 Hi, I'm Borka. I work for Cognizant and I want to talk to you about Genesis of Things today, and we've developed this together with BigchainDB and RLVE, which is now called Enoji, so you have our three logos up there, and hopefully after this presentation you'll understand why we call it Genesis of Things. So, mainly the topic we're addressing is manufacturing. So the key idea is that the future of manufacturing will be decentralized and we need and it will be built upon the sharing economy. So the vision is we want to create a shared factory in the future. So the problem we're addressing is actually quite a big one. So if you look at the productivity in manufacturing, the problem is that the productivity growth rates have been decreasing for over 30 years. So you can see that here on this graph that for the key countries in Europe and US and Japan, the growth rates overall have been declining. But in the future, you know, we're facing what we call the fourth manufacturing revolution. So in the future, we expect these growth rates to significantly increase again, potentially by 10x, and this is basically driven by some major technology shifts, basically additive manufacturing, so 3D printing, and that's what we're going to talk about today in our solution. That's one of the key drivers. Then we have other aspects like advanced robotics, augmented reality, cyber security, industrial internet, big data simulation. So all the advances in these technologies are going to lead to a significant increase of the manufacturing productivity globally and the opportunity space is is quite huge to which can be addressed here and the consequence of this development is going to be that the manufacturing sector is going to move back from the, so in Asian countries, basically move back home. So we're going to have much more decentralized manufacturing, micro-manufacturing, smaller plants closer to the consumer market. We're going to have much more mass customization, and so multiple products, and much more make-to-order. So this will be the future of manufacturing, and that's the problem really we want to address because this decentralized manufacturing model that we'll see is sort of missing fabric, fabric of trust to exchange information, IP, and products. So that is actually a key issue, especially in the 3D printing sector. So the more specific problems we are addressing are these. So manufacturing today is pretty much a closed shop. So a plant is built within its walls and nobody has access to that. So we want to create an open sourced manufacturing where anybody can borrow a part of a plant, right? So that's one thing. Then we see in manufacturing a huge what we call trust tax. So a huge cost related to controlling the entire supply chain like good manufacturing practices, having standards, having certified processes, and then also having certified products that come out at the end of the pipeline. So there's a huge cost related to creating that trust for the end customer to trust the quality of the product. Then we have another big problem which is supply chain transparency. So that's not a given today. There's a lot of fraud in the supply chains. There's a lack of proof of authenticity of the product and proof of ownership and also resource usage is suboptimal because of the lack of the transparency in the supply chain. And we have another big issue apparently which is IP protection. So a lot of manufacturing companies keep the IP within their walls and treat them as their crown jewels and and take care that nobody has access to the IP which is an issue because it prevents knowledge and knowledge capital from really scaling up globally. And that's one thing that our solution is going to address. So what is Genesis of Things? It's basically trusted encrypted open platform for the entire 3D printing supply chain. So we address this whole manufacturing space first with 3D printing only. So we cover the entire supply chain from ordering the material printing the product and then shipping it back out and the complex part of the supply chain is really the 3D printing process. So generating the IP of how to print the product because just having a design doesn't mean you can actually print it. The question is how do you actually print a design? How do you create the print parameters of printing something that works that has material properties that make a good product and and that's the IP in the whole 3D printing supply chain. So how do you print that and and and that's something that needs to be protected? At the same time it needs to scale. So you want to monetize your your digital value, which lies in these print parameters globally and scale that up. So that's a bit of a contradiction. You want to protect the IP at the same time. You want to scale it up and that's where a blockchain solution is an ideal solution. Then another thing we're addressing is the what we call the digital product memory. So we say every product has a story. So from from cradle to grave where was it created? What material were used in the product? Where did the materials come from? What country, good country, bad country? So then how was the product produced? What are the specifications? You know, what are the what's the quality data that went into product and then the ownership and then also you can add what warranty-related information but also social information that give life to a product. For example the designers, I'll show you some examples of the digital product memory. So so basically the digital product memory will provide an authentic record about the product authenticity. So authentic because it's on the immutable, it's on the blockchain and authenticity of the product. So so basically in Genesis of Things we connect some key parties in the supply chain. So the customers of 3D printed products with designers and with 3D printing services providers. So these are the key parties that we connect together in this process. So again on the solution, as I mentioned, trusted encrypted platform, the idea is that the print file that includes the