 Thank you, Ivan. And thank you all for coming along this evening. I know you've had big days, and we will try to keep this a short, sharp presentation. The short part is I'm kind of a short guy, and the sharp part is going to come from the conversations that we hope to engage with you in the tables. As Ivan said, this room is set up and designed for group work. It is also nice to see students that I've taught over the years, and despite my just-off-the-boat accent in January, I will have been in New Zealand for 25 years, believe it or not. But we do speak American at home to preserve our culture. So we're going to talk about connectivity, which is something I've spent a fair amount of time, and as if we didn't need more press, the New Zealand Herald, if you didn't see it on the weekend, talked about smart machines. There's New Zealand ready for artificial intelligence. So that was a nice lead up to what we're going to talk about. I do want to just focus on a few things. One is smartphones and connective technologies, media, etc. Everyone's an expert in that area. It's not me for sure, but that is actually one of the areas I've done research on. So we'll talk a little bit about our research. I want to talk about artificial intelligence, and I want to talk a little bit about the Internet of Things. These have all been very popular topics in the press, and so in some ways I'm not going to tell you too much new, but I hope that we can maybe look at them from different perspectives, different angles, perhaps, and introduce some new thinking. And I hope, again, that in your conversations, you'll come away with some ah-has and some different perspectives. The other day I was giving a similar talk to my I now teach in our Business Masters program. It's taught in the MBA for a long time, but our Business Masters is a professional degree for international students and domestic students. Large classes, 100 students, again in this kind of work environment, and they're very good students, I have to say. And so, and I asked them at the beginning of the connectivity lecture what their relationship was like with their smartphones, and the first person put up her hand and said 100%. So, and then I said how many of you, and they pretty much were all in the 100% camp. So for a lot of people, and those digital natives, digital technology and phones, etc., is just the way things are done. And we've known for a long time that humans bond with technologies, that human adapt around technologies. The socio-technical field has been around since coal mines in Britain in the 50s. So we know a lot about technology. And nowadays we call that the socio-material school because, again, the merging of the device with our human wants and desires, etc., is getting closer and closer. And that, again, brings us to this notion of sensing technologies and artificial intelligence that comes along with the machine. We also think about keeping some distance between us and the technology, and we some of us might remember the concept of work-life boundaries. In Silicon Valley, at least, they talk about work-life integration. There's no pretense that we would separate these things. I'm not saying that we shouldn't try to keep the boundaries, but the boundaries are getting harder and harder to maintain, and it's certainly one of the new frontiers. And we have problems like this. Just the fact that we're handling screens all the time has been articulated. Again, in neuroscience there are some issues around just being around screens so much aside from whatever else they can do for us. What we know, too, is that in going back to the work environment, we know that a couple of things about these figures here, and I'm not going to present that many statistics or whatever, but the first point is that for most of us it's normalized. We consider information, heavy loads or information overload as part of work, almost. So it's a rare day, almost, when we think that we don't have lots of emails, lots of unanswered communication, etc. So that's one thing to notice. It's become quite normal. Another thing in Steve Barley's work here is interesting. They found that, and you might find this to be true, you run into someone, and their indicator for how busy or important they are is how many emails they have. So we use emails as a proxy as it were for busyness and hectic stress, lots of things. There are lots of things that we do that are not email, but email seems to symbolize how much is going on in our lives. Although the good news is the email's actually been in decline for a few years. So you might not notice it in your inboxes, but statistically worldwide, and again, there's a whole generation of digital natives who actually don't like email, and I'm not sure exactly what's going to happen. Eventually, they're not going to want to use it because it's not their preferred medium at all. And again, WhatsApp, WeChat, there are a lot of better platforms out there, believe it or not. So my colleagues and I started looking at this issue, and actually originally my first interest around the turn of the century was not connectivity at that point, but New Zealand's isolation from the world, as you might remember, the first .com bubble had come and gone, and we were a lot of hand-wringing about missing out on the technologies. And I was actually wondering that, realizing that even with the internet, which was there and World Wide Web, we could possibly be struggling with this idea of distance and isolation. So my first theorizing was around isolation, but one day after a seminar, one of my then students and now colleagues said, well, there are all, you know, isolations in New Zealand's problem, connectivity is everyone's issue, and that was a million-dollar