 Asalaamu alaikum students, welcome to virtual university. In today's lesson, we are going to talk about prefixes. It is a lesson, it is a continuation of our previous lesson of word formation. Under word formation, you have done suffixes, today we are going to look at prefixes, the part that comes at the beginning of words. You have seen how words can be formed by looking at suffixes, the end part. In today's lesson, we are going to look at some other ways, such as looking at the beginning of a word and the beginning part is called the prefix. We will look at the prefixes and the stem word, the stem or the base word and after that we will look at some synonyms and antonyms, words that are similar in meaning and opposite in meaning, so that along with developing your reading skill, we will be developing your vocabulary as well. Now, a prefix is a letter, a group of letters that is added to the beginning of a stem or the base of a word. In the word untrue, the prefix is un, the letters un and the base or the stem word is true. Now, sometimes words that are unfamiliar to you consist of a stem word that you know and an added prefix. You are familiar with the stem, but you are not familiar with the bit that comes in front. For instance, take this word, I will read it out to you in a sentence and see if you are familiar with it. We were shocked to learn of the illimitability of the dictator's power. Now in this sentence, the word illimitability, it is quite a tongue twister, is a word that does not often appear in print. It may be unfamiliar to you, however, you can look at its stem word and the stem word in that word is limit. You are familiar with the stem word which is limit, but with the prefix added to it you had problems. Now, if you also know that the prefix ill i l which was added to limit means not. You should be able to determine that illimitability refers to that which has no limits or restriction. The sentence means that we were shocked to learn that there is no limit to the dictator's power. Now you will look at a list of words in which adapt is the stem or the base word. If this word, the word adapt is preceded by a prefix. You can make 24 additional words. Take the word adapt. If you add the word non to it, it will become non-adaptational, non-adaptive, non-adaptive, adapter. You add, if you add pre, the prefix pre, the word will become pre-adapt. It can be made into another word, pre-adaptable, pre-adaptation. Now, if you add the letters re, you can make another set of words. Pre-adaptable, re-adaptability, re-adaptation, re-adaptive, re-adaptiveness. Now, we look at another set of words with the same stem word adapt, but a different prefix. The prefix un, you get words like unadaptable, unadaptableness, unadaptive, unadaptiveness and unadaptability. Now, you have noticed how many words were created by adding prefix. If you know the base word, the stem, the meaning of the prefixes will help you find the meaning of the word. Now, I am going to, we look at around 25 prefixes. If you know the meanings of these prefixes, you would not have example, you will not have any problems with finding the meanings of the words. For instance, the first prefix un, you, n, it means not, no, it is always in the negative. For instance, the word unhappy, unhappy means not happy. In the same way, the prefix non, it again means not, no in the negative, non-living, take the word non-living, the word non-living means not living. In the same way, the prefix dis, it means not, no in the negative. To distrust, the word distrust means not to trust. In the same way, you have in, the prefix in, not, no, that is the meaning, indirect. The word indirect would mean not direct. The prefix pre, pre, pre, pre, pre, pre, pre, pre, pre, pre, pre, pre, pre, pre, pre, pre, the word pre-war means before the war. You have the word post, P-O-S-T post. It means after, in words like post-war, that is a post-war phenomenon. The word post-war means after a war, right? Then we have the word anti, A-N-T-I, the prefix anti. It means opposing in the opposite. There were anti-war demonstrations in Lahore, anti-war, anti means against the war, opposing war. In the same way, you have got another prefix pro, P-R-O, which means favoring or towards something. You have the phrase pro-war, which means favoring war, towards war. Then you have another prefix inter, I-N-T-E-R, which means between. The word interstate, intercity, intercity bus route. They have intercity plans. It means between the cities, interstate. It means between the states. And you have another prefix hyper, H-Y-P-E-R, which means anything in excess, excessively. For instance, you say these kids are hyperactive. It means that they are excessively active, prefix mal, M-A-L, you come across this prefix many times. And it means bad or badly. You come across word like malnutrition. It means nutrition, which is not good, which is bad. Take the prefix miss, which means incorrect. You are familiar with the word misspell, mistake. Misspell means spelt incorrectly. In the same way, the prefix pseudo, it is spelt P-S-E-U-D-O, which means false or falsely. And you are familiar with the word pseudonym, which means a false name. The word pseudoscience, meaning a false science. The prefix semi, S-E-M-I, the Americans pronounce it as S-E-M-I, it means partly. You have the word semi-public, it means partly public. The word semicircle, it means not a full circle. And then you have the prefix R-E, which means again. And the word rewrite, it means to write again. Now we will make sentences where you will explain the meaning of the prefix. There will be a sentence with a word that is in bold type. You will explain the meaning of that word in bold type, which has a prefix. And in the sentence underneath the first sentence, you will write the meaning of the prefix. Take the first sentence, hermits are a social people. Now you know that A means not. So a social people means they are people who are not social. Take the second sentence, the child's hyperactivity is alarming. And you have to define the word hyperactivity. Hyper means the child is excessively active. The third sentence, outer space is illimitable. So how would you define the word illimitable? You would define it as there is no limit to outer space. The fourth sentence, the