print parameters which are basically the crown jewels will sort of wrap a smart contract around that and it will become the business. So it can globally scale and be monetized on the global level. At the same time the IP of that file will stay connected and we will make sure that end-to-end encryption is there. So we're even looking at a solution, a hardware solution based on Intel to put the print file on a trusted enclave on a hardware chip on the 3D printer. Digital product memory and talked about that. This is basically providing the proof of authenticity. Another function is crypto payments and escrow function in the whole process. So basically the payment for the product will get released only once it is printed and shipped out and in the meantime the amount is on the blockchain in the escrow function. Then another thing is the royalty accounting. So we enable even smaller designers to post their designs and get potentially micro royalties for their designs over the over the blockchain. So that's another thing we enable. So we've started to get some lead users acquainted to this idea. So we have spoken to some fairly significant industrial companies about this and they've sort of validated that, you know, this does address a big problem in the industry and we've actually raised a lot of interest with some of these major companies. Most of them are German actually when there's manufacturing. I'm German. Okay, so this is how it works basically. Again, we have the blockchain solution as the underlying fabric or the almost like the middleware on which all the actors interact. So we have the customers who order, select and order a product. We have the designers who would put their product on the blockchain. We have material providers, of course, who provide the different types of materials for the 3D printing. And we have logistics providers also. So the next wave, we'll look at the whole supply chain of also looking at telematics, integrating that and integrating the logistics providers as well. And then of course we have the 3D, the micro factory or the shared factory with the 3D printers and the product coming out basically, right? And here this is sort of based on smart contracts for user configured orders. We have the encrypted design and the micro royalty payments to the designers there as part of the solution. So a little bit of technology here. So this is basically the platforms we're using. It's based on Ethereum. We have, we're working with big chain DB where we put our digital product memory. We're also using IPFS and have it on the Azure cloud front-end developed by Angular. Miss Anything, Intel Gateway. We have, okay, QR code printer and we have NFC tags by Ritalin Code and that's the next part of the presentation going to be done by Alvaro's, which is also a key component of the solution. So this is an open innovation project and we, I think we really benefited from talking to and involving a lot of really innovative companies in this. So Cognizant and RWE is now called EnoG. Big chain DB as mentioned, very good technology. And then EOS is a world-leading 3D printer company. So they are the guys who actually, on their printers, the for example, the fuel nozzles for GE are printed. So it's one of the few companies who can actually produce printers that create sort of industrial-grade products in steel, but they also have other printers. There are others, so we'll get other, potentially other 3D printer companies on boarded on this as well. We're working with Intel to provide sort of look at the entrant encryption up to the printer with the on the trusset and clave. Ritalin Code. So a little much more about that. And then we have also connected some companies in the 3D printing services world. So 3D or Mind, who have a solution for an enabling 3D printing and MakerZone, also sort of a 3D printing ecosystem company that we're working with to develop basically the business case and the business. So we have a working prototype for this. Also, we were at DEF CON a couple of weeks ago in Shanghai. Unfortunately, we didn't get into the main event, but we talked to a lot of people and presented our solution there. So it's out there. You can actually look at it at genesisofthings.com. Can't do much with it because you don't have the user credentials. But yeah, so the plan is really to take this MVP and we've been testing it with our extreme users and we'll we'll develop feature complete product in the next four months for this. Now a little bit on the digital product memory, which I already explained. And this is really important for the manufacturing industry to provide the trust. So you know you need to, so if the manufacturing industry has transparency about the entire production process, about the materials that went into the process, about the quality, the sensor data of how the product was produced, the logistical information also is important. Then you can really drive change into the entire manufacturing sector. If you have that for, imagine having that for all the products in one area, you have a wealth of information to optimize the production process and to optimize products themselves as well. So that's really important for the manufacturing industry and what we call industry 4.0 with different context information that's being gathered, location-based services and linking different assets. So the idea of having this digital product memory has been out there for probably six or seven years and it's the core concept of industry 4.0 to really drive smart automation in manufacturing, but sort of at that time when, so this was sort of created by a guy called Professor Wadste, German University and but then the blockchain was not there and so having this on a blockchain on an immutable record to completely change the game and functionality of having a digital product memory. So here's an example. So we developed this and this is actually the digital product memory of these small cufflinks that we actually printed on EOS printers. So over our solution they were ordered and then printed at EOS. They're