moment, so that was a great switch. And so I looked at the more general issue around connectivity, but we were looking at some hypo-conditions of not having enough, but quickly, of course, you realize there's often too much connectivity. And in this model, we are concerned with what's the right amount, the requisite sufficient, and then this possible state of flow where things are about right. We have just enough information and not too much to work with. So one of the studies that I joined was a BlackBerry study. So of course, this was another phase where people were coming to terms with, and BlackBerry, of course, you remember, it didn't really do much, it didn't do video, the things it didn't do was a long list, but it did do email very well, and people were addicted to email and addicted to these devices, and they were very good devices. They sadly quit making them just a few weeks ago, so the era has now passed, but they were really cool devices. What we found, these were merchant bankers in France and Australia, and we found, as was mentioned, sort of categories or types, and you might see that, oh, I see, I'm kind of this person. So on the left you have the person who has those strong boundaries, those clear delineations, and maybe it's time, five o'clock, six o'clock in the evening, maybe it's devices, maybe it's just making those clear distinctions between work and non-work. On the far end, you did have the crackberry addicts and workaholism, and of course, the dysfunction of being always distracted, too driven by the devices, and then this kind of functional middle engagement where the device was doing its job, and people were able to communicate, but manage it somewhat, and more recently, we have a team that is quite global. There's a German entrepreneur that's based, the company's based in Singapore. The print, the programming is done in Hyderabad and Bangalore in India, and the intellectual, the academics are here in New Zealand, and what we've been doing now in the last two years is we've built an analytic engine that actually measures people's quantity and volume of emails, Facebook, and other social media, LinkedIn media, and we do this by actually counting their emails coming through, and then we survey them on their states or psychological states. It's quite an involved study, but it's been interesting, and our interest is to identify people's responses to media and to have a dashboard to feed it back to them, as well as understanding their relationship to our theory, so that's what we've been doing in this study. As was mentioned, in practice, the thing that we're trying to do is trying to understand how to optimize this connective flow and manage it so that we can have the attention necessary, and I often say, whether it's my students or to managers, if you're still having meetings where you're just pouring information on people, that's a huge waste of time, and my students frankly have taught me that time is, for some reason, more and more precious, more and more rare, and to waste their time by just giving them information is just that, I think. When humans are together, we should be in conversation, we should be making decisions, and we should be doing things that are much higher level than just reading off minutes or sharing information, and so I think that what we have to do is realize that in the connective moments, that may be not so bad if we're scanning emails or getting information that way or scouting around on the web, but when we're together, what do we do with that time? I think that's one of the things we have to find out how to do, and the other thing we found in these studies is that autonomy, the ability to be independent, is somewhat paradoxical, so Melissa Masmonian and colleagues have found that if you ask people who use heavy smartphone users, they actually feel quite liberated, they feel quite freed up because they can do things at their own timing and with freedom, and in actual fact, they're actually more wedded doing more work at the same time, so it's a paradox. They're actually more committed to work, they're doing emails while they're waiting for kids coming out of school, etc., so in some senses, they're working more with the sense of liberation and freedom is also there, so it is a paradoxical sort of state. Academics don't usually give simple rules, but why not? This is not our research, but what I've gleaned from just being around this area for a while and others who specialize in it. One is that in the brain science field, you probably have heard of this, that basically now people are advising you to get away from the screens a half hour, an hour, Sven Hansen, who's a resilience specialist, he's now saying two hours before bedtime. Now that's a big ask for most kids and most adults, frankly, but basically the point is if you can get away from the screens, and this is all screens, not just smartphones, so TVs, etc., and it has to do with the way our brain processes information and the part of the brain that gets involved when we're doing screen work. The cheater thing that I do, I've learned, is that if you read for as little as 15 or 20 minutes after watching TV or using screens, it actually brings the brain activity into the frontal cortex, and you're good. You should be able to sleep after that. The other thing is that in general, email is not just your problem, it's probably a collective problem. It's a problem of the people you're interacting with and those behaviors. So usually when people complain about email, it's because they have a corporate culture of covering their ass or copying everyone on the planet, and frankly these are just bad habits. They can be broken, and the big corporations are the worst, at least in New Zealand. If I have