 Okay, good day everyone. So for today's discussion we will be starting a new topic and that is lipids and lipoproteins. So last time we did discuss about carbohydrates, the metabolism of carbohydrates, the different diseases associated with carbohydrates and also the different laboratory diagnosis and methods with regards to lipids, with regards to carbohydrates. So for today we will be discussing the same thing with regards to lipids and lipoproteins. Again, good day to everyone and I hope that today we will be learning a lot of things for clinical chemistry one. So lipids and lipoproteins are also one of the most important biomolecules within our body. So alongside with carbohydrates, proteins and amino acids, your lipids and lipoproteins are also very important. So for today's discussion we will be talking about the different forms of lipids. At the same time the different lipoprotein with regards to their structure and also with regards to their characteristics. We will also be talking about lipoprotein physiology and metabolism. At the same time lipid and lipoprotein population distributions alongside with the disease and disorders associated with them. And last but definitely not the least will be the lipid and lipoprotein measurement. So let us dig in to the first topic that we will be having for today. So the first one will be about the different forms of lipids. So there are different forms of lipids within our body but first let us define what are lipids. So according to Bishop, lipids are also known as fats. So these are essential biomolecules within our bodies. So they are characterized to be soluble in non-polar organic solvents such as chloroform and ether. But relatively insoluble in polar solvents such as water. So lipids are soluble if we are talking about and we are exposing them to non-polar organic solvents but they are insoluble when being associated with water. So these lipids are composed mostly of carbon hydrogen bonds. So later on, I'll be showing you some of the essential lipids inside our body and you will actually be seeing there that they are carbon and hydrogen bonds within them. So like what we were saying a while back, lipids are water insoluble. They are non-polar meaning they are hydrophobic. And for that very reason, they are being transported now by your lipoprotein. So let me first wrap up that for you before we proceed. So since lipids, okay, since our lipids are fats or insoluble with water, they cannot freely be transported in your plasma. So your plasma being majority is being consisted by water your lipids cannot be transported through your plasma freely. That's why they need a transport molecule. And what do we call the transport molecule? We call them lipoproteins. So as we go along, we will also be talking about lipoproteins in a short while. So these lipids that we are talking about are very important in our body because they are rich source of energy and they are also a very efficient way on how to store excess calories or excess energy sources. So referencing back to how we discussed carbohydrates, you all know now that through the process of gluconeogenesis, your lipids can actually be converted to glucose and then be used as energy source. That is the reason why lipids are being said to be rich source of energy because when you hydrolyze, when you separate a lipid, you can actually have your fatty acids and you can also have their glycerol, which are two of the precursor of glucose when doing gluconeogenesis. In addition to that, lipids are very integral part of your cellular membrane. So remember that your cell membrane are semipermeable and the reason why they are semipermeable is because of the phospholipid bilayer. So having said that, let me just repeat it. It is a phospholipid bilayer, meaning to say they are also made up of lipids. And lastly, they are also precursor to steroid hormones. They are precursor to steroid hormones. So your lipids are not just, so your lipids, your oils are not just source of energy. They are not just good source of energy, but they are also integral part of your cell membrane and they are also precursor of steroid hormones. So when I say precursor of steroid hormones, we're talking about your corticosteroid hormones, your estrogens, your sex hormones, your sex antigens, which are all derived from your lipids. So let us go now to the different forms of lipids. So first we have your fatty acids, we have your phospholipids, we have your triglycerides, and we do have your glycerol. So our goal for today is to actually define each of them and also differentiate one from the other. So let us go and talk about the first one, which is your fatty acids. So your fatty acids has a carbonyl group and a hydrocarbon chain at a non-polar end. So meaning to say, your fatty acids are actually amphiphatic compounds. So what do we mean by when I say amphipathic? So amphiphatic means they have both the hydrophilic and hydrophobic region. Okay, hydrophobic region. So you can see the hydrophilic region on the carbonyl group, which is the polar end, and the hydrocarbon chain, which is the hydrophobic group, which is seen in the non-polar tails. So fatty acids occur in living systems and they are normally contained as even number of carbon atoms, and the hydrocarbon chains is usually unbranched. So these fatty acids are rarely found free in the nature, but you can actually see fatty acids most commonly as a compound. So meaning to say, most of the fatty acids that you will actually be seeing are not free fatty acids, but actually bound fatty acids either to your glycerol, which can make up now your phospholipid or your triglyceride. But since we're talking about your fatty acids, let us go and define what are the different types of fatty acids. So we actually have two. We have the saturated and we have the unsaturated fatty acids. I hope this rings a bell from your biochemistry. So when we are talking about saturated fatty acid, this are fatty acids that has only one single bond in the chain. And that single bond is found on the carboxyl group, or remember in the carboxyl group, which is the hydrophilic region. So we have different types of saturated fatty acids like your loric, your meristic, your palmitic, steric, and arachidic acid. So they are named such according to the number