printed in titanium and they have a unique ID and it comes with a QR code so you can scan that in and then you can prove authenticity of this and you can see so this is one piece of information. So who's who's the owner? Actually, that's Kastin from RWE who couldn't be here tonight and more information on there. I think I have a couple more. Yeah, so so for example who are the designers? These are actually the real designers of this sort of dice has the Ethereum logo on it. Where was it printed and for example of where how was it shipped? What did the logistics for this piece look like? So we've actually done that, realized that for for this cufflink and I thought it's sort of an interesting example of really how to digitally represent the physical world and we've created a solution that you can actually touch and hold in your hands. You guys gave me number 47. Right, I don't know what number this is but 47 is pretty good. Keep it. Price will go up. Our business model. So we want to create this ecosystem, this fabric for 3D printing as an open platform. So we want to have traffic on it. We want people to join in and the idea is to have bolt-on business models on top of that which we will monetize. So there is some examples are here so you can have services based on this for the proof of printability. So that's an important concept that you know as I said in the beginning having a good design doesn't mean it's printable or doesn't mean it's it's printable in a way that the product actually works. So you need to provide in your offer of offering a product that's printable. You need to provide a proof of printability and there are service companies who already do that and provide that to different levels. So that could be one idea of a sort of a bolt-on service on this platform. Print parameter optimization also. So there are already companies that take 3D printed products, scan them in so you can scan the geometry of the product. You can also do a computer tomography and get into the inside. But you can optimize these parameters and actually print a better product of the scan. So there are people who do that. That's pretty interesting. And then digital product. So certification is a really big thing in 3D printing and in manufacturing. Apparently you need to print certified products by certain industry regulators. Okay, the digital product memory I talked about that. Then we could have industry specific solutions and we can also put trade finance on top of this. So trade finance and factory. So these are just some ideas of bolt-on business models that we would use. Yeah, and as I showed you it's a reality. Yeah, and and that's it. My name is Alvaro Mier. I am a CEO at Ritaland Code and oh, sorry. Yes, and in this presentation I will try to explain you why we do what we do and obviously how we do it. So at Ritaland Code we see that there is a problem of identification and authentication of both people and objects. And this problem has gone even bigger since, you know, things have become smart and now they talk to each other and they make decisions of an on their own. You can give you a lot of examples like eHealth sensors, IoT devices, wearables, high-frequency trading, etc. So from our perspective all these devices they have become now like full active members of our society. And we believe that there is a need of a platform for digital governance and policies to make this new society sustainable. So we believe that the blockchain is the solution for this and but we have witnessed also that in the past few years that there is a lot of companies that are trying to safely store digital records on the blockchain that most of the times they refer to physical objects, objects on the real world and how they bridge these two worlds together is not well resolved. There are many companies that are using QR codes, pop codes, tagging systems, NFC chips and as you know all of these systems, they are easily compromisable in one way or another. You can take a QR code and just peel it off and place it in another product. You can just read information stored into an NFC chip and and so on, okay? So at Whittle and Code what we have done is we have we have invested the past three years in creating an unbreakable link between the blockchain and the physical world, the real world. So basically we have developed what I was talking at the beginning, this platform for digital governance and policies and in this environment you can be assured that the product you buy is from the expected provenance, the IOT device is behaving according to the expected rules and your personal data is used according to your own interests. And to do so we have developed what we call the TACTOC, which is an active tagging and token system working like a micro blockchain processor. The word TACTOC derives from the combination of TAC and token and just simply put together, straight to the point and it's a double hardware authentication and identification system which allows anyone to prove provenance, ownership and contract fulfilment. So in one side, one second, here's the TACTOC. It's not a white paper. It's not a PowerPoint. It's a real product or already produced and so this will get embedded. You see it's flexible board. I will talk about the properties of this later on and this gets embedded into any physical object and when I mean embedded, it's under the layers. It could be cotton, leather, wood, wherever it might be or it can get easily attached to it. You can easily glue it to it. So if someone tries to peel it off, the antenna will break and next time the TACTOC gets activated, it will get destroyed. We don't store information or reference into the TACTOC. As I said, it's an active tagging and token system. So I talked about the TAC and we also have the token and the token is also, we call it sometimes like the AMULET. So it's meant that anyone can carry it around and only with the TAC and the token they get together physical contact. They run a cryptographic process, the so-called challenge response mechanism, which is on real-time, it sends