 Good morning everyone. I am Victoria Louso Perez and I will be the moderator for today I have been inspired by astronauts since I was very little when I was four years old my dad who is an accountant was writing numbers on a big piece of paper and I asked him what was the use of those numbers and So that was a full one day and he took me to the window and he asked me how many numbers I knew I told him that only the ones that I could count with the fingers of my hands and He showed me the moon and he told me that humans had been there thanks to the proper combination of those numbers I was so impressed that I have been passionate about space ever since and When I was a kid, I would many times get asked Do you want to be an astronaut and I was always very afraid so I would say oh well I would hide my fear by saying well even if I would want to be an astronaut I couldn't because Uruguay has no space program So I couldn't be an astronaut nowadays with commercial space missions Everyone from any nationality can we can go to space? It is still very expensive So it's not really accessible for everyone, but at least the possibility exists still Given that the last time that I rode a space mountain on Disney World. I got super sick I don't think I would be the best astronaut candidate But it is great to know that young girls in Uruguay can have the possibility to go to space and today We have an out-of-this-world panel And with great speakers Let me introduce you to dr. Deva Newman director of MIT immediate lab and former NASA deputy administrator and profess Apollo professor of astronautics Mr. Dylan Taylor founder and CEO of Voyager space founder of space for humanity and a blue origin astronaut Mr. Ethan Steve a crew member of the AX one mission the first commercial mission to the ISA to the International Space Station and The second Israeli astronaut after the first Ilan Ramon together with six crew members They not survive the Columbia Space Shuttle disaster 21 years ago. So let me start with you Ethan What is the purpose of astronauts? Thank You Victoria So my answer to what is the purpose of astronaut is another question What is the purpose of a human being? The answers are deeply connected Curiosity is at the core of what it means to be human our passion to explore to discover to learn our part of our nature Especially when it comes to mysteries of our planet and the universe that lies beyond it The purpose the role of an astronaut is constantly evolving From a role that was defined by competition during the Cold War Through international cooperation Creating the ISS today the third phase of space exploration is privatization My mission a x1 was the first private commercial mission to the ISS in 2022 NASA ISA and private astronauts all work together Sharing the scarce resources of oxygen water food energy and lab availability It may be most importantly We shared perspectives in our amazement at what we were experiencing my mission Private mission required to create in just 16 months our own private space agency Rackier in partnership with the private sector and government agencies our motto was space for all To meet that goal we open source the mission Inviting proposal from scientists artists educators students children and leaders on a range of disciplines Their ideas were incredible super incredible One inspired us to run experiments on the ISS with CRISPR based genetic diagnostics another Let us to create optical lenses from liquid polymers in space Manufacturing that could be used to build everything from medical devices to extremely large space telescopes We engaged artists Philosophers and poets inspired by the Portuguese poet Camões Who described the essence of the travels of the great 15th century explorer Vasco de Gamma and in collaboration with atmospheric researchers? We studied electrical discharge phenomena in the upper atmosphere called TLEs This strategy has helped broaden the way millions of people experience what possibly what is possible in space and how it Can impact us here on earth? our impact report Report of a space mission Describes how the mission made 95 distinct contributions across 10 of the United Nations Sustainable development goals from quality education good health climate action industry and innovation I Will take this opportunity as AI was a topic here at the forum to suggest that I am not worried about astronauts being replaced by AI I will do many things to advance space exploration But it will never have the curiosity and the critical thinking skills to complete these complex missions As MIT professor your colleague and NASA astronaut Jeff Hoffman told me Last year he wished he had an astronaut on Mars to troubleshoot his rover and moxie oxygen experiment so AI is a new wonder But as Sophocles said 2,400 years ago Numberless are the world's wonders, but none more wonderful than the human being Indeed our humanity not just our technology is what will carry us back to the moon Then on to Mars at the same time I hope it will also heighten our sense of responsibility about the scarce resources on our spaceship earth All of us who travel to space can bring this message home Which is one more reason that space must not remain the preserve of the few It should be made accessible to all as a realm of discovery and human creativity And until that moment astronauts are committed to bring the wonders of space to all. Thank you Thank you very much Ethan Great description of why we actually need human presence in space Deva the MIT