participants and they tell me where they work and they say it's email, you'd be surprised how much of that's still going on. So you need to have a conversation about what is the right way to communicate with each other, and you can do it certainly in small teams. It takes a little more courage to do it at the corporate level, but something I think we can do. And again, if you ask the younger members of the team, they'll probably say, you know, they'll pick other media they'll want to use. So one thing too is that better technology does not actually contribute to hyperconnectivity, because one of our hypotheses was that the more the technology we have, the quicker, faster, better it would actually contribute to this state of hyperconnectivity, and surprisingly it doesn't. It does contribute to autonomy or agency or freedom of choice, which is a good thing. And so the biggest offset to hyperconnectivity is autonomy or choice of when and how I'm in touch with you, and technology actually doesn't complicate the picture. So one headline I guess would be if you've got too much email, don't blame your smartphone, it's other issues going on. The other sort of way is to look at it philosophically. And again, at all ages I think we need to think, well, what's my position on this? It's like having a philosophy of HR versus a bunch of policies. So, and one book on this is Essentialism, which I'll turn to in a second. The other thing is to practice, simply practice if you're interested in it. Go a day, go an hour, go a week or whatever, disconnected. Again, there are a couple books that might be useful and easy reading. One is called Hamlet's Blackberry, which I'd recommend, and even though it sounds old, it's quite a good read. And also this book, Essentialism, is helpful if you really do worry about getting things done. And unlike most Getting Things Done books, like Time Management books, they have the refreshing approach of saying it's not about getting more done, it's about doing the main thing and doing less. And LinkedIn is a big subscriber to this. And you think about a company that's growing like crazy, they got a million things on, and mind you, they own the space, the enviability, but they're practicing this too, trying to do it. And one thing I do is when I have, I have an old fashion to do list. And I've just taken to, at the top of the page, whether it's a week or a fortnight or whatever, I write the main thing. Because sometimes I forget whether it's getting my course ready to be taught or doing, collecting data or whatever it is. That helps me remember, this is the main thing. Don't do all these little trivia things, do the main thing. And it helps me kind of stay on purpose. So that's the technology in our hands. Now let's think about work. What is human work? So we know, of course, about cognitive intelligence. This is what I'm sort of playing around with in terms of types of intelligence. And we know about that. We know about emotional intelligence. And it's important. I would suggest too that there's a body intelligence and being in touch in terms of physical resilience. And of course, we're aware of social intelligence, the idea of networks and the power of others to help us in various ways. But I think the new frontier here, and this kind of comes back to the Harold point, is how do we interact with these machines that are now around us, on us, at someday in us? How do we, as humans, relate even as machines get closer and closer to our understanding of the world? And again, there are all kinds of anecdotes. You've probably run into this. I remember the first time I used Apple Maps a few years ago. You remember it had some glitches. And I was driving from San Francisco out to visit one of my students who was at University of California, Merced. Now if you've ever been to Merced, California, it's way out in the San Joaquin Valley. It's basically really isolated out in farm country. So I'm driving and I'm following the maps, following the maps and it's a great day to drive in California. It's all going very well. Big highways, big cars and stuff. And the next thing you know, I keep following this map and I'm right in the middle of just irrigated cabbage farms for miles. I couldn't see anything else. And it says, you have arrived. I thought surely Merced is bigger than this. It's got to be bigger than this. And it was just dead wrong. And I had no way of knowing, but I was trusting it. I mean, that little thing takes me everywhere. And we have students actually because our international students, one woman actually told me she couldn't get home. She got lost and couldn't get home because her battery died on her phone. I said, geez, in Auckland, she goes, yeah, everything in Auckland looks the same. I thought, well, I never thought of it that way. It looks very unique to me. But then, you know, I guess it all looks different to me. It all looked the same to her. And once the phone died, she couldn't get home. But that's how dependent we are becoming. So that's one sort of element of this. And the other side of this, of course, is that the machines are out to get us and take our jobs. And this, of course, is a big headline. If you haven't seen this headline this year, you haven't been reading the papers much. It's very popular. It's getting a lot of press all over the place. And if you want to know and impress your peers and coworkers, most of that, almost everything in those headlines comes from one of these two books and mostly the second machine age. I consider the second machine age to be the good to great for this decade. I always try to pick out the one business book that makes the biggest difference in the decade. And it would have to, I think, be this book. Because you've heard