a string message which has to be signed by the private keys of the TAC and the token. So if you have a product which has the TAC and you have the token, you can easily prove that provenance of the product, you can prove that you are the rightful owner and you can also have access to the extended services. Or let me put it in another way. If you have a product which doesn't have the TAC or you don't have the token, it's because it's a fake one, it's not an authentic one, or it's because you are not a legitimate owner. And so this system makes it super secure. It's a totally new way to build identity systems and it represents the physical objects in a unique way in the digital space. Regarding, well, something that is very important also is that in this TAC token, I mean, we are capable to embed into the product itself a smart contract and this makes it makes them very convenient. This mainly, I mean any company which uses TAC token to secure its product, it also allows to enrich them out also because they can carry on relevant contracts. And this makes a lot of benefit not only for industrial partners, but also to the final customer. So let me give you a couple examples. You can embed into a watch itself, for example, the right to have a free service a year, or in a work piece of art, when the ownership has to change from one person to another, or for example, in an eHealth sensor, who is the one who is allowed to read your information. And regarding, just now going a little bit more into the physical properties and the technical properties, TAC TOC is the world first open source blockchain agnostic and are doing environment compatible tagging system. This means that we use any blockchain, it can be Ethereum, Bitcoin, wherever it might be. It's open source because we know that only open sourcing can make this technology big and we plan to open source this technology in three, four weeks and we will be capable to release this and sell it through a platform. And we are Arduino environment compatible. So you will be capable to use Arduino to control and do a lot of cryptographic crazy stuff. So this means that, for example, you could use, I mean, this itself, for example, to encrypt at the crypt messages from your daily used apps and this encryption and the encryption happens off the bus. So only the person who gets the key can have access to the message. Or you can use it as a key to, for example, to access to your computer or wherever it might be. I mean, I'm sure that there will be a lot of ideas. And so here's a list of another properties that the product has and I would like to point out three of them. The first of them is that we work with like an energy harvesting system. We don't use battery. This means that we work like through induction and it gets power enough to power sensors, for example. And on the other side, we are PKI is a public key infrastructure compatible with NFC. This is very convenient for the industry. And finally, the private key is kept private. So the initial interchange of the keys. Because when provisioning, I mean, the key, the private key is only known to the hardware. It's not even known to us to read and code. So when the hardware is provisioned, this is then the first time when the crypto chip is initiated. And so we we use this for signatures. And so I'm going to show you an example here, a video. And this is a I'm going to show you a CPU. This is a CPU. And you're going to see a test of the Arduino compatible driver controlling the crypto chip. And also how the crypto chip it's able to write provisioning data into the onboard NFC. It's a little bit homemade. Sorry for the quality. So you have detected there. That's it. This is all the technical guys gave me. And so as you can imagine, this has multiple applications and they can use as anti counterfeit solution for the luxury market for any product that you want to protect. It can be used as a know your machine for the industry. It can secure your personal data. As I said at the beginning, you can have private conversations. I mean, not anonymous, but private conversations. And you can innovate in the business in development. For example, you can use the talk to attack a vault where you put, for example, minor metals, gold or whatever. And you can sign signed it and introduce the information into the blockchain and then create the certificates and exchange them with whoever you want to and with of any value. And regarding the project, we are developing with our partners here, Cognizant and RWE. Obviously our product will get, I mean, the idea is that our product will get embedded into all the products or most of the products that they will get printed with the 3D printers. And so we provide this digital product memory. I mean, we are capable to ensure that the product is being produced in one place and there is with a certain and a certain circumstances on the certain specifications and and and also to prove the the the ownership and in case so to access extended services. And so maybe how this works. I mean, before manufacturing any product, we will deliver our tactics to the manufacturers, to the 3D printers and we then create a multi one multi-signature blockchain ID entry for that tactic, combining the producer, producer ID, the ownership ID and the product ID. Afterwards, I mean, when the customer gets the product, they will get a token also together with it so they can hold it themselves. And and anytime they want the I mean, having the product with a embedded tag and the token, they can prove the the authenticity of the product that they are legitimate owner and access to customer services. And that's it from my side. Thank you very much. Two questions, Damien, I've got one question for you. It's around quality control. Yeah, so I don't know how we embed that into the process. Quality control, product quality control. So when the product is printed, how do you control the quality of the quality controls during the manufacturing process? You have sensors that are monitoring the manufacturing process, right? And create data