Media Lab astronaut ethnography project interviews astronauts and analyzes data About their life in space and at the International Space Station What are some of the key lessons that you learned through all that? Thank you very much Thanks for the panel joining colleagues. Oh, hello everyone. Good morning Let's see. I want to actually go back way back to the the 1990s when we got started Interview I've flown five experiments up started actually the space shuttle room as space shuttle days to two week missions We would go 24-7 we have trained the astronauts because we had only two weeks to get all the physiological data We could because we're getting ready, you know, going back to the moon and Mars and then working very very closely with the Russians on the mirror mirror Russian means peace so the peace space station and We started actually interviewing astronauts are always interviewed pre-flight and post-flight But when we had our NASA astronauts spend long duration After our skylab missions then on mirror together with the Russians. We said this is really important to document We have to get all those lessons learned two major programs going about it very differently What can we learn for the future the future of the International Space Station when we have five main international partners? And now we have over a hundred nations working together flying experiments so the ethnography in terms of each person's individual experience and Was really important you might not know so a little bit quick background use a lot You lose a lot of muscle and bone when you go into space. You're floating around So one to two percent bone mineral density loss per month now who wants to go on my four-year Mars mission? And this is with two hours a day of exercise Maybe 30 to 40 percent muscle loss And most importantly, what about their mental well-being how are they doing as a team? Are we the four people who can function because mirror working with Russians gave us that two months three months mission? So we long duration mission two weeks we can all put up with each other But when your months in space and now we're six months at a time and now we're performing our one-year mission upon space station So everything changes takes about a month I think for your physiology to really change so that's what we were studying the physiology and then the questioning of ethnography and that's mostly about teamwork and leadership and how do you function how do you be the most excellent crew you can be every day and All astronauts will tell you Connections back to home connections back to loved ones and friends. So we study all space programs There's big questions If you lose your country if your country literally which happened if your country changes while you're in space Do you tell your astronauts from ground control? We do at NASA and we then back then in the day the Russians didn't if someone dies in your family Do you inform the astronauts? It's very very traumatic So these are all the human elements is a time. It's really about the human the human experience How can the humans thrive in isolated confined environments living floating? You know, there's nothing more beautiful than this beautiful view and all astronauts are Transformed we call it the overview effect when you see earth as in the background here You get it. We are all astronauts We're orbiting our Sun and we have to figure out how we can all work together Celebrate all of our similarities and our hope for humanity and you know spaceship earth Rather than being divided of our differences. So in some it's all about the human element it's all about humans how humans can thrive and How we can train and have humans thrive when they're in very isolated confined Environment so since we've all been through the pandemic, as I said, you all have your astronaut wings now. I Love how you say it's about the human elements because if you want to go to Mars or even beyond that's going to be a really big important subject Dylan, how do you believe the commercial expansion of access to space and initiatives like the citizen astronaut program Contribute it to contribute to the broader purpose of astronauts and space exploration It's a very it's a very good question. I Think space flight is uniquely Transformational and I experienced it myself and at 10 as well. It seems to be a universal effect this overview effect Dave mentioned it's probably The most profound experience a human can have I think it really does change you it really does transform you And so I believe that space is a tool for transformation And here at the weft this is now my 12th Davos We talk about a lot of these issues you're in and you're out whether it's climate or income inequality or mass migration And we seem to be talking past each other quite a bit, right? So these problems seem intractable But it's perhaps because we don't have the right perspective So imagine having a space station like the ISS optimized with the conference table and convening a UN Security Council meeting for for example or a G20 meeting or Meeting between India and Pakistan or you name whatever rivalry you might have I think you would have a different outcome So if you believe that which I strongly believe then it's all about how do you how do you scale space? It doesn't scale particularly. Well, it's very expensive So the idea with the citizen astronaut program, which is attached to space for community is could we do a Essentially a fellowship or we pay to send people to space. I think we