 Our topic for discussion this evening from my presentation is do Sub-Saharan African migrants, immigrants, transfer social capital acquired in the host country to their forbears. Social capital transfers of Sub-Saharan African migrants residing within the Sub-Saharan African region usually given less attention compared to financial and human capital transfers from especially outside the continent. And this study highlights how Somali migrants in Kenya transfer the social capital they have accumulated and maintained in Kenya to sustain the Somali society in their country with the dysfunctional institutional structures in Somalia which are caused by a protracted and unresolved conflict that has gone on for some time in Somalia. Social capital becomes very crucial in that country. The research method that I use for this study was review of literature from, I use content analysis where I reviewed literature from peer reviewed journals, academic thesis, reports and great literature like newspapers and other documents that talk about the Somali migrants in Kenya. Social capital helps in facilitating the migration of Somalias from Somali to other countries and especially to Kenya. Migration of Somalis from Somalia and not just from Somalia but also from refugee camps in Kenya is largely facilitated by transnational and kinship networks of Somalis in the diaspora. They facilitate this by giving financial and also social support. The Somali diaspora maintains a web of interlinking networks between home, host and also other diasporic locations all over the world. These networks are usually based on strong kinship and friendship ties which are rooted in the Somali culture and religion. Their culture obligates people to help one another. If you are well off, you are obligated by culture to help those who do not have means and therefore even people who may not be going through hardship are obligated to help the needy in the society. Social capital and migration of Somalis to Kenya. Kenya is a favorite destination for Somali migrants and hosts the largest Somali migration population and this includes refugees and non-refugees. Apart from geographic proximity and the traditional migration paths of Somalis coming to Kenya, the migration of Somalis to Kenya is also greatly influenced by social linkages and kinship ties as well as community and religious networks. There are strong brotherhood bonds that exist between the Kenyan Somalis and the Somalia Somalis and they share a common sense of belonging and also cultural and religious similarities and this is very key in influencing the migration of Somalis from Somalia to Kenya. The role of social networks in settlement of Somalia, Somali migrants in Kenya. Somalis in Kenya tend to settle where they have their brothers, other Somalis and this is usually for easier access to social and kinship networks that are crucial for survival. Somali networks and linkages in the diaspora also offer emotional and material supports which are important for the people who have moved in for the migrants who move into Kenya. These networks help them to settle in the new location with ease. Networks give access to sensuals like accommodation, livelihood opportunities like jobs and also friendship and relationship arrangements which are important for people moving into a new place. Isli, which is a suburb of Nairobi and is popularly known as Mogadishu, dog meaning little Mogadishu or small Mogadishu. Accommodates the largest numbers of Somalis in Kenya. Many Somalis are attracted to settle in Isli by, because of their aspirations for a better education, finding a livelihood or even being able to support relatives back home and also in refugee camps. The relationship between vulnerability and social capital accumulation. Many Somalis in Kenya are undocumented migrants who come into the country or even escape from the refugee camps using unregulated migratory systems of middlemen and the brokers. Such migrants are usually vulnerable and they have minimal socioeconomic and even political engagement in Kenya and they face many challenges related to integration and security. And as a way of dealing with their vulnerability, the migrants are forced to mobilize and not just to mobilize, but also to maintain social capital from transnational networks of social, digital and economic interconnections from both within and outside Kenya as a survival strategy. So the accumulation of and maintenance of social capital for the Somali migrants in Kenya is not an option, it is a need. Somali migrants expand social capitals to form wider and closer networks with other Somalis in Kenya, back in Somalia and also in the wider Somali diaspora globally. And they keep very close ties with each other. The next slide is about Isli as a networking center for the Somali migrants. Isli, which I mentioned earlier as a suburb of Nairobi is an important center for Somali culture and for social networking. It acts as a transnational economic center and is the hub for Somalis in terms of income generating activities in Kenya. Isli links the Somali community in Kenya to the worldwide Somali diaspora and other global networks of trade. The suburb offers an opportunity for the Somali community to have trade interlinkages and connections with the world's most significant trade hubs like Dubai, Bangkok, Hong Kong and Wanzhou. The transfer of social capital back to Somalia. Transfer of social capital accumulated and maintained by Somali migrants both in Kenya and other parts of the world plays a pivotal role in sustaining the Somali society back home. Social capital and networks acquired abroad play an important role in enhancing the participation of the Somali diaspora in socioeconomic and political activities in their home country. Rapid technological evolution, which is crucial for transnational networks, has helped the Somali diaspora to cultivate and