about how the manufacturing process is being executed. So that data will go on the digital product memory on the blockchain, basically. So that's trusted data that's coming directly from those QA devices, right? And from the source. So whoever buys the product will have the original data of those quality devices that monitor the manufacturing process of that specific product. You'll have that, you will know exactly whether, you know, there's any tolerances and so forth. So it's important for industrial products, apparently, high-tech. But also, I mean, you can it's also important for for consumer products in the end, right, potentially. So we're looking at the industrial products at first. And the other question was around the fantastic product that you've created. But I was just wondering what is the what is the environment cost of this type of product? You know, what's the cost of the product? Not the cost, the monetary cost, but in term of producing that at a large scale. What would it cost to produce it for any any product? You know, what is it sustainable? Is it something that you can do? Yes, I mean, the price for this, you mean to produce it in a scale, right? No, the price for the planet. For them? The price for the environment. For the recycling. Recycling? Yeah, yeah. If you make billions of them. OK. And... They don't break. You don't need to recycle them. Yes, I mean, I'm not sure I got the question right. So this is this can be embedded. This is flexible. This is also breakable. And if you get I mean, if this breaks, you just get a new one, like, like, like, for example, I didn't get the green factor, the green environmental factor, how we call it. Ecology. If you make billions of them, what's your life cycle? Can you recycle it? Recycling. Oh, OK. I haven't thought about this. Sorry. Sorry. I haven't thought about this. Recycling. Recycling. I mean, is it environmentally safe? How do you... Hello. I had a question for the shared factory. Yeah. The question is, like, nowadays, I think, we live in a consumer world where the producers of any product, they try to reduce their cost as much as possible. Like, look at Primark, like, people, like, go there a lot because products are cheap. The question is, how would you motivate all, like, producers to use that technology because it costs money, right, to put these trackers all over the place and also to make shared factories, I don't really think it would make it cheaper to produce the product because now you just put a factory in China. So how do you think this technology will grow, whether the financial, like, motivation for companies? Right. So this will reduce the manufacturing cost. So, I mean, this is related to the fourth revolution, or revolution of manufacturing will significantly reduce the manufacturing cost because of those new technologies, like 3D printing. For example, for the 3D printing of a fuel nozzle is four times more productive than producing it conservatively, right, with, basically, you need 20 parts to build a fuel nozzle if you do it without 3D printing. And 3D printing is just one part. So productivity goes up significantly and at significantly lower cost. And all the other factors that drive the fourth manufacturing revolution, right, like big data, the industrial internet and so forth will also drive down the prices. So we'll see significantly lower cost and then also we'll see significantly more participants in the whole manufacturing ecosystem. We'll see small companies. We'll see individuals who create their own micro factories with one sort of fabricator built by themselves that can connect to this ecosystem and fabricate products and sell it to the market. So it's all going to increase transparency of cost and pricing and increase competition and will lead to significantly lower cost in manufacturing, actually. Hi. So I have a question for Genesis of Things. On the cufflinks, it's my ignorance of how 3D printing works, but if you print, say, a billion cufflinks, how do you tell each one apart? Like, are they not all exactly the same if they've been 3D printed? Well, I mean, it's sort of, yeah, sort of hard to put a unique identifier on a million. So for the parts we printed, for the showcase, which is about 100, there's a unique identifier on here. There's a binary number here on the side, but the idea is to have a unique code on the code from Ritalin Code that we would put on products where you can fit it on, right? I mean, it's sort of difficult. There are ideas of how you can print a unique code into the 3D printed structure. That is machine readable. So there's some research going on where we sort of read variation in the print parameters with a scanner. So that's pretty innovative and that's possible in the future. So we'll be able to have a unique ID for every single product. That's the idea. So a couple of questions. One is around... My understanding is it allows you to essentially look at provenance, right, of where it comes from and so on and so forth. For it to be legally mandated, you know, X, Y, Z is actually this product. You need, for example, a standards body which recognizes that these are the parameters which define this object. So in your example, who do you see as the standards body? Are there ones which are already set up for the 3D printing industry and which will essentially mandate that, you know, for example, if someone tries to replicate and it doesn't match that identity, they can then go to the standards body and say that, you know, this is not working. So is this actually a valid product or not? The other question is, in terms of adoption rate, how quickly do you think, especially in the areas or the country that you've worked in, this technology being adopted by the wider set of companies? Our platform or 3D printing? The platform. I mean, it's a good question. We're trying to, working on that, apparently to see how much, how the business model can evolve. But we have received really good feedback from our, sort of, first users, some of the names you've seen and I think if they adopted, and