got 60,000 applications first time around But in exchange Once that astronaut comes back They have to do something to benefit life here on earth and it has to be tied to a UN sustainable development goal And it has to be measurable and tangible So for example, we sent the first Mexican born female to space Katia. She's now a celebrity in Mexico She meets with the president of Mexico regularly. They're working on a STEM research center in Mexico for young women In Mexico to inspire the next generation We sent the first African-born female to space in Egyptian national Sarah Sabri She's actually working on democratizing access to space for scientific purposes as well And then we sent a mother daughter duo from the Caribbean And they're they're now working out exactly what they're going to do to benefit life here on earth So to me, it's you go to space to benefit earth Space is a tool for transformation, but we need more ambassadors out there talking about this effect and the ability that You know when you're up there, it's been said before but we all live in the same house Literally and figuratively there is no other place. There is no other people. There's us and This miracle when you're up there, you understand the rest of the universe is cold and hostile and dead so far as we know and What we have here is an absolute miracle and we need to treat it as such And we need to treat each other better and when you're up there, it becomes so clear to you. I Love this idea of astronauts as a source of inspiration for people here on earth and to do good Dave what do you think is missing or could be enhanced in the human space exploration journey? Is it like a funding do we need more technological developments matter of regulations? Well, so I'm gonna You know tie on with Dylan says so I want to take everyone and I mean everyone 8 billion people to space Transformatively figuratively of course, you know the launch is expensive getting out of the gravity well, so we've developed virtual reality experiences and tools We have a lunar mission coming up this year One of the commercial missions when I was at NASA we put into get we put in place the public private partnerships Which allowed for commercial space missions? We redefined the definition of an astronaut because an astronaut was Only an astronaut if you worked for a government agency a NASA astronaut European Space Agency astronaut jacks astronaut We redefined that because we knew the commercial access was coming So it really opened it up but back to space for all You know my vision is then we give all the tools we give the experience How can we do that we can do a lot of that through virtual reality? So we literally have you know earth mission control a lunar mission control These are tools for our kids because when we launched this year to the moon our little rover My camera that's gonna take pictures on Shackleton crater. We need that before we can send humans and But we why not? Why can't we take every every one of you but also a bits about our kids to me? It's about the next generation so they can be lunar explorers. They can help us with the citizen science They can analyze the data. I want to open it up. It's accessible and transformative and when you put yourself I like augmented reality better than VR when you put yourself in the augmented reality and Spin around and 360 you're either on the moon or Mars back to a tons comment about Jeff Hoffman our MIT experiment Literally on Mars today is called moxie Mars oxygen Institute research Experiment. What does that mean? We're living off the land. We're taking the carbon dioxide Atmosphere of Mars. It's 1% carbon dioxide. We split off the carbon atoms. We recombine elemental oxygen Voila, we've made oxygen literally out of the air of Mars. We can only make six grams or so So you might think it's for the astronauts to breathe. Nope. That's number two. The first reason is for fuel So we're planning for the human mission to Mars. Why are we going to Mars? Well first how many of you saw the Martian? Okay, vast majority right well It was amazing to be at NASA open that up Ridley Scott did a great movie and it was a great book It won't be all potatoes. They got three things wrong technically, but it was a great movie So back to that we have the exploration succeeds when we actually live off the land So we're making that oxygen as a technology demonstration first time ever on another planet It's for fuel because when we send humans on a round trip. It's a round-trip mission. No one-way Tickets, that's not ethical round-trip You want to come back to see your family and your friends and wouldn't that be great if we have our fuel depots They're waiting for us. So that's why we're doing the technology. We're doing, you know the advanced planning and Thing about Mars why Mars? It's our sister planet. The evidence is mounting. We'll probably find the past evidence of life Earth in a Mars 4.5 billion years old each Life worked out pretty well for us here. What about Mars? It could it was wet. It was wonderful It lost its electromagnetism call that like lost his dynamo. You don't want to lose your dynamo a 3.5 billion years ago, then that's when the Sun's solar wind solar radiation started obliterating Mars atmosphere So today it's left with that 1% CO2. So it's a very hostile environment But 3.5 billion years ago it had all the conditions all the chemistry Hydrogen, you know oxygen Sulphur methane is coming out of the ground. So it had all the chemistry all the building