 Hello dear learners, welcome to this lecture on the unit titled systems approach and structural functional approach. This unit is from the BA second semester course titled political theory part B. Now we have already learnt about modern approaches such as behaviouralism and post-behavioralism in a previous lectures. In this unit we shall learn about some other modern approaches namely the systems approach and the structural functional approach. Modern political scientists have looked at politics not in isolation but as a product of the social system. A diverse range of influences from the social, cultural, economic and legal environments affect the functioning of the political system. Thus the two modern approaches namely the systems approach and the structural functional approach aim at studying politics in a comprehensive manner. Now let us first discuss the systems approach. The systems approach is a modern approach as we have already pointed out. The political systems analysis seeks to relate political science to other social sciences such as sociology, economics, psychology and anthropology. The basic idea of the systems approach is that all social phenomena including political, economic, cultural, sociological etc. are interrelated and affect each other. Accordingly political life cannot be seen in isolation from other aspects of social life. Political life is the outcome of a set of interactions between different subsystems. Having discussed the background of the systems approach let us now proceed to discussing David Easton's political systems theory. The systems approach makes an attempt to explain the relationship of political life with other aspects of social life. The idea of a system was originally borrowed from biology for by the American sociologist Talcott Parsons who first popularized the concept of social system. Later on David Easton further developed the concept of a political system. A political system includes not only governmental institutions such as the legislature, executive, courts of law and administrative agencies but also such organizations as political parties, interest groups, channels of mass media, political phenomena such as riots and demonstrations etc. According to the systems approach a political system operates within an environment. The environment includes the political, social, economic, legal, moral, cultural environments. Accordingly it is not possible to analyze political events in isolation from other aspects of the society. In other words influences from the society be it economic, religious or otherwise do shape the political processes. The environment generates what we call demands from different sections of the society such as demand for reservation in the matter of employment for certain groups, demand for better working conditions or minimum wages, demand for better transportation facilities, demand for better health facilities etc. Again there exists what we call support for the political system which may be manifested in different forms. Examples of support include payment of taxes to the government, respect for public authorities, symbols and ceremonies, obedience to laws, paying attention to governmental communications etc. Both demands and support constitute what Eastern calls inputs. The political system receives these inputs from the environment. After taking various factors into consideration the government decides to take action on some of these demands while others are not acted upon. Through the conversion process the inputs are converted into outputs by the decision makers in the form of policies, decisions, rules, regulations and laws. The process of conversion depends on the capacity of the political system and distribution of resources among others. The outputs create reactions and responses in the environment which are fed back into the political system through the feedback loop. Feedback is a dynamic process. Information regarding the performance of the political system is communicated back to the system through the feedback loop affecting the subsequent behavior of the political system. It may also give rise to fresh demands and subsequent output functions. Accordingly feedback is a cyclical process. When the political system functions as we have discussed we have a stable political system. When the political system breaks down and cannot function as we have discussed we have a dysfunctional political system. So learners this brings us to the end of this particular section on the political systems analysis propounded by David Easton. In the next section we shall talk about the structural functional approach. Now let us discuss the structural functional approach which is yet another modern approach to the study of political phenomena. Structural functionalism as an approach has its roots in anthropology and sociology. It sees society as a complex system characterized by the presence of structures performing different functions in terms of customs traditions norms and values. The structural functional approach looks at both social structures and social functions performed by these structures. This approach treats the society as a single interrelated system where each part of the system has a definite and distinct role to play. Initially theories of functionalism were propounded by anthropologists and sociologists like Melinovsky and Ratklik Brown. Subsequently these theories were adopted by Talcott Parsons and Marion Levy thus a new framework of analysis emerged in the field of sociological discussion. Now let us look at Gabriel Almond's structural functional analysis. Talking about the political sphere several new factors in the modern period such as adult suffrage, emergence of political parties and pressure groups, new moods of communication, media etc have brought about new forms of structures and new spheres of functions. Accordingly in the 1970s Gabriel Almond and Bingham Powell applied the structural functional approach to the field of politics. According to Almond