those are big companies, then we'll see a lot of other companies following because these are sort of flagship users, but we also think that this is going to be a solution for the mid-markets, so not only the big industrial companies who would potentially want to create their own ecosystem and not sort of put it on a wide basis of participation because they still believe they should protect their IP. So, but there's a good mid-market of innovative technical engineering companies that will want to adopt this, we've tested it with smaller companies also. So I think the adoption rate should be, you know, I think in three years, we'll have probably, well, I don't want to say, mentioning numbers, but I think we'll have a pretty good adoption rate within three years if we have some early leaders who adopted, we'll have a lot of followers, yeah. And I didn't quite get the question, so you, these, so how do you prove that a product is... So for example, I think Everledger, what they're doing is they've partnered with the Diamond Association and their standards determine what essentially the properties of diamonds have to be when they're putting it on the blockchain. So with regards to the different products that will be on the blockchain, every one of them have to be recognized by a set of standards which are essentially digitized. So I'm just wondering, in your case, when you're working with these technologies, are you having to work with different standard bodies or are you with the standard body? No, we didn't start with that yet. I think we're going to have certifications of certain products which will have to be provided by standard bodies and we'll put these certifications on the digital product memory, so they will certify a design and they will certify the print parameters and that certification will be part of the digital product memory and then with your key you can authenticate whether you have a certified product or not. That's the idea. So I want to say a few things about what was discussed before, the environment. So basically, in your case, if you have a small tag like that, it's not really harmful for the environment because that's the cost of having a seal. So when you buy a very expensive bottle of wine, you have a seal or when you buy a phone on the case, you have a hologram seal, so what's the cost of producing a seal? It's not that much. Now, I have another question about 3D printed objects. Are you looking at having on the blockchain a way to dismantle those objects and use the plastic, the PLA, and recycle the PLA and produce new filler because I think there is a technology where you can recycle the 3D printed objects. Have you thought of that? Have you looked into that? Yes, so the idea is that through the digital product memory you would be able to know in what products, where in the world do you have recyclable products. And then you could basically initiate a recycling supply chain on that data to collect these items to sort of check how old are they, maybe should they be recycled soon, and then you can sort of invoke a recycling process of these 3D printed products. And that's really the charm of the digital product memory because I've been working a little bit in recycling, right? Especially titanium, and this cufflink is made in titanium. That's something that needs to be recycled and you need to know where are those products that have titanium in them and how to recycle them. So I think we can see a lot of innovation in the recycling supply chain based on having this digital product memory for 3D printed products, especially metals. Yeah, perfect. Could you explain a bit more about the model around the trade finance factoring that was mentioned on your chart, how that works in your business? Trade finance, so if we have the whole supply chain-related data coming from the source in the digital product memory, we have the information that is relevant for trade finance because it describes the product, it describes the owner and the material where it came from. One of the things you would need to enable to secure the trade finance process is on the digital product memory, on an immutable record that is trusted. So you take a lot of cost out of the trade finance process which involves a lot of checking, insurance, and so forth and so on. All that is on this digital product memory with trusted source data. With that, we can really disrupt trade finance. But for trade finance, there are a lot of blockchain-based models, thinking and solutions already out there. But I think with this information, we can really boost that as well. Your presentation reminded me a lot of Balaji's presentation of 21.co about the machine-payable web. I don't know if you've seen it, but essentially the idea is that the third wave of the web is that objects now can have their own balances, digital currency balances effectively. But in your presentation, I saw references to payments and things, but I didn't see you talk about digital currency balances. In other words, objects having their own digital currency balances effectively and having their own ownership, because for the first time, machines can own money. Historically, only humans have been able to own machines can have money balances, because of Bitcoin and digital currencies, which seems to me to be an aggregation or an addition or an augmentation of your model. But you don't seem to have envisaged that or mentioned it. No, absolutely. This could be one of the bolt-on business models. That's one thing we are really thinking about, is the unbanked machines. You're going to have autonomous machines. We can think about this shared factory as a dower, right? The machines can pay each other. Yes, machines can pay each other. Exactly. We are thinking about that. That's sort of an involvement of the solution, but absolutely, yes. Hi. I have the first question for Riedelen Code. Do you necessarily need to physically connect the Taktok to read the information on it, or do you already have a kind of wireless technology to do it? And then another question for the other