of carbon atoms. And as you can see, most of this saturated fatty acid has high melting point. Has high melting point. Meaning to say, this type of fatty acid are actually solid in room temperature. Not until they reach this melting point, they will become now in their liquid form. So one thing that I want you to remember with regards to fatty acids, so I hope you would write this down, your saturated fatty acid are usually seen in your animal sources. In your animal sources. Of course, there's still exemption to the rule because for example, there are also plant-based saturated fatty acids which can be seen in your coconut. So moving forward, let's go now to your unsaturated fatty acid. What about your unsaturated fatty acid? So unsaturated fatty acid are called unsaturated if there are carbon-to-carbon double bonds in the chain. And the fatty acid is now called unsaturated. So meaning to say, aside from the double bond in the carbonyl region, like here for saturated fatty acid, when we are talking about unsaturated fatty acid, they do have that double bond in the carbonyl group, but they also have a double bond in the chain. Can you see that? They have double bond in the chain. So this double bond can either be cis or trans. So we have two configurations for unsaturated fatty acid. We have your cis configuration and your trans configuration. Sir, which one is the normally occurring? The normally occurring is actually the cis unsaturated fat. Unsaturated fat. Unlike your trans unsaturated fatty acid, your trans fatty acid does not commonly found in the nature. Why? Because these are synthetically being produced. How? Through the process of hydrogenation. Through the process of hydrogenation. Later on, I'll be going back to trans fatty acid and then I'll be wrapping up everything so that you'll be able to understand it better. So can I see a thumbs up if everybody can understand what I'm talking about here? So let's move on. So I showed you this one a while back. So again, when talking about unsaturated fatty acid, they have more than one double bond. So the first double bond came from the carboxyl group and the second or the other double bond will be seen now in your chain. So we do have here different types of unsaturated fatty acids. So we have your palmitol oleic, your oleic, your linoleic, your linolenic and your arachidonic fatty acids. So they have different number of carbon atoms and as you can see, they also have here the degree of unsaturation. Take for example for palmitol palmitol oleic acid. We have 16 carbon and the one there signify that it has one double bond aside from its carbonyl and it is found on your carbon number nine. Same thing with your oleic and your linoleic as you can see it is 18 is the two. So meaning to say it has 18 carbon and two double bonds in the chain which were found in carbon number nine and carbon number 12. So as you can see comparing it now to the saturated fatty acid, the melting point of this fatty acid are actually lower. So meaning to say they are liquid in your, they are liquid informed in room temperature. So as you can see for, so that is one key distinguishing feature of your unsaturated fatty acid. So they are liquid in room temperature while your saturated fatty acids are solid in room temperature. So as I was mentioning a while back, unsaturated fatty acid, the notation used for fatty acid indicates the number of carbon atoms and the number of double bond. So in the system 10 is to zero, it denotes that 18 carbons of saturated fatty acid with no double bonds. Unlike the 18 is to one denotes 18 carbon fatty acid with one double bond and that is your what? That is your oleic acid. That is your oleic acid. So as I was mentioning a while back, your fatty acids are actually has lower melting point than your saturated ones. So usually this unsaturated fatty acid are the component of plant oils and are liquid at room temperature because they have higher proportion of unsaturated fatty acid compared to the unsaturated fatty acid found in your animal fat. So sure, why is there a cease and trans configuration? So gaya nga nang sabi ko kanina, we have a cis configuration and we have a trans configuration. Most of your unsaturated fat are actually in cis configuration because these are normally occurring unsaturated fat. Unlike your trans fatty acid, these are also known as your trans fat. These are also known as your trans fat. Your trans fat are synthetically produced saturated these are synthetically produced these are synthetically produced fatty acid through the process of hydrogenation. Hydrogenation is the addition of hydrogen atoms in your fatty acid chain. And maybe some of you are wondering sure why is there a need to do hydrogenation if unsaturated fat are in fact healthy compared to saturated fat. So please do remember that unsaturated fat are yes healthy or yes good for your health but they are unstable so they spoil easily na papani sila agad. So for us to preserve the quality of such types of fatty acids or such type of oil we actually do hydrogenation okay. We actually do hydrogenation. So meaning to say the process of hydrogenation actually aims for the preservation of your unsaturated fatty acid. And maybe some of you are wondering sure bakit po siya masama para sa katawan. So let me talk about the three fatty acids now. So your unsaturated fatty acid which are the good type of saturated of the good type of fatty acid this are this lowers down this lowers down your bad cholesterol and increases your good cholesterol. Unlike your saturated fatty acid they increase both they increase both your saturated fatty acid rather they increase both your good cholesterol and your bad cholesterol. What about your trans fatty acid? Your trans fatty acid increases your bad cholesterol and decreases or diminish the level of your good cholesterol. That's why it's bad. And if you can see some of the food right now you can see there that they do not have trans fat in them and which leads me now to another point that I want to make that the fats are actually bad for the body first and foremost because they are synthetic and secondly since they are synthetic our body do not have enzymes that will degrade or that will hydrolyze or digest this type of fatty acids. Okay? This type of fats. Unlike for saturated