everything from the machines taking our jobs to the living wages in there, winter take all economics. There's a whole lot of those concepts that are wrapped up in this book. And it's a very good read. It's written by economists at MIT and they're very good at what they do. And they paint a good picture of this reality. So that's kind of where that automation 2.0 material is coming from. The other book is written by Nicholas Carr. And Nick is a journalist. He wrote a book called The Shallows, which is about brains and screens, et cetera. But if you're interested in aviation or flying, it's got a great little potted history of automated flight. And it's fascinating from the first people flying planes in the 20s out of the cockpit, which is kind of interesting. And tragically in that book, they talk about again the horrible mistakes that can be made with machines. When the airbus went down over the Atlantic a few years ago, now that they've done the analysis, they've worked it out that a few years ago, Boeing and airbus had choices to make around the technology. As you might imagine, no one's actually pulled a yoke and pulled a cable for many years, that all the controls in the plane have been digital and electronic for many years. But airbus took the yoke out of the pilot cockpit. And they have just a little tiny hand control thing on the console by the hand of the pilots. And when that plane got into trouble, one pilot very intuitively but very wrongly pulled the plane up and it stalled. And the analysis is that if any two pilots or three pilots in a cockpit would have seen the yoke going up like that, there's no way they would have tolerated. They would have known that was the wrong move. But they didn't see it. It was being done by hand or a finger out of sight. And there was no visual cue to the error. And there is this whole problem about pilots not being able to land planes as well as possible because, you know, a good airplane, they only really need to touch the controls two or three minutes on a whole trip to LA. There's not much that plane can do pretty much everything itself. But again, it's that question of how much then does the pilot do or need to do. The other scenario he works through very well if you're in health is the idea of diagnosis. And Watson in particular the IBM's machine. And if you think about it, you go to your GP and you've got this niggle and this little problem. And they've seen three and 20 years or maybe they've seen 20. Watson has seen every case ever published. Watson has seen a million cases of your knee or your ankle or your problem. And Watson's going to come up with a diagnosis that frankly is better than any GP can come up with. Now who are you going to go with? So this is one issue and then there's electronic medical records, etc. So these are some of the frontier sort of questions and issues. I was talking to some nurses not long ago at the med school and I said the baby boomers in particular are going to be totally into this because we're going to be basically using our iPads for medicine right up to the point where it's all over. We're just going to for those last couple minutes we're going to want some good human bedside manner because we've given up finally on Google and taking in information that way. And I think that that's a frontier for those professions. So just to review, automation 1.0 is about machines making stuff and taking jobs away from people who used to bang and clang things around. Automation 2.0 is a different sort of angle to it and this is why the concern and the headlines are such compelling reading is that these are possibly the middle jobs, the white collar jobs that are not coming back. One example is that you know we meant in this very building thousands and thousands of B comms with accounting, B comm accountants. We need a couple take them take a couple tonight. In one year the dean told me we went from one of the local firms in one year took about 63 B comm accountants. The next year they took about 40 graduates, a third less and only half of those were accountants. So they took 20 say 20 less, a third less overall and only one third in total of the accountants. Why? Because they didn't need accountants. They needed consultants and other things so they hired arts majors and engineers, et cetera, the kind of folks you hire for consulting. Now that's just one firm but that's one year and if you're in the professional services you will be feeling some of this pressure. Law is the other way. Now you can also say maybe we had too many lawyers anyway. Lots of American jokes about lawyers but in actual fact the law profession is the same way. Machines can scan and do a lot of pre-legal work. You simply need a high level advisor at the very high end and so there's still some work around. Well actually from what I've read in my MBA projects banks are automating as fast as they can too. In fact nice segue. Here's the head of the Commonwealth Bank saying as much just this year because again at certain levels in banking and if you think about it I mean there's concern about losing bricks and mortar banks and I grew up in a tiny town and we had a little bank and they still do for 350 people. I don't know how they do it but on the other hand my Kiwi Bank app is about as good and you know all the apps are actually as good as most hometown bankers. It's much more handy, it's quick, it tells me most of the information I need. It's incredible. So why do you need bankers and lawyers and accountants? One of the things again that the authors of the second machine age talk about as they give this idea that one of the things about AI or machine intelligence is that a lot of these things have been developing gradually over a long time but there's sort