company. What is the tolerance in terms of size? You showed the cufflinks made of titanium, which are pretty cool, but normally titanium is used to make a very precise engineering piece. So how precise can a 3D-printed object be? Thank you. Yeah, so how precise? I think it's, I forgot the number. It's in the micrometers. It's not nano yet, right? But it's improving and there is new technology. It's not for metals yet that are much more precise. And yeah, so a 3D printing market is really evolving. So even the speed of printing and the surfaces are getting much better. So that's as much as I can say right now. Yeah, so usually there are sort of, it doesn't end with the 3D printing, so there's post-processing of 3D-printed parts depending on what it is. So these cufflinks were not post-processed and they're a little bit rough, but so in the real jewelry industry, you typically post-process jewelry to make it more shiny, right? Or you put some color on it. So there is post-processing, yeah. Not for everything. That, I didn't get the question. Yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah. Laser sintering. This is laser sintering, yeah. No, there's just obviously there's different ways of doing 3D printing and some printing requires post-printing sort of refinement and all jewelry is refining an object, isn't it? You know, making it more shiny or softer or... But in terms of accuracy, obviously what I was saying was if it was printed with sterile lithography, you can produce casts and then you have the negative and then you print, which will be far more accurate and less refinement, there will be some. But with sterile laser sintering, how you've produced it to answer this chap's question, that's less accurate because each bit of titanium is surrounded by a bit of polymer, which is, yeah, fused. Yeah, exactly, yeah. I want to answer a question that's pending before and did you ask if we need to have a physical contact or also we support a wireless, right? And the question, the answer is yes. We have different models depending on the use case, right? So basically the token, it makes it more powerful to the solution and can give you access to extended services. But you can also have a TACTOC, which will only be one hardware, which will get embedded into the product and then with an NFC, you can read the information. A question about TACTOC. Here. Okay. I didn't understand how do you attach TACTOC to physical goods in uncompromisable way? Say I'm producing jewelry, how would I attach TACTOC to a golden chain? Okay, so regarding, for example, gold, there will be some specific, we have very little limitations in what we say, I mean, about embedding the product. For example, in that case, it cannot be embedded, but you can get attached. I mean, if the gold is very small, I mean, our TACTOC, it can get as small as it can get. It cannot get small and smaller. How do you do it in uncompromisable way? I mean, you could just glue it to the gold piece of gold that you have and then if you try to peel it off, then the antenna will break and next time you try to read the information or you try to initiate it, then it will destroy itself. And then when you do that, then you will find out that the product has been devalidated. It loses all its credentials. Yes? How do you prevent me sticking a new antenna on the device? Sorry? How do you prevent me sticking a new antenna on the device? Sticking a new antenna on the device. If it's compromised, can you stick a new one? My disclaimer, I'm not a CTO. I don't think this is going to work. I don't think it's possible. I'm sure we have an answer for that, but I can take that question and maybe answer it for you later on. It's already compromised. Yes, it's already compromised. That's right. Sorry? Yes, sorry? It's tested and verified? Sorry? Can you say it louder? Security tested. By a security expert. If it's... Sorry? Security tested? Security tested. By an expert? No, it's being tested by ourselves also. I have a question about the genesis of things. So in a sort of scenario where I was a customer and I wanted to make something, I went into a contract with the designer and the material producer and the 3D printer in a sort of contract where all the parties will be partied to this one contract. Is that correct? Is that how it's supposed to work? And then, what if one of those parties defaults like in some way, like maybe the material producer claims to say this is a certain grade and it's not? And we only know after that, so one solution that I can think of is that everyone would then put a deposit. Every party to the contract would put a deposit that would be forfeited if they have just done something wrong. Another way is to have someone else be impartial, be also a party to the contract to adjudicate whether who should be... So that's part of the escrow function on the blockchain, right? So the payment is only done to the various people once the whole transaction is certified to be complete. And so the designer also only gets their royalties if the product was actually printed and the material provider as well. So that's all sort of in the escrow function. So in that case then, there should be some sort of reputation system, like let's say, because now the designer is taking on the risk of working with somebody they don't know. That's a good thought, and exactly. So I think based on this, we're going to have reputation systems, absolutely. So that could be another bolt-on solution. Of course we thought about that. You have sort of reputations for the printers, right? So we have printers of print service companies on the blockchain and we have certain printers that have sort of a reputation. So a machine will have a reputation for printing a high-quality product or it would even have a certification. Or in the smart contract, you could see that a certain printer with a certain material can print a certain level of quality and that would be also certified and that's sort of part of the reputation system for the printers, for example. And designers can have reputations as