blocks that life could have existed Wow amazing technology. I want to try it. I want to try that. We are Ethan you spent 17 days on the International Space Station Could you tell us a bit more To us give us a bit of a window into your adventures and what experience in space has most impacted you personally So as a kid you reminded me just now that I would sleep like Superman I would go to sleep that I I dreamed about Floating and free of gravity and and then I promised my grandkids I have five that I would float into the space station like Superman and I did But the sensation is amazing and the first thing you go is that you don't look at anything You go straight to the window to the cupola and watch earth Orbiting at 17 Over 17,000 miles per hour you have every 45 minutes or sunset or sunrise and and I would Because I did I followed and experiments on about Lightning and thunderstorms. I would be alone in the dark in the cupola watching thunderstorms and Taking videos of them and there I saw amazing amazing views of the atmosphere in different colors red blue Yellow brown green And obviously I saw three big events of Aurora in the South Pole And those things you cannot see from anywhere else because you see the whole spread of two three thousand kilometers wide of Amazing views Wow, definitely want to go to space now that I hear you Dylan voyager space is developing the star lab program which aims to create a new commercial destination in space What are the aims and potential contributions of space destinations? Yeah, so back to what I said earlier if you believe space is the next big thing for humanity that it's a tool for transformation that our civilization can be bettered by Venturing into space then it's all about how do we how do we effectuate that and what we're Missing is this infrastructure layer call it a lily pad to go deeper with human space flight into space and The International Space Station is probably one of the best things humans have ever done Deserves a Nobel Peace Prize in my view, but it's aging It was never never really designed Sort of assembled as a hodgepodge over time. It wasn't optimized for the uses it has today ISS will probably come down around 2030 Thereabouts if it lasts that long it springs a leak from time to time Some of the systems the carbon scrub scrubbers and others are aging as well Requires a lot of maintenance and repair to keep it up and running So the next generation would be these commercial ventures. Why commercial well as we saw with Rocket launch we went from the space shuttle to now Relanding rocket boosters and launching to space reliably and inexpensively about every three days Which is really a miracle and the idea is that we would have the same level of innovation With destinations in low-earth orbit as well So star lab is one venture that has a contract with NASA. There are others I think there'll be multiple space stations by the end of the 2020s But the benefit is as Etchin said earlier There's a lot of activities we can do in space to benefit life here on earth And so we can optimize these stations for particular purposes. So for example star lab is optimized around research Whether it's microgravity research for biopharma and drug development. You can grow essentially perfect crystals in space Jim Bridenstine former NASA administrator said recently to me That he had been told that there hasn't been a single experiment run on the ISS Where humanity hasn't learned something so it really is a magic laboratory if you will so it'll be optimized for research Other stations might be optimized for tourism or human venture. Others might be optimized for space manufacturing But the idea would be we build this infrastructure layer in Leo that enables us more Practically to go to the moon to stay and build infrastructure on the moon and then from there, of course, we can go further afield You know it Mars is challenging, right? Lowerth orbit the ISS is at 400 kilometers the moon's at about 400,000 kilometers Mars is in excess of 40 million kilometers. So a degree of difficulty is spectacularly hard and as Davis said you're probably living in a lava tube underneath the surface of Mars because the radiation is is severe So if you want to loon lose bone mass on the way there for eight months and live in a tunnel Mars is your place but But if you want to be able to go to space stay for a couple months and come back I think low Earth orbit is the place to focus and so I think we'll have a renaissance on this I think by the end of the 2020s two or three of these ventures will be practical. They'll be in orbit Maybe we can have this symposium in space next time at the end of the 2020s. Yeah, let me comment on the radiation issue, which is a Very powerful damaging force It damages equipment electronics and obviously the human body So there are many many experiments were part of them we did of vests that protect the human body and special equipment that can respond fast respond to protect electronic Chips and devices and that will obviously enable long missions to Mars and deep space and obviously it will help us here in on Earth to protect against damaging radiation Just add on that think about human space fight So radiation is our number one showstopper, you know could end the mission if we're talking about deep space So that's Mars for sure even on the moon That's why again going to the moon learning about this and it's protecting the astronauts But we're also doing some unbelievable research in terms of the genetics and