and for your unsaturated our body do have those types of enzymes like your lipases okay? That will actually degrade these types of fats. Unlike your trans fat wala tayong enzymes to degrade though. So meaning to say, nag-add up pa siya dun sa problem niya being a synthetic na fatty acid and lastly, okay and lastly siguro to wrap it up why is it that are good or your unsaturated fat are better compared to your unsaturated fat. Again babarika ko dun sa melting point nila your as you can see, your unsaturated fat has high melting point so meaning to say even inside your body they do tend to become solid, okay? Unlike your unsaturated fatty acid they are liquid in your body so meaning to say yung mas madalas magkos nang bara, or aterosclerosis within our arteries are actually the saturated fats and the trans fats, okay? So hopefully that's clear so we are finished talking about your fatty acid so if you do have any question I will be entertaining your questions by the end of our discussion So moving forward let's go now to another type, okay? Into another type of lipids which are your phospho lipids. Your phospho lipids are also known as your phospho acyl glycerol, okay? Your phospho acyl glycerol or phospho lipids are a lipid molecule that has two fatty acids okay? That has two fatty acid is terrified to a glycerol molecule So meaning to say your phospho lipid is actually a compound already it has two fatty acid attached to one glycerol molecule The resulting compound is now called your phosphatidic acid okay? Your phosphatidic acid. So one molecule of phosphoric acid can form ester bond both to glycerol and to some other alcohol creating now your phosphatidyl ester Your phosphatidyl esters are actually very important okay? Because they can actually combine with very essential compounds such as your cephaline your lecitin and also your carjolipin okay? Your carjolipin So first let's go to the structure So your phosphatidic acid okay? Your phosphatidic acid is just your phospho your phosphatidic acid is just your glycerol okay? Is just your glycerol and your your fatty acid combined with your phosphoric acid combined with your phosphoric acid while your phosphatidyl ester your phosphatidyl ester this or glycerol is terrified with two carboxylic acid okay? Like your steric and linoleic meaning to say two fatty acid as well as phosphoric acid and in turn the phosphoric acid the one the phosphoric acid on the other hand is also is terrified to a second alcohol okay? To a second alcohol and what are those alcohol those alcohol can actually be in the form of your phosphatidyl choline, your phosphatidyl ethanolamine your phosphatidyl serine your diphosphatidyl glycerol your phosphatidyl glycerol and your phosphatidyl linoxitol okay? Linoxitol So these are very important these are very important important phospholipid So meaning to say let us just go back to how these structures are in the first place this one kapag ang meron ka lang ay 2 fatty acid isang glycerol at isang phosphate group we call them phosphatidic acid but once that phosphate group ang phosphate group na ito ngayon will react to another alcohol to a second alcohol your choline your lesitine that becomes now your phosphatidyl esters okay? and what are the different types of phosphatidyl esters we have your phosphatidyl ethanolamine your phosphatidyl serine phosphatidyl glycerol and siguro for you to remember one your phosphatidyl serine your ps your phosphatidyl serine is very important for your red blood cells correct? In hematology and in addition to that when it comes to phospholipid these are actually the most abundant lipid in our body maybe some of you will be wondering why and I'm here to give you the answer immediately because most of our cells contain your cell membrane your cell membrane do have your phospholipid by layer so meaning to say this is the reason why your phospholipid are actually the most abundant lipid inside your body because each and every cell does contain your phospholipid in their cell membrane so aside from that they also serve as surfactant they actually serve as surfactant in your lungs so when you go to your amniotic fluid in your AUBF you will actually be discussing your other phospholipids okay? like your lesitine phosphatidyl choline of the phospholipid in our body we also have your sphingomyelin so sphingomyelin especially important in your nerves they comprise 20% and we also have your cephaline okay? we also have your cephaline so let us talk about some of the important phospholipids first like your sphingomyelin so your sphingomyelin is the only phospholipid in the membrane that is not derived from glycerol but from an amino amino alcohol called your sphingocin okay? your sphingocin your sphingomyelin are essential component of your cell membranes and this actually accumulate in your liver and spleen in patient suffering with nimanpick disease so your nimanpick disease is actually a disorder whereby your sphingomyelin are accumulated and not metabolized so they accumulate in your spleen and in your liver okay? in your spleen and in your liver so a quick wrap up so we are finished talking about your fatty acids and we are finished talking about your phospholipids so your fatty acid being free fatty acids unsaturated, saturated and trans fatty acid we also have your phospholipids now your phospholipids containing two fatty acids a glycerol and a phosphoric acid and now let's proceed to your triglyceride so I guess you are very much familiar with triglyceride because we did talk about this during gluconeogenesis in carbohydrate so your triglyceride or your triglyceride are also known as your triacylglycerol and also known as your neutral fat your triglyceride comprises or possesses three molecules of fatty acid that's why it is tri, okay? tri, three molecules of fatty acid and a molecule of glycerol that serve as its backbone so your triglyceride are very important because they are the mean storage lipid in man in the form of your adipose tissue so in your adipose tissue this are actually your triglyceride so low calorie intake meaning to say there will be low triglyceride level so what are the function of your triglyceride? your triglyceride can be metabolized and when they are metabolized they can be catabolized they can be broken down into fatty