well. Does that mean that there should be somebody standing in between doing the KYC? Because you're doing accounts. So would there be someone that stands in between to sort of say that this identity on the blockchain belongs to this particular company in real life because they could use multiple identities on the blockchain, right? Yeah. So how do you do reputation systems when you can? Again, I didn't get that. How do you do reputation systems? How do you do reputation systems? So let's say I'm a crooked, like, materials provider and I have one account on the blockchain and I trade with these people and then I screw them over. And I have another account and I trade with them. How do you do reputation in that sense? So whenever you create an account, you have to pay some money? We haven't really completely thought that through, I guess. But I think we'll have certification bodies. So there is going to be some physical checking. This is not going to be a completely digital model because of some regulators in between, certification agencies that need to provide a certificate so they need to be part of the story, right? And how to game the system? I think we'll have to think about that a little bit more, but basically, you know, the solution provides transparency from the source. So we'll have, like I said, QA devices who will measure the quality of a print, for example. And for the incoming material, we will also have sort of scriptures of the material and the provenance that will be from the source on the digital product memory, which will provide some level of trust into the system in terms of who delivered this and also in combination with the logistics partners who will track and trace the logistics of the product. You can also identify fraud if the whole supply chain is not validated on the digital product memory. So that's one way also of preventing fraud, that all the data that makes sense is on the digital product memory and you can check and authenticate that. Hi, good evening, Robert. I was just curious about your systems and procedures for replacing damaged or faulty modules. Damaged? Yeah. I buy a bag and it's faulty. Can you repeat the question again, please? Your procedure to replace the systems and procedures within your company to replace faulty or damaged antenna or modules? Well, this is pretty simple. I mean, we can just create a new one just like when you lose your credit card. So we can do the same, just issue a new one, make the new entrance on the blockchain and deliver it to the right person. Yeah, going back to the platform. So do you distinguish between what's created onto the blockchain when you're undertaking the manufacturing and the operational data that comes out of what you've actually made which enables it to be repaired, serviced during the life cycle of the product because that data during the life cycle is a lot more than what you're creating here. So where is the edge network? Where's the aggregation? How are you funneling that? A typical jet engine, for example, if you manufacture that, it's creating terabytes. So how is that working? I didn't really see that in the platform that you had. Right. So a jet engine will consist of many parts. I think we'll have the information of each part of the jet engine on the digital product memory. And, yeah, so we're looking at, apparently, a lot of information and I think for the different products we need to determine what data actually will go on the digital product memory so we can't have everything on there. I think it needs to be negotiated with the partners who are putting their products on the digital product memory what part of the information should go on there. And I think it's going to take some experimentation and also the use of the data is going to be critical. You know, there's going to be lots of uses and there's going to be lots of data that will have no use also. And we need to take that data out and provide just the data that is going to be important to do certain things, to optimize the product itself, to prove the proper functioning and probably data that is related to warranties and insurances and data that's related to efficiencies of the manufacturing process, right? And I think we could run some AI on the data to find out what data is really important here so we're not going to be, you know, sort of a dumb engine that collects all the data but only the smart data about the product. Okay, any more questions? One more, yeah? I just got one question regarding the supply chain device. For instance, if we talk about the retail, yeah, understand how it's done, the tangible license, I do understand. What about the intangible, which I mean like liquid or oil for instance, in oil shipment, where happening aggregation and desegregation of the oil, when for instance you have two tankers and from two tankers into one there is aggregation happening. How are you going to identify proof of the good? Because basically it's actually creating the new product. And I understand how you can track and trace the cargo because it's going to be, once it's going to be placed into the containers, it's easy. But when mixing containers and also in the shipping industry, in the oil shipping industry, as the root changes, trading changes, the consequences changes, do you think it's applicable for that industry or it has to be something else developed? It's the next stage in your kind of idea. I mean, I think it's applicable for that industry also. I mean, we will make sure that the information which is stored in the blockchain is true. I mean, whether it's a new product because you mix two products together, I mean, it doesn't matter to us. I mean, if you mix oil with another type of oil and then you become something else, we will do that entering to the blockchain. So you make sure that actually that product is the mixture of those two products. And you just have to do the same as any other container. You will just tag the container or use it as a locker if you want the container and that's it. It will be the same situation. Okay, thank you.