the biology of it as well So I think it might be a combination. We've just invented some new materials some hydrogenated boron nitrite nanotubes You know say that quickly fast, but they're white carbon nanotubes if you can think of them and why they're hydrogenated Hydrogen is actually great protection from radiation. So it's pushing the material science not just for space as they sense It's always a dual application Can you imagine if we really understand of the genetics of radiation and how that might affect our astronauts for cancer causing? Elements here that's breakthrough. So that's how we look at you know It's for space that pushes us don't say it's really hard Mars is really far away You know, but why do it because we always have our eyes on what's the dual application? Especially when it comes to the biomedical applications for here on earth, you know They're bold big ambitions, but really the potential for earth and people on earth and so radiation I think is the best example. It's tough. It's challenging, but if we think about it You know what benefit we could have here on earth bone is is the next example Figure out radiation than musculoskeletal for bone. We're already using new pharmaceuticals We've already understand at the cellular level more about You know austere process, of course no one wants to get austere process here But if I put an astronaut up on space station for one month, I have the exact same Condition or loss that you have in one decade here on earth from your 50 when you're 50 years old To your 60 years old so it's the world's greatest laboratory because we've already looked at the biomarkers and The osteocytes osteoblasts and then you know the formation of those cells So I think those are good examples of you know Why space why human spaceflight because we're really looking at those type of you know biological But it's all about really again These prevention protection for for life here on earth for millions of people not just a few astronauts Again, we're all astronauts here orbiting our son walking into building forests and Johnson Space Center you suddenly understand that there are thousands or Millions of people around the world working to keep these Seven astronauts in space. Maybe there are 11 now because the x3 was launched 10 hours ago in Chinese I don't know how many how many are in space today, but a few and There are thousands of people are working to keep them alive You you talk from the ISS you talk to Japan Moscow Europe and the US during the briefing and the debriefing every day and One of the toughest things is there's no doctor on board So a big issue is Diagnostics and treatment and a lot of the experiments are related to that We took with us a helmet to to check the brainwaves and see if they change we did a lot of testing before During the mission and after and they didn't disclose the results of my tests yet I can let you know confidentially So the physiology is a big big obstacle for long-term Human space flight Each astronaut for a six month mission Which is a standard mission on space station each after or not this? 250 Experiments just to give you some and if we have seven astronauts up there so you can imagine so that's just how much science We're doing you know on this amazing international space station and just on that point Our company does a lot of the commercial activity on the ISS and the number one constraint I would say in getting experiments done is after not time And after not times invaluable because of their expertise, but that is a constraint for sure That's where I could come in to be a little bit more efficient or co-pilot with us I would say that the NASA astronauts the Russian and the European astronauts national astronauts most of the time they spend on maintaining the platform And that was surprising to me they spend a lot of time the platform is not young While we came up and the AX3 guys who it's a multinational for Swedish Turkish Italian and American Spanish are now will board the ISS tomorrow And they will not deal with maintenance. They will only do education science and what else so it's a very big Difference when you send private astronauts for with a full mission of outreach education and science Working side-by-side with the people who are maintaining the platform Yeah, and that's to the point Dylan mentioned we'll have to de-orbit international space station by 2030 So, you know in the coming years for sure and this is in all of our space stations originally You know you has we had our Skylab missions They were we're just trying to get longer duration, but they went up and they need to come down the mirror as I mentioned the Russian space station Was 13 years in space and it had to be de-orbited and for some of the same the last year on mirror I was an experiment or I had my experiment up But we were just we would just love it when we got science time Because the majority by the end of life of space station the majority of the time was just maintenance all of your you have to Produce all of your oxygen, you know make sure that astronauts have Oxygen and so that's what as as space station ages. We've sent up some new systems, but we have to it's safety first It's always safety first with human space flight and astronauts So we have to make sure that there is a time when we can safely You know have to terminate and international space station and the great thing is by that time We'll have these private space stations the government still gonna invest all the governments