of a tipping point for example self-driving cars another great topic of great discussion but five years ago people would still probably in this room said Nat will never happen and then suddenly everyone's starting to take it seriously so it does come along quickly at times but this is the slide so take note if you do a non-routine cognitive job which is what probably most of you do or many of us do interesting exciting the intuitive or the nuanced sort of work your job growth this is job growth in the U.S. that's good if you do non-routine manual so if you're a barista or chef or gardener you're probably seeing job growth, carpentry etc but if you have a routine job that's either manual or cognitive this is where the threat of job losses happen so again comes to the point that automation that we can take routine out of manual sort of activities automation where we can take what was used to be intellectual sort of work cognitive work is on the decline so the question is are we creating enough these jobs we're not going to take on tackle that question tonight but I think it is something we need to be thinking about and again something something of the concerns we're seeing one of the things this comes from the economist who summarized quite a lot of this summarized it well this year is that no matter what happens and we as educators understand that going back to those accountants who didn't get hired or the accountants that did get hired we have to accept that these changes are rapid enough that we have to understand and be able to switch jobs in our careers more rapidly and going back to my time as an outward bound instructor I was thrilled to see them say that the other thing we know it of our best graduates it's grit, tenacity, perseverance, it's all those human qualities that we want to build into our students and into your workers etc so these are the enduring human characteristics that we all still need if we're going forward and now I want to just leave you with something that you may not have seen or may have seen it is local information it's right up the street here but it gives a good idea of where artificial intelligence might get us to pretty extraordinary stuff and when Mark did his he presented this at TEDx in Auckland a few years ago and when the audience first got the sort of the feel this little baby and they were so impressed they started to applaud loudly and the baby was frightened and then instantly people stopped applauding and the baby was fine so it was quite an you know an interactive moment with us and the machine so we will see more of this and again tremendous stuff is in the centre for bioengineering on the street now I want to talk a little bit about the third thing so we've talked a little about you and your devices talked about us and machines and I want to talk about everything else the internet of things so we've thought about the internet and the worldwide web for many years as a social thing basically it connects people and that's kind of thing I think how most of us see it but in actual fact we're kind of disappearing from this world too so there's an whole internet now of things always has been but this is another thing we're thinking about one implication of that is a quantified self so the Fitbit movement we're starting to take measures of things around us and other sensing devices that are around us and starting to feed into our world and what will be possible with these again is almost limitless as we start to move into that the other thing we're starting to see is an application a business application is taking these data and gamifying it so for example this is I think a real application where an insurance company gives you an app you drive around it's able to sense what you do in your car speeds quick braking etc that gives it data to then feed back to the insurance company to reduce your rates if you do well or up your rates presumably cancel your policy I guess if you don't do well and the idea that it's gamified meaning it takes basically pretty banal boring data but makes it more interesting because of the app interface etc and we'll be seeing a lot more of that I believe too in the future but the internet of things just a few numbers here again only one percent of the worlds things are connected but in recently when the new IP addresses came out there are 340 trillion trillion trillion IP addresses so that every toaster every car wheel everything made basically can have an IP address so that we are anticipating the connection of things big time 11.1 trillion dollars per year of economic impact by 2025 and you know this figure was created by consultants because there's a 0.1 at the end of it and also only about a 1% of the data produced at the moment are currently used so again there's massive amounts of of room for analytics and when we're doing our email analytic thing we have the partners in Bangalore as I said but we also have this new partner in the states and I went there and they were just this just sort of this big company 500 people and I said what do you guys do and they said we handle 6 billion emails a day and there's only five people in this company that can read them but they're just completely analyzing emails not that they've sent but from just emails that are out there so if Amazon sends you a package they're analyzing what you've done with it what was in it etc and completely legal completely free and then they sell it back to various parties so the analytics game is big time this was done as a summary of industry so again we're seeing that obviously in some industries there's quicker uptake and again your industry might be a leader in this area or following but again it's going to hit different industries but what you will notice is