 that is to be expected from Paris at COP 21 and what element should be in a legally binding agreement under international law. But before I go into that, let me give you a little bit of background. When parties negotiated a next step beyond the Kyoto Protocol, we entered into this Durban platform decision adopted in 2011 and that mandate, that decision asks parties to negotiate an agreement legal in nature which is applicable to all parties and which covers all thematic areas of climate change regime which are mitigation, adaptation, finance, technology development and transfer capacity building, transparency of action and support. And what we are focusing here today is what that agreement legal in nature would look like. Under international law, a legally binding agreement means you can have a treaty under Vienna Convention of Law of Treaties. That means a treaty that is negotiated between multiple parties. So a form of that agreement can come as a protocol or a treaty or a convention or even you can call it an agreement. But what is most important is when you look at the agreement whether it is legally binding or not is the obligations within it and the provisions to actually enforce those obligations. And obligations within the Paris Agreement, if it is to be most effective and has highest possible legal rigor means that it will have obligations for conduct and obligations for result as well. And obligations for conduct means parties will have obligations to communicate a pledge on mitigation, on finance and even on adaptation and maintain that pledge over time to raise their ambition. And obligations for result means parties oblige to achieve those pledges, achieve those targets through a multiple of actions. So as I mentioned, if the Paris Agreement to be more successful, there should be obligations for action as well as result. And another key element of a legally binding agreement is rules around transparency of action and transparency of support as well as rules around accountability of those actions that parties take. And the last point on a legally binding agreement, a key point on legally binding agreement is provisions for compliance. What happens if I don't achieve my target? What happens if I don't keep to my obligation? And that means you have to have some kind of provisions to ensure enforcement or ensure compliance under the agreement. And these are the key elements that needs to have for a most effective agreement that has the highest legal rigor under international law. But the negotiations continue, parties are trying to make compromises, trying to find the middle ground. Some parties don't like to have, for example, the highest enforcement mechanism. They want to have punitive, non-judicial, non-intrusive, facilitative mechanisms to ensure compliance. So we don't know how the agreement is going to look like in Paris. But these are the key elements to look at if you are following the legally binding discussion in Paris.