acid and released to the cell and be converted as energy that provide and they can also provide excellent insulation in cold temperature but in addition to that aside from fatty acid we also know that this fatty acid will enter the crab cycle as your acetylcoenzyme A but at the same time a component of your triglyceride which is your glycerol will also be entering as three phosphoglycerate in your glycolytic pathway okay? so this is how the structure of your triglyceride look like so this is your glycerol so the glycerol will be attached to three fatty acids so as you can see this is your fatty acid and looking at this this is actually a saturated fatty acid and on the other hand we have here your steric so we have a glycerol molecule combined with a fatty acid your meristic, your steric and your palmitolic lehyic acid so this are a combination of both your saturated and unsaturated fatty acids okay? so having said that now please take note that these three ester groups are polar part of the molecule and the tails of the fatty acids are non-polar so the glycerol for this part this one the one that you can see on my laser this are actually the hydrophilic part and this one are the hydrophobic part so moving forward so when an organism uses fatty acid the ester linkages in the triacylglycerol are hydrolyzed but by the enzyme called lipase so remember i told you that your triglyceride before it can be utilized as energy source it should be catabolized or broken down further so how can they be hydrolyzed or broken down into its simpler form we call those enzymes this lipase are the same hydrolysis reaction can take place outside organism with acid and bases as your catalyst so as you can see here the hydrolysis of your the hydrolysis of your triglyceride whereby it liberates now it will now be liberating the fatty acid which can be utilized as energy source within your body so there you go your triglyceride we're finished with triglycerides already so triglyceride being an effective source of energy and also a storage form for your excess calories now we move on to your cholesterol but before i move on to cholesterol by the way your fatty acid your phospholipids and your triglyceride can be utilized as energy sources so now let's go to cholesterol cholesterol let's go now to cholesterol so i won't kong yung breakfast niyo kanina may cholesterol but let's talk about cholesterol so cholesterol are not source of fuel because it is not catabolized by animals so meaning to say we are not using cholesterol as energy sources so if not what is the use now of your cholesterol but your cholesterol contains four rings of a single carbon to hydrogen chain tail similar as well to your fatty acid so if your cholesterol cannot be utilized as energy sources what is the use of cholesterol cholesterol is very important in your body because they are precursor of the five major classes of steroids which are your progestines your mineralocorticoids your androgens and your estrogen so your progestines and estrogen related in your sexual functions and of course your glucocorticoids that will bring forth your cortisol and your mineralocorticoids that will bring forth your aldosterone which are very important in the metabolism of carbohydrates and in the regulation of carbohydrates at the same time regulation of very essential electrolytes in your body so hindi man natin siya ginagamit as energy source maiba siyang silbe aside from that, aside from being precursor of your hormones and I want to be clear steroid of hormones it is also found in the surface of lipid layers which are synthesized in your liver which are synthesized in your liver so again this type of cholesterol can be converted into becoming your testosterone estradiol and your progesterone which are very important which are very important hormones within our system in addition to that, there are actually two types of cholesterol we have the cholesterol esters and we also have the free cholesterol okay, we have the free cholesterol so talk about your cholesterol esters your cholesterol esters are the most abundant type of cholesterol so cholesterol esters are composed of cholesterol rings and fatty acid so they undergo esterification by your lecitin cholesterol acetyltransferase or your LCAT so your LCAT catalyzes this esterification of cholesterol by promoting the transfer of your fatty acid from your lecitin cholesterol which results into the formation of your lysol, lecitin and your cholesterol esters so your cholesterol esters for the information of everyone are hydrophilic this are hydrophilic cholesterol meaning to say they love water, they attract water, how come how come that this cholesterol can do that that is because now of the fatty acid attached to them okay, the esterification of your cholesterol done by your lecitin cholesterol acetyltransferase so those are your cholesterol esters, what about now that other type of cholesterol if 70% of your cholesterol are cholesterol cholesterol esters we also have 30% as your free cholesterol, your free cholesterol are an esterified cholesterol and these are found now in the surfaces of your lipoprotein sir why do we see them in the surfaces of your lipoprotein first and foremost because since they are hydrophobic they cannot freely be transported in your plasma meaning to say kailangan nila ng tagabuhak kailangan nila ng tagapagdala sa kanila of your lipoproteins okay that is in the form of your lipoprotein so before we move on before we move on let us talk about your cholesterol first your cholesterol are actually derived from acetylcoenzyme A so it actually it actually is a diversion of your Krebs cycle so yung nakikitan yung acetylcoenzyme A will be undergoing another other processes so your cholesterol can be synthesized from more than 25 enzymes so the process is very lengthy so we will not be talking about that but we will be talking about the key or the principle steps with regards to the production or the formation of your cholesterol namely first the conversion of your acetylcoenzyme A acetylcoenzyme A which are derived from the beta-oxidation of your fatty acids so the beta-oxidation of your fatty acid will now give bring forth your acetylcoenzyme A your acetylcoenzyme A will undergo oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate by beta