castle was impenetrable to ancient armies. The castle was impenetrable to ancient armies. If you didn't know the meaning of this word, but you know the meaning of penetrate. The addition of the prefix in will make this word not penetrate, penetrable. So it would mean ancient armies could not penetrate into the castle. Number five, we took an intercontinental flight. Number two, we took a flight which was between different continents or across different continents. Number six, the fire did irreparable damage to the house, irreparable that which cannot be repaired. So you would say they could not repair the damage to the house. Number seven, did he make a mal-adjustment to marriage? Did he make a mal-adjustment to marriage? You know the word adjustment, adjust, adjustment, mal-adjustment would mean did he not adjust to marriage? Number eight, the story is pseudo-biographical meaning that it is not a true biography. It is a false biography. Number nine, the patient is semi-conscious or as the Americans would say the patient is semi-conscious which means this patient is not fully conscious. And number ten, some thoughts are unutterable, some thoughts are unutterable which means that some thoughts one cannot utter. Let us now look at some more prefixes, the usual meaning and how they change the meanings of English words. These prefixes will make words which are related to computers. And now we will look at prefixes from the point of view of location, time and order, size and whether they are negative or positive. On your screen you will see a table and on that table these categories have been written down. For the negative you have got unknown in this re, we have just gone through them. Then for size you have got semi-mini, micro, you are familiar with semi, we did it in the last exercise. Now mini, M-I-N-I that is a prefix which denotes size, micro is also a prefix which denotes size. So if these two prefixes are attached to a word, to a base you would know at once that it is something that is small, something that is related in size, a smaller size. In the same way you have got prefixes related with location and you have prefixes like inter, super, trans, x, extra, mid, they are all prefixes that are related to location. Then you have got prefixes related with time and order like pre which comes before, this is a-n-t-e not a-n-t-i which is the opposite, here n-t means something that comes before like an n-t chamber, a chamber, a room that comes before the main room, 4, f-o-r-e, 4, forecast you have got the word post which means which is related with time and with order. Next you have got number and you have prefixes like mono, you have got prefixes like y, you have got hex, oct, O-C-T oct and then you have got prefixes like multi or the Americans would say multi, you will see that some of these prefixes are negative in their meaning you will see that there are some that are not negative, but positive, n-n-n-n-m-l-l-r-none these are all words that we have gone through, all prefixes that we have gone through. Let us look at a few positive parts such as re, r-e-re which means which is in the positive sense to do again for instance in the word reorganize that is you are do it again you organize another time, the word over which means too much like overheat which means that you heat too much, you heat up something too much alright these were negative and positive prefixes let us look at prefixes of size semi which means half or partly like a semi conductor, equi which means equal equidistant, maxi which means big, maxi computer, micro which means small, micro computer, mini which means little the two prefixes macro and mega they both mean large, you have them in words like macro economics, the word megabyte both meaning large. Then we have prefixes of location inter super you are familiar with these we have the prefix trans which means across for instance in the word transmit the word transfer and then you have the word x which means cut, cut out, out, exclude the word exclude the word extrinsic meaning out not part of it outside you put the prefix extra which means beyond like the word extraterrestrial those creatures from outer space the word extraordinary beyond the ordinary you have got the prefix sub which means under like sub schema you have got the prefix infra which means below below like infra red not red exactly red but infra red you have got the prefix terry which means around in the word peripheral right and then you have got prefixes of time and order you have the word anti anti anti and pre they both mean the same thing such as before as I said earlier antecedent something that comes before something that has happened earlier then you have got the word prefix again something that has come earlier then you have got the word prime which means first in the word primary in the word primitive something that came very early you have got the word the prefix post which means after like post dated a post dated check and you have the prefix retro retro meaning backward retroactive some would say retroactive right and we have prefixes of number and you have prefixes like semi which means half mono which means one monochromatic you have by meaning to and the word is binary you have try meaning three in the word triangle or tripod quad meaning for quadrangle penta meaning five pentagon that famous building in Washington and then you have got x which means six hexa hexadecimal and you have got set which means seven right and you have the word oct which means eight octal then you have the prefix des which means then ten decimal and then you have multi meaning many multiprogramming multiplexer and there are other prefixes besides that we have just gone through prefixes like pro which means for auto meaning self automatic the word co meaning going together coordinate new meaning new you might come across words like neoclassical and then pan which means all for instance you might have you might come across the word pan Islamic meaning dealing with all Islamic country we will try to find out what the prefixes mean in a few sentences you will find sentences on your screen and these sentences unlike the earlier ones are related with computers with your field take the first sentence non-impact printers are inexpensive and silent now in this sentence pick