But it's the public-private partnership. So the private companies and governments and You know, so it's a it's a wonderful future I think for space low-earth orbit the message is only 400 kilometers up So I encourage you to think of space not as even something special now is for everyone You know outreach education science materials development Manufacturing that I think oceans land air and think of low-earth orbit space as being just part of our ecosystem for in our lifetime Deep space. Yeah deep space to the moon and Mars. That's something else This is such an interesting conversation. I think the all the audience we are all just listening very carefully But I want to open up for questions. I'm sure there must be a lot So, oh there we have one in the back I'm really thrilled to be here Because I cross paths with David All right In the late 80s at MIT. I was a postdoc and you're a graduate student and everybody's eyes were on you She did accept exceptional things throughout her career. Wonderful to see you I Used to work as a space scientist for a brief while Recently, I should have seen it when it came out, but I saw it more recently movie called the Martian So my question to you is how far are we realistically and you're not fiction writers? Okay, how far are we from the technology that is made shown in the Martian? Thank you So, um, thank you. So like so we're we're far along the way We can't go to Mars tomorrow for a human mission, you know We've been on Mars for 50 years with our rovers and robots So we are on Mars. We're learning but human spaceflight again is a different proposition. So I think we're only a decade away Yeah, it's always a decade, but what do we need to do to get to Mars? We need to go to the moon first. We have first we needed a heavy lift launch So Artemis missions now space launch system We haven't had that since Saturn 5 and now SpaceX is coming and Blue Origin So we're gonna have three providers of heavy lifts. So that's the number one, you know issue We need for deep space moon and Mars. So check we're getting there. So we have to keep our astronauts alive We need new spacesuits You know, we have to they're not going there to sit in the habitat They're going there to work. So we really have to work on the life support systems the spacesuits as well and We and then keeping them healthy and well that gets to more of the radiation and balance, but that's it You know, so launch we're getting close the heavy lift launch capability Keeping them very healthy and safe and then again. We are looking for life when we go to Mars We're looking for life or past life. So the moon missions coming soon I hope we only go, you know, spend a decade on the moon getting, you know, really buying down those technology trades So that's what you know, a decade on the moon to you know, there's no life on the moon But looking at that technology. So those are really the technologies We need to think about and don't forget about the human we started this discussion with human well-being We make have to make sure that the team is working and functioning well together. So we're close it's it's just I think it's just will and vision and focus of purpose to do a global international March mission and then we can then we can do it We can succeed for sure Do we have another question? Yes Hi, great listening to you, especially as an Scientist and training and I want to ask How could international collaboration be increased? I mean you had to you said we are all in the same house We are on spaceship earth, but we do squabble sometimes and on the ISS not everyone's partaking Especially what I'm thinking about right now is China and India both of them are developing space nations But as far as I know, they're not passive participating How could that be increased and I would guess that them joining would help the international effort? I Can I can take a stab at that? I think the commercial Sector has a lot to do with this as well. So one way we can collaborate is more standards If we had more standards around designing hardware in space I'm thinking now space debris Which we have a space debris issue and the ability to de-orbit satellites for para satellites grapple with satellites I think that would make a big difference Andreas and others at the forum Are providing leadership for the commercial sector on this and we're having conversations on this I think that can be helpful with respect to the geopolitics I Think where we're headed. We're probably already there right now our two different ecosystems One would be a Western led ecosystem exemplified by the ISS That's growing at the UN level. I believe there were 20 space agencies registered four or five years ago now That's 90. It's my understanding. There's 90 space agencies. So a lot of countries have ambition and resources and Wherewithal and capability perhaps to to go deeper into space So you have the Western led ecosystem and then you have a Chinese led Ecosystem I think of it as sort of Apple and Android similar Operating dynamic, but different platforms. I think what Will play out over the next four or five years are these countries that have space ambition in the Gulf States India and others Which platform they're going to migrate to? Realistically, I don't think you can have your foot in both camps. I don't think it's Practical from an economic standpoint. So I think that will play out over time Ideally, you would unify Apple and Android down the road and that would be I think everyone's dream But realistically, I