hydroxy beta-metal glutaril coenzyme A coenzyme A or your HMG coA to produce your HMG coA so after the conversion of your acetylcoenzyme A it will now be oxidized and decarboxylated producing now your HMG coA this HMG coA will now be converted to mebalonic acid by your HMG coA reductase and when that mebalonic acid is now produced it will now undergo cyclization producing now your squalene and now will bring forth your cholesterol will now bring forth your cholesterol so let me repeat that again so coming from acetylcoenzyme A ang nangyari nagkaroon ng beta-oxidation ng fatty acid anong naproduce acetylcoenzyme A this acetylcoenzyme A will undergo oxidation and will now produce your beta-hydroxy-beta-methyl-gluteryl-coenzyme A also known as your HMG coA okay, are you following? after HMG coA this HMG coA will now be converted to mebalonic acid sinong magco-convert sa HMG coA becoming now mebalonic acid that is your HMG coA reductase and then yung mebalonic acid na naproduce will be converted further into squalene and after cyclization it will now become your cholesterol and maybe some of you are wondering sir, bakit po naka-highlight sa HMG coA reductase because I want you to take down note of this because when you become doctor in the future you would know that your HMG coA reductase is the enzyme that is being inhibited by your statins what are statins? your statins are main components of yung mga maintenance ng mga elderly natin mga maintenance ng mga problems sa cholesterol so for us to lower down their cholesterol what do we do? we prevent the production of cholesterol and what's the particular part? what particular part? we inhibit hmg coA reductase para hindi naproduce mebalonic acid at pag hindi naproduce mebalonic acid, hindi napproduce squalene at pag hindi naproduce squalene, hindi napproduce or hindi tatas ang cholesterol ng pasyente mo so hopefully I'm clear with that so that is the different forms of your lipids we have your fatty acids we did talk about your fatty acid we talk about your phospholipids your triglyceride and also your cholesterol so before we move forward I want you to inhale so I'm giving you a few second of break hold exhale hold so let's inhale once again inhale hold exhale hold for the last time inhale hold exhale hold and now you're ready for more okay you're ready for more so let's continue our discussion about the general structure now of your lipoprotein so going back to the last time we have 4 lipids your fatty acid your phospholipids your triglycerides and your cholesterol para saan ulit si lipoprotein your lipoproteins are carrier molecule carrier molecule nino carrier molecule nung mga hydrophobic lipids such as what such as your cholesterol your free cholesterol and also your triglycerides also your triglyceride since they are all hydrophobic so hindi nila kayang magbiahe ng mag-isa sa plasma so kailangan nila ng ride and that ride is your lipoprotein so what are lipoproteins lipoproteins are macromolecular complexes of lipids with specialized protein known as apolipoprotein so your lipoprotein is actually a combination of your lipids and your protein okay a combination of your lipids and your protein the lipids are of course known as your lipids and the protein part of your lipoprotein are called what apolipoprotein so what are their main purpose their main purpose is to transport your triglyceride cholesterol to site of energy storage and utilization so saan sila dinadala kung saan sila gagamitin or kung saan sila itatago yun lang yung pagdadalhan ng lipoprotein sa ating mga fats either kung saan siya gagamitin again at kung saan siya itatago so let's go to your lipoprotein so we have different types of lipoprotein these are the major classes of plasma lipoproteins that I want you to remember we have your chylomicrons we have your VLDL also known as your very low density lipoprotein we have your IDL which is your intermediate density lipoprotein your LDL your low density lipoprotein and your HDL also known as your high density lipoprotein why do we call them such, bakit natin sila tinatawag na according to their density why do we call them according to, why do we have such thing as very low density low density and high density lipoprotein as you can see that is mainly because of their protein component the apple lipoprotein in the lipoprotein so as you can see this table here table 17-2 actually is the chemical composition of the major classes of plasma lipoprotein so here palang we are able to differentiate one from the other and I want you to take a very close look at this one please disregard the IDL among the 1, 2, 3, 4 among the chylomicron VLDL and HDL among those 4 among those 4 one that has the greatest amount of protein are actually your high density lipoprotein high density lipoprotein ang may pinakamadaming cholesterol on the other hand be it a free cholesterol or cholesterol esters are actually your low density lipoprotein or your LDL so kapag pinakamadaming protein HDL HDL on the other hand kapag pinakamadaming triglyceride wait, wait, wait pinakamadaming triglyceride either your chylomicrons and your VLDL sir pano namin madidifferentiate mamaya maghinay-hinay at maghintay ka lang nilidiskas yan later and lastly according to phospholipid content ang may pinakamadaming phospholipid content is also your HDL so again pinakamadaming protein at phospholipids are your HDL pinakamadaming cholesterol cholesterol LL that is your LDL at ang pinakamadaming triglyceride kylomicrons and your VLDL mamaya explain natin why so this is a general structure of your lipoprotein structure okay your lipoprotein so as you can see the entire structure we call that your lipoprotein but the protein portion what do we call the protein portion of your lipoprotein we call it your apolipoprotein and as you can see inside it are your cholesterol ester your free cholesterol and your triglyceride na sa hydrophobic core yung ating mga hydrophobic lipids such as your surfatiacid triglyceride and cholesterol esters that needs to be transported that needs to be transported so moving forward makikita ninyo dito sa ating lipoprotein we also have your cholesterol and phospholipid in that surface so kanina siguro nagtataka kayo bakit po natin sila tinatawag na very low density or high density low density lipoprotein that is