out the prefixes I will read this out again non-impact printers are inexpensive and silent obviously the word the prefix non is the first one and the other one is in non-impact the prefix non that is the prefix and then in the word inexpensive it is in sentence number two tape marks tape marks are un-magnetized reflective strips stuck onto the tape tape marks are un-magnetized reflective strips stuck onto the tape and it is the prefix on in the word un-magnetized and the prefix re in reflective sentence number three the octal and the hexadecimal systems are number systems used as a form of shorthand in reading group of four binary digits the prefix octal and hexadecimal systems are number systems used as a form of shorthand in reading groups of four binary digits it is the prefix oct the prefix hex and the prefix bi one meaning eight the other meaning two all right and number four sentence number four the internal locations of a computer are called its primary memory the internal locations of a computer are called its primary memory and it is i n in internal and pre-prime in primary number five multi programming is when more than one program can be present at different storage locations of the memory at the same time and there was only one prefix in this sentence and that prefix was multi sentence number six peripheral devices can be either input devices such as card readers or output devices such as printers peripheral devices can be either input devices such as card readers or output devices such as printers the prefixes here were very in the word peripheral and in in the word input and out in the word output sentence number seven the decoder component of the control unit takes the coded instruction and breaks it down into the individual command commands necessary to carry it out the decoder component of the control unit takes the coded instruction and breaks it down into the individual individual commands necessary to carry it out again in this sentence there was only one word which had a prefix to it and it was the word decoder decoder sentence number eight microcomputers are becoming very important in small business applications and it is the word microcomputers and in that word the prefix was micro sentence number nine a tape drive transmits the electromagnetic impulses to the memory of the computer a tape drive transmits the electromagnetic impulses to the memory of the computer two words with prefixes the word transmits in the word transmits it is trance that is the prefix and in the word electromagnetic it is electro and the final sentence sentence number ten semiconductor materials used are used in the making of transistors semiconductor materials are used in the making of transistors and the two words are semiconductor and the other word is transistors you had two prefixes one was semi and the other was trance now we will do another exercise and you will fill in the blanks that you see on your screen a word bank is given you and you choose the correct prefix from that bank and fill in the sentences sentence number one bite means 1 million bites you fill in the first blank out of those 12 words which one is the correct one and that is the prefix auto auto bite means 1 million bites number two dash blank space you have to fill this the first one flexing is when many electrical signals are combined and carried on on only one optical link now this one is very easy because the word flexing so it has to be multi multiplexing is when many electrical signals are combined and carried on only on one optical link sentence number three blocks are separated from each other by marks called dash block gaps now here which prefix would be suitable it has to be there is a clue where it says separated from each other so it is going to be the prefix inter blocks are separated from each other by marks called inter block gaps sentence number four the number system we use in everyday life is the dash blank mull system which has a base of 10 very simple decimal desi because you have been given the clue base of 10 and the word decimal is the correct the prefix desi is the correct prefix number five CRT terminals are very useful dash active devices for use in airline reservations the word would be the prefix would be inter CRT terminals are very useful interactive devices number six some screens are dash blank space chromatic whereas others produce multicolor pictorial graphics it has to be monochromatic mono meaning one color monochromatic while you've got the other word multi number seven the complete description of the logical structure of data is called the schema and the description of the parts the dash blank schema now you have a clue in that sentence and that is you have the word complete description on one side which is called the schema and the description of the parts so it has to be a prefix that would be partly complete the word the word sub it has to be the word the prefix sub so it is sub schema you've got complete schema on the other side and complete description is the schema and parts a description of the parts would be a sub schema number eight the main storage locations of a computer are called it's and part of the word is given you ary the main storage locations are called it's primary storage very easy number nine the small ferrite rings called cores have two states they can be either magnetized or that magnetized it has to be D magnetized the prefix is D and the last sentence the introduction of chips or dash conductor memories made it possible to reduce the size of the computer the introduction of chips or semiconductor memories made it possible to reduce the size of the computer I shall read a paragraph and as you follow it underline the prefixes and complete the table that follows on your slide computers may have a short history but try to their development there were many other ways of doing calculation these calculations were done using devices that that are still used today the slide rule being a perfect example not to mention the 10 fingers of the hands these machines unlike computers are non-electronic and were replaced by faster calculating devices it wasn't until the mid 1940s that the first digital computer was built the post war industrial boom saw the development of computers take shape by the 1960s computers were