maintain critical lifelines. The absence of state interference has contributed to the rapid technological evolution all over Somalia. The transfer of social capital back to Somalia is continued in this next slide. Somali migrants mobilize social capital in their host country and then transfer it to their country of origin boosting financial and human capital transfers in the process. The financial and human capital transfers that are boosted by social capital include remittances, investing in business, service provision and community development, law being and advocacy, political participation, skills and knowledge transfer through return migration. Let's look at the house of your capital facilitates the transfer of remittances. Remittances sent by the Somali diaspora are a lifeblood of the Somali economy and constitute the greatest share of diasporas contribution to the sustenance of Somali society and reconstruction of Somalia. In conflict-ridden Somalia, sending of remittances would have been very difficult without a well-known informal financial system that is called Hawalad. Hawalad is comprised of a network of individuals and organizations both in the diaspora and Somalia that use informal methods to transfer money from the diaspora to Somalia. Societal networks and cultural norms are the building blocks of this money transfer system and Hawalad system is based on trust and solidarity cultivated through cultural and ethnic networks of people who are not necessarily affiliated to each other but who are from that community of Somalis. The relationship between house social capital facilitates investing in business in Somalia. In the absence of a stable government, the Somali diaspora rely on social networking as an important factor for building trust in business endeavors. Access to social professional and transnational networks makes it possible for the Somali diaspora to run commercial enterprises in their home country with ease. Kenya is an important business center for Somalis in the region and it offers important networks that are useful for establishing businesses in Somalia. Even Somalis who are not based in Kenya, they use those networks to invest back home. Isli business community, which is an association of local entrepreneurs in Isli is an important business network for Somali business people who may want to start a business in Somalia. And when it comes to social capital and service provision and community development, the Somali diaspora has many small fundraising networks globally that support service delivery and sustained development in Somalia. In the absence of public sector services, social and transnational networks of Somali diaspora come in handy to offer much needed basic services like healthcare, education, water and infrastructure. Diaspora associations also use their transnational networks home and abroad to link up with communities in Somalia and to find community specific projects. How social capital facilitates lobbying and advocacy? The Somali diaspora in Kenya has been actively involved in many lobbying activities. For example, they prevailed upon the transition of federal government in Somalia to retain the Somalia ambassador to Kenya, Mohamed Alinour. And the Somali diaspora in Kenya, they're involved in many peace conferences held in Kenya to discuss the peace of Somalia. And these diaspora networks are also involved in many advocacy initiatives when based in Kenya. And there are numerous Somali civil society groups that are based in Kenya. And there are various examples that can be mentioned. For example, the youth united for social mobilization. Let's look at social capital and political involvement as we go to finishing with this. The Somali diaspora in Kenya have substantial influence on Somali's political direction. In April 2000, for instance, the Somali community in Kenya stood in solidarity with the Putland government when it withdrew support for Djibouti conference, complaining of exclusion, suppression and marginalization. Kenya is home to Somali political elites who have great influence in the governance of Somalia. And in the past, Somali politicians have used Nairobi for their political activities. And there are so many Somali political parties that have branches in Nairobi. And social capital is also important in skills and knowledge transfer through return migration. And you find that the Somali diaspora are motivated to return home to transfer skills and knowledge, acquired abroad, but this is not possible without their social networks in their host countries. The return migration of Somali diaspora is usually facilitated by their networks of family and their family and professional networks back in their host country. And this enables them to go and come back and with the confidence that if the trouble comes, they can be helped, they can be evacuated back to their host countries. They feel more confident to travel back home. And whether, I mean, even though initially they may go thinking they can stay for some time, they feel confident that if anything happens, they can use their networks to go back to their country of destination. And in conclusion, I would like to say that the migrant social capital transfer to their country of origin are as important as financial and human capital transfers. And in politically unstable situations, like the case of Somalia, migrants have to mobilize social capital to be able to send money or transfer human capital to their home country. And in the case of Somalia, kinship and community ties and networks have been a lifeline for the Somali people in the face of a prolonged and continuing conflict situation in Somalia that has led to mass migration and destruction of institutions and infrastructure in that country. And therefore, social capital needs as much attention as the attention we give to financial and human capital transfers. Thank you.