because of their buoyant density that is because of their buoyant density so in figure 17-2 you can see there these are actually two ways on how to name your lipoprotein we can name them according to their buoyant density and we can also give them their name according to their electrophoretic mobility so for figure A for figure A this is your buoyant density your buoyant density is a process whereby makikita natin yung density na ating lipoproteins yung density na ating lipoproteins so yung density ng lipoproteins natin we can separate one lipoprotein from the other based on ultracentrification so you did your ultracentrification in letter A again, pag buoyant density anong ginawamo ultracentrification sa electrophoretic mobility anong ginawamo electrophoresis so here in your buoyant density you can see here that your lipoproteins can be differentiated or can be separated according to their density coming from the least density from the least dense and the most dense of them all which is the least dense the least dense is your chylomicrons your least dense is your chylomicron pinakamagaan pangalawa is your very low density lipoprotein or your VLDL your low density lipoprotein comes next or your LDL at ang pinakamabigat pinakanan dun sa ilalim is your high density lipoprotein again, back it again babalik tayo dun sa table natin because your high density lipoprotein has the highest concentration of your protein so as you can see pinakamabigat pinakamaraming protein VLDL and chylomicrons pinakamagaan kaya siya pinaka nasa ibabaw pinaka nasa ibabaw on the other hand we also have their electrophoretic mobility your electrophoretic mobility okay kung dano ito kung siyo yung pinakamagaan siya actually yung pinakamalake yung pinakamagaan pinakamalake in the case of your lipoproteins meaning to say your chylomicron is the largest that is the reason why kapag electrophoretic mobility si chylomicrons na iiwan siya sa point of application or sa origin at kapag nagmigrate yan kapag nagmigrate yan we can now differentiate your lipoprotein according to their electrophoretic mobility so being here number one your chylomicrons ang sumunod kay chylomicron is your beta lipoprotein your beta lipoprotein is also known as your what not your very low density i want you to be careful of that your beta lipoprotein is not your VLDL instead your beta lipoprotein are actually your LDL okay your LDL and then your pre beta lipoproteins are yes your VLDL so are you getting it and then your alpha lipoproteins are your HDL so kapag ultracentrification eto yung arrangement chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL, and HDL but if we are talking about electrophoretic mobility the arrangement now is your chylomicrons your beta lipoproteins your pre beta lipoproteins and your alpha lipoproteins can we interchange it can i call beta lipoprotein LDL yes you can call them interchangeably because they are one and the same okay but make sure nakapag i-identify nyo siya sa electrophoretic in their electrophoretic mobility you will be able to differentiate one from the other am i clear so again that is for the lipoprotein so let us talk about them para maindindihan ninyo so later babalik tayo dito para makita natin if we actually did understand what is the difference between and actually among those four lipoproteins so let's go and start with your chylomicron so your chylomicrons is a normal lipoprotein meaning to say normally found yan sa katawan mo so your chylomicron is actually the largest the largest lipoprotein but the least dense among all lipoprotein so meaning to say it has the lowest density pinakamagaan siya okay so what does your chylomicrons do okay and i want you to take note of this it transports your triglyceride but what type of triglyceride it transports your exogenous triglyceride what do we mean sir by exogenous triglyceride your exogenous triglycerides are the one that are from your diet kung nga rekomain ka yung triglyceride na sa pagkain mo ngayon yan yan tama yung inungoy mo ngayon yung triglyceride na sa diet mo ngayon ay dadalhin ni chylomicrons ni chylomicrons so later pag nandun na tayo sa pathway ng metabolism ng lipids you will understand it better so for now chylomicrons transports your exogenous triglyceride take note that your chylomicrons are produced in your intestines produced in your intestines and are completely cleared within 6 to 9 hours post prangyal ito yung kadahilanan kung bakit merong fasting ang ating lipid profile it is because of your chylomicrons we need to clear out the chylomicrons first in your diet in your plasma after eating so 6 to 9 hours that's why we have a fasting hours for lipids na 10 hours so your chylomicrons are present at high level when present in high level yung chylomicrons natin is actually the one that results to the milky appearance of your plasma kaya pala mukhang turbid kaya pala mukhang milky dahil marami itong chylomicrons maare nakakatapos lang ng patient natin kumain ng kinunan natin siyang gago okay so this chylomicrons accumulate on the where? accumulate below or accumulate on top below or on top okay tama it should be on top it is floating as a creamy layer when left undisturbed for several hours so as you can see the major composition of your chylomicrons are 90% triglyceride but from now on ayokong maririnig kayo natin atawag lang na triglyceride but I want you to be more specific para lagi tayong tama we should always remember that your chylomicrons contains 90% of what? exogenous 90% of exogenous triglyceride kaya kanina sinasabi ko na ang triglyceride mo can be seen majority in your chylomicrons and in your VLDL kasi magkaiba palang klasin ng triglyceride yung tinutukoy natin dito so I hope you already have an idea what type of triglyceride does your VLDL contains or carries as we move forward so again for your chylomicrons it is the largest and least dense it is the exogenous triglyceride it contains it is producing your intestine and it actually is the one responsible for the milky appearance of your plasma in addition to that your chylomicrons do have an apo lipoproutine meron siyang protein naman din sa kanya which are your apo B48 your apo A1 apo A4 apo C1, apo C2, apo C3 and apo E sir ang dami naman pung apo ano yung pinakakailangan mong tandaan yung apo B48 why? because apo B48 is