentioned earlier, so we need a usable testing as well. While, you know, human is a place to start and prototyping and wire trimming are vehicles to progress, then we ought to talk about some kind of destination. Usually, you know, taking in the earlier phase, it is always a concept of a consumer and a producer. So, whatever we created was consumed. Instead, design thinking is a beginning which kind of helps you in exploring the potential of participation. So, whoever all in the process, everybody is a participant in the whole, you know, in creating the whole experiences, which could create better products, which could be more meaningful, more profitable, more productive. Yeah, and when I say so, we ought to balance, we ought to have a balance between desirability, functional feasibility, technical feasibility and economic viability. So, we need to create products which can be out in the market and people can be used, people can use them. So, when we are creating, when we are, you know, designing, everything has to evolve. We, as human beings, have also evolved from generations. So, an evolution has to happen out of experience, maybe out of observation, maybe out of motivation. But this evolution has to be ensured that it is properly communicated to people, because they are the ones who are using it. They have to have proper racial views. This makes me remember one of the incidents which happened yesterday when we taken our hotel room, my brother, he just picked up a towel, he just picked up a floor mat and said, why is the towel lying on the floor, racial views? What I take from it is, there might be two things. One, that design of that floor mat is not enough to communicate that this is a floor mat and not a towel. And he, to my surprise, has never seen a white colored floor mat. So, you know, and the second thing might be, you could also use your floor mat as a towel, if you prefer doing that. So, it has to be properly visually cute so people could understand what is happening around. Emotion. My friend here, Manoj Samuel, two presentations earlier, where he will describe, where he will explain what was emotional design. So, it all, you know, some applications we see, we say, wow, what an experience. And some, whoa, that was really hectic to do. So, similarly, it also, you know, kind of affects our own emotion, affect our decision. So, two weeks ago, I was in the bizarre store and they said, buy product at 5000 and get 600 rupees off for next year. So, there was a big banner putting that. And, you know, it said, buy for next two days and get one year free purchase. But it was not exactly that. I had to purchase it at 5000 and then I'll get only 50 rupees per month for next two days. But still, when they put it across that way, I was, you know, it kind of helped me in making my purchase decision. Even Flipkart, amazing, which is the big billion days which are happening. You kind of, you're forced to take a decision like, I'm not really going to buy this product, this kind of time, but since I'm getting a sale, I'm getting it at low price, I would not, you know, kind of force one and for later purchase, praying higher. Those kind of things are kind of emotion. So, even, you know, we have variety of such online stores, amazing Flipkart, Snapbeat, etc, etc, etc. But people would prefer some kind of, I mean, I like amazing in particular. So, I always purchase from amazing, maybe, may have a two or three percent difference in prices because I like the experience, I like the acetic appeal. So, those kind of things really matter. Coming to values and culture, if you have seen these days for the value occasion, you can see Amrata Bachchan's ad very much, which we'd have with that. There we'll get. It's like, everybody out there knows that we Indians celebrate our festivals with sweets. So, that is a very good way of communicating, you know, his concept, his broad, I mean, the day-to-day product with the cultural lives. So, discussing that, we also need to know what kind of users we're dealing with. It can be novice, it can be intermediate, it can be expert. Now, why the people who really, you know, need helping hand to use any kind of product? My dad, he's just created his Facebook account. I know he doesn't know how to send a friend request. And at the same time, experts, so I've seen my friends playing Farmville and other such games online, where they kind of really feel connected themselves. And intermediate users, they are in the gray area. You can, you know, towards this or towards this. Well, when talking about novice, intermediate and expert users, it is all based on the previous experiences, previous tasks that they have done. That is a kind of skill level, skill set which they've developed. So, for a novice user, it is taking the core to learn. And at the same time, for an expert user, they have reached a kind of level where they are expecting challenges, more and more challenges. So, if an expert user is given these kind of tasks, he'll be bored about it. Whereas, if for a novice user, we can get a higher challenging task, he'll be frustrated about it. So, whenever we are designing, we have to keep in mind this creative flow. So, for in every application that has to have something which even novice could use, it should not hamper their experience as well of learning new things. And at the same time, it should not create, you know, boredom to expert users. So, you know, when I have defined that thing, we have to have a creative flow. And, you know, we would and assume that our product has launched in market. We could categorize the same users into these five. So, they are innovators, early adopters, early majority, late majority, like us. But, and these are the percentage of accepting a product. Innovators, the risk-takers, they are well informed. They know there's a product to be, you know, out there. And they don't mind, you know, standing on a line and buying it, being the first one to buy it. They'd be happy about it. At the same time, the early adopters, they are a kind of people who are, who will take their purchase decisions based on what innovators, you know, kind of recommend. Similarly, goes for early majority. They do not take any risk. They are very safe players. So, they would take their decision-based recommendations from all those who have used it. These people are ones who would use really common products. So, if it is out in market, everybody has been using it, only then they'll prefer buying it. And the lagals. Lagals are people who are, you know, kind of restrict themselves from changes. So, they'll be out buying it only when then, when the traditional alternative is really not available in the market. So, when we say this, users, and when we define, you know, levels of users, so, we also have to take care of the complexity because that is what defines their skillset. So, you know, these are kind of things, but I would mention is, don't make my pink. It's Steve Truck's really beautiful book. And inspired from that, I've also learned that, you know, earlier there was a rule called three-click rule, which said if anybody should be able to identify whatever he is looking on a site within three clicks. But now, it has been said, the clicks can be numerous, but the only thing we have to take care of is that those clicks should be mindless. So, if you do not have to think, if the user do not have to think, they won't mind clicking on more. And we have to keep it straight and simple. Yeah. Saying that, saying that, you know, a design should be simple for everybody to understand. I would also say that no design is simple. I'm contradicting myself, right? Confused. But like we have a law of conservation of energy, similarly, we have a law of conservation of complexity. Tesla's law, which says, which states, every application has an inherent amount of irreducible complexity. The question is, who would have to deal with it, the user, the application developer, or the platform developer? So what we see is that the complexity is all in there. So we have to see where we are asking the transent or the users to take care of it, or we're handling it at the back end. When we talk about complexity, this is the most everyday example I face, is using microwave oven. Earlier, we just had to, you have two knobs, one for time and one for temperature. But now, you know, when we're grown based on type of food, based on type of cooking, we have so many options that at times really makes me confusing. What to do next? So when you're designing, you have to have a scope. This is the boundary of my application, who all are, will be there, who are my stakeholders. How much is too much? How much, if I provide to them, will be too much for them? What should I put in there and what should I not? Similarly, where, how, why, which, the whole W family is a part of here. So what we say finally is empathy, define, ideate, prioritize, test. These are the steps. Within these steps, problems can be framed, right questions can be asked, more ideas can be created and the best answers can be chosen. So conclusively, what I say is design thinking is a human power, human power to conceive, to plan, to represent, to put in place a human problem, a human need, which has, which has been arrived either individually or relatively. Every design has to have a purpose and it is a human power so everybody inside us have it. I will end by saying one of the very, very, very common questions which I, you know, come up every day. When you talk about design, what exactly do you do? Where do you apply? And, you know, after thinking, what I said was inspired from Amar Khan, is I have spent the nits, I have panned the zips, I have designed everything. And I do not mean from machine's perspective, but what I mean is everything around us is a design. It's just your perception, it's just your observation, how you perceive it makes all the difference. Thank you.