think we're gonna have this dual platform for for a period of time I will add to that that on board the ISS. We were Russians Americans Europeans Asian and The corporation was amazing Each astronaut is expected to be independent in his work But still needs the assistance of the others especially on the first two three days that you arrived there Corporation is amazing the flying across Borders on the ISS is free On the American module There's only one toilet when that breaks out down you float at night to the Russian section and There's no no issue about that Corporation corporation is amazing I'll tell you that I took along with me a 3d module of the world peace bell it was donated by the Russian by the Japanese after the Second World War to the United Nations and it's actually installed in the garden of the United Nations and The Secretary General rings it every 21st of September, which is the International Day of Peace I took a 3d module of the of the International Peacebell and the world peace bell and I left it on board So every 21st of September, I hope the astronauts ring it And I want to just point out, you know, I'm a people even soft diplomacy There's nothing I'd like to see more than unification and global peaceful uses of outer space Dylan mentioned at the UN That's what our committee is. You know peaceful uses of outer space. We can get this right Historically remember Apollo Soyuz at the height of the Cold War there was one handshake one handshake in space With a Soviet and an American astronaut They became famous friends their families are the best friends in the world because we're all people And I think we all love each other and want to work this out so soft diplomacy So I really hope that we can you know shake hands and peace standardization if there's two platforms and private platforms and government platforms That's what's coming and we if we design to standardization Then guess what I can dock to your station We can dock here and we can work out that we can all be living hopefully peaceful, but it's our choice and There's a lot of policy that would have to be and law actually that would have to be engaged to make that happen But I mean idealistic and we have a chance and we have a chance to to get this right Culture and traditions are incredibly effective and there's a tradition on the ISS that every Saturday night There's a Saturday night movie we together dinner and there's a Saturday night movie now who chooses it So first Saturday night the right the Americans chose a wonderful film called Princess Bride So good imagine 11 astronauts in a small space watching that laughing Second Saturday night the Russians chose a movie called. I'm sure you haven't seen it salute seven It's about a Russian space station falling apart. That's really surreal. You know sitting there And you have dinners on Friday night Community dinners everyone gets together for a community dinner because you're really really really busy up there You're working might not see each other all day So it's very nice to come together again for a meal around the table You can't stay a long time in one space because then you use up the oxygen and It's not enough ventilation But if 11 of us had dinner together gathered around a very small one meter by one meter table So it'll be five six Straight up and five or six upside down Thank you very much for the discussion we are just have two minutes left So unfortunately no more time for questions, but I would love to hear Inspiring message from from you to the audience very quick, but let's start with David. Okay, so a space for all I mean, that's what I stand for is global international Cooperation let's be the best that we can be and give all of our kids You know that that aspiration that we can we can figure this out looking down on earth We have to live together peacefully. I think we have to take care of the planet first and first and foremost So the hope that we can all come together reflect celebrate All of our similarities and that were humanity and humanity wants to get this right how we can live peacefully here on Earth so I'd bring a message of openness and peace and for into that international and global cooperation Yeah, well said by Dave. I would just add to that, you know space is the place right? We're all space fans That's why you're in the audience So I'd like to deputize everybody to go out there and spread the word, you know space is a tool for transformation We go to space to benefit earth spaces the grand unifier spaces our future as a species and It's a blank canvas right we can imagine humanity 2.0 on this blank canvas and as David said it's up to us It's up to the people in this room. So go out there spread the message and space is the place. Don't forget Agreed We have to protect our atmosphere because from there you see how fragile it is and If we don't protect it will turn into Mars and then those who did reach Mars will have to find a way how to come here Thank you so much. This has been such an inspiring panel I wish we had all day because honestly, it's so many more questions. I would love to ask you but I think the overall message is that Space in space collaboration always happens, you know, even during the Cold War like Dave. I was saying in space there was collaboration and There is so many possibilities so many opportunities for breakthroughs in science and technology through space exploration So, please give a round of applause to our panelists. Thank you very and thank you all very much