specific and is unique to your chylomicrons korek ka dyan and metabolism of chylomicrons your apo C2 serves as an activator of your lipoproutine lipase so meaning to say will be digested will be broken down by your lipases producing now your chylomicron remnants so kung makikita nyo dito sa figure na to chylomicrons yung pinakamalake pero pinakamagahan pinakamalake at pinakamagahan so let's go now to our next lipoproutine so I hope clear tayo sa chylomicrons again kung may katanungan and ask me that later for our Q and A so for our very low density lipoproutines we have here your VLDL your very low density lipoproutine are also known as your pre-beta lipoproutine your pre-beta lipoproutine is the same thing with VLDL your VLDL particle are produced where? this time they are produced in your so your VLDL are the one that supplies your very low density lipoproutine are the one that supply the tissue of your body with triglyceride what type of triglyceride sir? triglyceride which are your endogenous triglyceride your endogenous triglyceride are primarily hepatic by origin so this type of lipoproutines parayhas nikylomicrons nagdadala din ng triglyceride pero this time triglyceride ito na produce ng iyong liver hindi galing sa kinain mo so let us differentiate that too si kylomicron daladala niya exogenous triglyceride galing dun sa kinain mo pagkain VLDL very low density lipoproutine also known as your pre-beta lipoproutine carries this time your triglyceride what type of triglyceride be specific your endogenous triglyceride what do you mean by endogenous triglyceride? these are types of triglyceride produced by your own body specifically by your liver so your very low density lipoproutine contains 50% triglyceride 40% cholesterol and like phospholipid and 10% protein sir what type of protein what type of protein your lipoproutine specifically your B100 C1, C2, C3 and also apoe kung makikita mo what specific apolipoproutine is found in your is found in your very low density lipoproutine it is actually your apo B100 mostly apo B100 and also apoe and also apoe paki-keinserkala ko sa copy ng powerpoint mo tama yan so now that we discuss your chylomicrons and your VLDL na they are transport molecules pero may specific sila na itina transport para yung mga jeep hindi lahat ng jeep pare-parehas ang daladala at hindi lahat ng jeep pare-parehas ng pupuntahan ok? so kunaari may jeep na ang mga sinasakailang ay istojante so istojante lang isa sa kainya merong jeep nang isa sa kailang may mga jeep na ang sinasakailang mga trabohador may mga ganoon so iba-iba sila nang tinatransport at iba-iba sila ng destination so ganun din yung ating mga lipoproteins ok? so let's go now to one lipoprotein once again and these are your low density lipoprotein or your LDL your low density lipoprotein makikisulat ako kapatid your low density lipoprotein are also known as your beta lipoprotein so meaning to say kapag ang gamit mo ultracentrification makikita mo siya as your low density lipoprotein pero kapag gumamit ka ng electrophoresis makikita mo siya as your beta lipoprotein your beta lipoprotein are also known as your bad cholesterol your LDL is actually produced through the metabolism of your VLDL so meaning to say yung VLDL mo magiging IDL at pag naging IDL siya magiging mababreakedown siya now becoming your LDL ok? your LDL your LDL constitute about 50% of the total lipoprotein mass in the human plasma ok? so meaning to say yung LDL mo galing din sa liver so from VLDL naging IDL naging LDL so your LDL ok your LDL transports your cholesterol what type of your LDL transports your cholesterol this cholesterol are from your liver that will be delivered now to your peripheral tissue so na tatandaan mo ba na ang cell membrane mo kailangan ng cholesterol na mong cell lalo na sa adrenal gland sa testis sa ovary kailangan din nila ng cholesterol kasi your cholesterol are actually precursor to your steroid hormones correct? so panang makakarating din si cholesterol eh hindi siya hindi sila friends ng water dadalhin siya ni low density lipoprotein correct? ni low density lipoprotein so they will be transporting your cholesterol papunta ngayon sa mga peripheral tissue ng iyong katawan so about 50% of the total lipoprotein in the plasma are actually LDL are LDL and I want you to remember that the main apple lipoprotein in your LDL are your apple B100 with traces of aposie with traces of your aposie and this is why we call them and this is now your bad cholesterol so maybe some of you are wondering why do we call it bad cholesterol why do we call it bad cholesterol we are calling your low density lipoprotein as bad cholesterol because they deliver your cholesterol in your peripheral tissue so the more cholesterol there is in your body the more LDL there is also in your body so mas madaming excess cholesterol mas madaming excess LDL in your body so right now I don't want to overwhelm you but for now what I want you to remember are the function kung saan galing, kung saan produce at kung ano ang daladala ng bawat lipoproteins natin para pagdating natin din sa ating pathway din sa ating metabolic pathway mas madaling niyo nang may indindihan kung paano siya ng yayare so again gaya ngayong example natin kanina I actually inihaling tulad ko yung mga lipoproteins sa mga jeep so yung jeep mo may kanya kanyang daladala napasahero at may kanya kanyang destination sila na papupuntahan okay so let's go now to the last okay to the last lipoproteins which are your high density lipoprotein oh teka bakit nga tinawagulit siyang high density lipoprotein kasi siya yung heaviest lipoprotein but it is the smallest okay heaviest lipoprotein kasi pinakamadami siyang protein okay kaya siya yung nandun sa pinakababa after ultracentrification pero siya naman yung pinakamabilist during electrophoresis bakit siya po yung pinakamabilist kasi siya po yung smallest lipoprotein so this high density lipoprotein are produced into area or two organs your liver and your intestine so your high density lipoprotein has two shapes you have your this shape and your spherical shape so yung this shape and yung spherical shape sir bakit po important yung this shape at yung spherical shape ito makikisulat nalang ako kasi kaya bishop madami pa siyang kwento pero kayser it didiret siya na natin sa point natin nagusong mayisulat