the overall growth in just the five-year span and things like agriculture for example are actually quite leading up to the farm gate agriculture you know it's it's measuring all sorts of things and tractors and things that drive drive down rows they do a lot in that field as well as obviously the health field etc shipping etc coming back to health there's an awful lot now of data available for people and again if you start taking that into our own use recently a friend in our neighborhood passed away of cancer and it was tragic and but when the it was a very unique kind of cancer and when she passed the doctors here at the Auckland hospital said that her husband was the foremost expert in the country on that disease they did there's no way they knew as much about that disease as him he just made it his project as you would he was very dedicated to her and to understanding it and when she died he knew more about that disease and anyone in New Zealand so that reverses things that we normally take for granted quite a lot now that isn't the internet of things but that's just the internet of information and what's possible there I did want to leave you some depressing news though so and this might may or may not after what we've been talking about may not be that tough so anyway a few things to think about going forward one is that things probably will not always go right and maybe this is what we're talking about we're as fast as we're changing and evolving and getting new stuff and great stuff there are going to be problems with this so there are problems both infrastructure security level etc and so things are not always going to go right a couple examples if you haven't read it again great summer reading this is both one of the most frightening one of the best written books you've ever read but one of the most frightening accounts of machines going completely berserk but I'd highly recommend it's from the same author who wrote The Big Short and it basically roars along like that it will make you very nervous about bankers and very nervous about some of the technologies we've been talking about security as we know is a big issue we're now realizing my IT friends say that you know the companies it's not a question of if companies will be hacked it's when and companies are being hacked that we don't hear about the news because they're very good at covering it up and so there's a lot of security issues as well as us giving over our private information about trout as we move around through the through life the other thing that kind of is important to think about in the economic space and I'm not an economist and should be have a little bit bigger font here if we think about some of font here if we think about some of these players and this again is a phrase from the second machine age the idea that in some economies or some sectors of the economy it basically gets rolled up to one or two players and sometimes just one player so we have this winner take all economics where everyone tries and everyone tries and one day you own everything and one example of that is some of these are good examples locally another example is in in some sectors in the U.S. the some localities like Seattle Amazon is now delivering groceries so you think about well how can a bookstore basically sell you bring you groceries but think of it the other way what will Amazon not know about you if they know what you read they know what you buy at Christmas and they sell you groceries every day of the week or every week I mean think of the information and the you know the kind of consolidation and last year at Christmas the only retailer that actually made money in the U.S. was Amazon so you have this kind of winner take all thing I just want to just end up with a few hopeful slides this is this is a picture taken at Taupacky Primary School now this is actually it's hopeful but it's all a little bit scary too this is a very simple country school out west not a rich school of any sort but I was taken there because it's unbelievable they're on because of this principle they're on their third generation of 3d printer they find they're so much cheaper and so much better they're and they taught the maintenance guy to look after the 3d printers this was a glove that was it had these old-fashioned sewing machines when I was in school that's what we had these girls had sewing machines they were making analog gloves but the project was about safety so the little eight-year-olds had programmed these led lights that's what you're seeing there to have different you know designs and do different things they're really interested in that and they were taught by the 11-year-olds how to program so the thing is it's scary about this in 10 years those kids are going to be in these seats and what are we going to do to stretch them and challenge them and to understand the world they've they've come up through and to give them suitable additional skills that's the scary part for me it might not be your worry but anyway that's something else to think about some other good news is that I do believe that as a social sort of beings we will start to legitimize being offline or off grid or whatever and I think that will be something that will evolve to where you don't have to apologize for taking a weekend away from your cell phone or something and people kind of naturally do this but the other reminder I think in a world that quickly gets curated and commented on and posted is to not forget to live in the world that we're living right here and now because life still only happens once no matter how fast your data stream is so with that I'd like to thank you and appreciate your comments and your suggestions and your sharing back with each other short and sharp