faster than their predecessors and semiconductors had replaced vacuum tubes only to be replaced in a few years by tiny integrated circuit boards due to micro mini miniaturization in the 1970s these circuits were etched on to wafer thin rectangular pieces of silicon this integrated circuitry is known as a chip and is used in micro computers of all kinds it has been forecasted by the end of this decade exceptionally faster and smaller computers will replace those in use today now we have looked at prefixes thoroughly I shall read another paragraph and as you listen to it and as you read it as well you complete the table at the end and you underline the suffixes now we will review suffixes in case you forgotten them so let us just do an exercise in which what you learnt law in the last lesson shall be reviewed and then after you have underlined the suffixes you complete the table given at the end a computer can solve a series of problems and make hundreds even thousands of logical decisions without becoming tired or bored it can find the solution to a problem in a fraction of the time it takes a human being to do the job a computer can replace people in dull routine tasks but it has no originality it works according to the instructions given to it and cannot exercise any value judgment there are times when a computer seems to operate like a mechanical brain but its achievements are limited by the minds of human being a computer cannot do anything unless a person tells it what to do and gives it the appropriate information but because electric pulses can move at the speed of light a computer can carry out vast numbers of arithmetic logical operations almost instantaneously a person can do everything a computer can do but in many cases that person would be dead long before the job was finished now in this exercise you have to underline the suffixes I shall not tell you which suffixes there are alright now we are going to do an exercise in which your vocabulary an exercise to increase your vocabulary because as a learner as a student of English you must have a large vocabulary and in future in every lesson I shall be giving you a number of words so that by the end of the course you will have built up a large vocabulary now you will you will see on your screen a group of words you will you must encircle the word or expression that is nearly the same in meaning as the words given at the beginning the given in bull type bull face type in the introductory phrase the first one admonish the child the phrase is admonish the child now admonish is a big word you have been given four choices dress teach praise and won out of those four which one do you think is the correct meaning of the word admonish when you admonish the child what do you do do you dress the child do you teach the child do you praise the child or do you want the child the correct word is one when you admonish the child you want the child number two he face a wrong he face this four choices again one is discover to wipe out three hide and four apologize you apologize for something when you face a wrong do you discover do you wipe out do you hide the wrong or do you apologize for a wrong that is been committed or done the correct one is take a minute well at times you might just have to guess but never mind even if your guess is wrong at least you tried the correct one would be number B wipe out he face wipe out you wipe out a wrong you he face a wrong number three a perennial favorite again four choices old fashioned recent temporary or enduring a perennial you have got a hint over there a favorite could it be old fashioned could it be recent temporary no if it's a favorite it could either be an old fashioned or enduring perennial means that which goes on and on and on it's enduring and number four subjugate the enemy subjugate the enemy right four choices torture release kill defeat now the word enemy the choices that you have been given over there they are all related with the word enemy now do you torture your enemy or you release the enemy or you kill him or you defeat him so I think we will not torture or release or kill but we will defeat the enemy so the correct choice would be D defeat subjugate means defeat number five jeer jeer at our efforts now examine examine our efforts reject criticize ridicule now in that phrase you have the word at you can't have examined at our effort examine our effort reject criticize when you jeer at someone you laugh at that person so it has to be ridicule ridicule our efforts number six affirm adherent affirm adherent now could adherent be enemy outside supporter or student I don't think one has ever heard of a student being you know the word adherent being used for a student it has to be supporter affirm supporter affirm adherent and supporter are the same have the same meaning number seven a semblance of order a semblance and your choices are appearance lack result opposite could something be it could it be a lack of order is no the correct one is a appearance and appearance of order number eight and and I rate guests the choices are sociable someone who is agreeable then the other word is welcome a welcome guest talkative you can have a talkative guest and the last one angry it is number D angry and I rate guest is a guest who is angry who is annoyed right it is from the word irritate I rate someone who is annoyed someone who is angry and number nine a brief altercation a brief altercation could it mean a shower rainfall could it mean argument relief statement now notice that the word statement a brief altercation you can have a brief statement you can have a brief relief a brief argument and even a brief shower all four can be used with the word brief a brief altercation means a brief argument right now in today's lesson you looked at prefixes you looked at ordinary examples of prefixes and you looked at examples from computer from your study of computers there were a lot of words taken from your computers and then we had an exercise we did a number of exercises in which we looked at vocabulary and with that we come to the end of today's lesson next time when we meet we shall be looking at major and minor details how to read with comprehension and how to locate major and minor details in a paragraph or in a passage see you next time Allah.