your high density lipoprotein that are this shape this are the high density lipoprotein nakaya pang mag-collect ng mga cholesterol sir mag-collect meaning to say kapag madaming sobra madaming sobra sa tissue si high density lipoprotein yung mag-collect ng mga sobra ok kaya effective yun kapag this shape pa siya pano naman sir kapag puno na yung high density lipoprotein meaning to say si high density lipoprotein yung sobrang cholesterol sa katawan mo dadalhin niya pabalik kay cholesterol ano naman ng ityuran ng high density lipoprotein yung spherical shape na siya madaming na siyang dalang cholesterol within itself na dadalhin niya sa liver having said that now your HDL or your high density lipoprotein is involved in your reverse cholesterol transport sir what do we mean by reverse cholesterol transport nakatandaan kanina si low density lipoprotein si low density lipoprotein ang ginagawa niya dadalhin niya yung cholesterol nagaling sa liver papunta sa mga peripheral tissue pero alam din natin na merong mga pagkakataon na sobrang dami yung somosobra yung cholesterol na nadadala pagsumosobra yung cholesterol na nadadala that can cause disorder and diseases in our body which is another story for another time sinong magko-collecta sinong maglilinis nung mga sobrang cholesterol na sa tissue or na sa plasma sinong si high density lipoprotein tama siya yung magko-collect mga excess cholesterol in your plasma at ibabalik niya ito sa liver para ma-store at para maiprosess pa further so unlike all other other lipoprotein your high density lipoprotein merong din siyang katangitanging apolipoprotein or protein component and that is your apo A1 so quick recap quick review lang si Kylo Microns merong siyang apo B48 si VLDL si VLDL merong siyang apo B100 at apo E si LDL merong siyang apo B100 as the major the major apolipoprotein at si high density lipoprotein merong siyang major apolipoprotein which is called your apo A1 apo A1 so your high density lipoprotein is also known as your alpha cholesterol alpha lipoprotein and your good cholesterol your good cholesterol and maybe some of you are wondering sir parang medyo nagigets ko na po nagigets ko na po kung bakit sila tinawag na makagan ito so going back here si Kylo Microns are called just Kylo Microns so kapag ultra centrifugation sila yung pinaka na sa itaas kasi kahit napakalakin nila pinaka magaan naman sila kasunod si VLDL si LDL at si HDL magigets ko na kung bakit siya high density kasi siya yung pinaka may madaming protein sa kanyang sa kanyang particle okay now we go to the electrophoretic pattern sir bakit kaya na iwan si Kylo Microns bakit kaya ganito yung arrangement nila I want to show you this picture so natatandaan ninyo di ba sa electrophoresis in electrophoresis meron tayong support medium and your support medium are porous medium so meaning to say yan ay bilog-bilog they are like filters so meaning to say mas malaking molecule mas mahirap makadaan dun sa mga pores nung ating medium mas maliit ka kaya ng HDL mas mabilis kang makakadaan doon at mas mabilis kang makakausad doon sa ating doon sa ating membrane so kaya dito si Kylo Microns ay na iwan kasi di siya makamove on okay ikaw ba yan hindi ka makamove on ay ibang topic pala yan si Kylo Microns yung hindi makamove on kasi sobrang laki nung daladalan niyang sa manang luob hindi siya makamove on dun sa porous membrane tama pero si Alpha Lipoprotein in the form Alpha Lipoprotein also known as your good cholesterol also known as your high density lipoprotein mabilis siya okay mabilis siya makatravel makabilis siya makamove on kasi wala siyang daladalan bagahe so this one your beta lipoprotein is your low density lipoprotein your pre-beta lipoprotein is your very low density lipoprotein so gusto ko yan matandaan mo okay i want you guys to remember that so before we proceed okay before we proceed okay isa mo nang inhale okay hold that up exhale okay inhale once again hold okay inhale hold now exhale hold and now for the last time okay dahil nyo inhale hold exhale hold inhale now you're ready for some active recall okay you are now ready for some active recall okay so for our active recall gusto ko marikul natin matandaan natin kung anong mapinang usapan natin for today so let's go and start with the first one what do you call what is the least dense lipoprotein ano yung least dense lipoprotein chat box please which is the least dense lipoprotein so five seconds one two three four five this are your correct this are your kylo microns what lipoprotein is the most dense five seconds most dense kahit acronym lang one two three four and five what do we call them we call them your HDL or your high density lipoprotein your high density lipoprotein is also known as what chat box one two three four and five your HDL are also known as your alpha lipoprotein another question what type of lipoprotein transports your exogenous triglyceride sino daw ang nagdadala ng exogenous triglyceride five seconds one two three four five what that is the answer these are your kylo microns once again what about those lipoproteins that carries your endogenous triglyceride what type of lipoproteins are those five seconds in the chat box everyone one two three four and five and what do we call that those are your very low density lipoprotein very good I see some good answers on the chat box participate everyone so let's go active recall para talagang mamaster natin ito your good cholesterol are also known as what five seconds in the chat box everyone one two three four and five these are your HDL or your high density lipoprotein and for the last one mga kapatid huli na pong tanong what do we call your bad cholesterol your bad cholesterol are also known as your five seconds one two three four and five these are called your low density lipoproteins so thank you so much so those are your some active recalls that we had hopefully you had a great time so that is it for our discussion about lipids about the different forms of lipids and the different types and structure of your lipoprotein so thank you so much everyone so this has been your sir marganding so thank you so much and that is it for our discussions I will be entertaining your questions now so please type it in your chat box or open your camera and your mic so I can entertain your questions for today so let's get started