political systems need to perform a set of functions for sustaining itself. These functions are performed by different kinds of political structures. The structural function approach may be regarded as an offshoot of the system analysis. The structural function approach may be regarded as an offshoot of the system's analysis. Gabriel Almond defines political systems as a special system of interaction that exists in all societies performing certain functions. According to him the main characteristics of a political system are comprehensiveness, interdependence and existence of boundaries. Like David Easton, Gabriel Almond also believes that all political systems perform input and output functions. The input functions of a political system are political socialization and recruitment, interest articulation, interest aggregation and political communication. Political socialization is a learning process. It implies the process of transmission of political norms, attitudes, beliefs and behavior from one generation to another. Accordingly political socialization helps in the shaping of the overall political culture. Some of the agents of political socialization include the family, school, peer groups, mass media, religion, political parties and workplace experiences. Recruitment implies the process whereby members are recruited into the specialized role of the political system whether as members of political parties, candidates contesting elections etc. Primary groups such as family and school are capable of playing this role effectively. Interest articulation means the processes concerned with the formulation and expression of opinions, attitudes, beliefs, orientations and preferences of different sections in the form of claims and demands for political action. Interest articulation is the process whereby the diverse interests in a society are converted into political demands. This function is best performed by different interest groups. Interest aggregation is the process whereby the diverse interests are combined by way of accommodation and compromise so that such political demands may be given a concrete shape for policy formulation. This function is best performed by political parties. Political communication is the process whereby different components of a political system such as individuals, groups and institutions transmit and receive information with regard to the functioning of the political system. The mass media can play an important role in this regard. Again, Alman makes a threefold classification of governmental output functions relating to policymaking and implementation. These output functions are rulemaking, rule application and rule adjudication. Thus Alman believes that a stable and efficient political system converts inputs into outputs. Alman's structural functionalism is not free from criticisms. It is pointed out that the approach is basically modeled on the western political system and hence it is not suitable for the study of developing countries where there are many problems based on religion, caste, language, ethnicity, poverty etc. However, despite the criticisms it must be said that the structural functional approach by stressing on the study of structures and functions have provided a systematic tool for empirical investigation and political analysis. Thank you. On the other hand, how much we can, that is, how much the authority, the human authority and the re-doctor logon, how much we can contribute to the development of the system. The most important aspect of this study is that, however much we can contribute to the development of the system, the political, the authentic, the unscritical, the democratic, the ethical, the and the corrupt, the un-self-reliable. Following this, let us look at how much we can contribute to the development of the system. Based on the study conducted by Abhaghi, make it clear that the reformation of the system, the creed of the system of the system is the objective of the development of the system. American Hamashtabtabil, Talcott Parsons, Zivavigyanor, and Hamashtabtabil, and David Easton, and Hamashtabtabil, and David Easton, and Hamashtabtabil, and David Easton, and Hamashtabtabil, and David Easton, something to write down in terms of your wealth. It's quiteicing if I am right. But why we have to focus on lives? Ours are still larger, and we, we have matrix upon matrix,Love buys itinson as a small factor. They also deal with their political views. To solve this issue, use the-------------dabbi benefits of all the different families. The-------------dabbi benefits of all the different families, you can use the-------------dabbi benefits of other families, you can use it for work, you can use it for the well-being of people, for the good of the people, and you can have good health care services as well. The government will support these Socialists with support. At the same time, the response will be very responsive. The government will provide assistance to the supporters from different groups including Rajahoba Prabhakhan, Pratik, Utkha Onush tho, Khaaman Buddha, Nia자� Prati Anugatiyabuddh, government Prasargukhana, Adibroti Gurtha Prodan etc. This is the reason why the DAB and the HOMOTON are considered to be the best inputs. In the national system, the DAB and HOMOTON are the best inputs for the government. The government has established the DAB and HOMOTON for the various jobs in the country, and it has also established the DAB and HOMOTON for the various jobs in the country, and the DAB is the best input for the government. Rupantara Koran Prokriya conversion processor majedi khiddhanta brahankari hakale upadag khomu hak utpadan loi rupantari ta kare, hodhat inputs of outputs loi konfatt kare. E upadang homu niti khiddhanta bidi wevastha aro aeno rupat dekhapabhule pari. Rupantara Koran Prokriya tu rajnautik wevastha tu khyomata aro khompadar bitanar upadag nirharki. Upadang homu hain pari wekhon protikriya sistik kare jibi lag protikriya sakkara majedi puno rajnautik wevastha tu khomai pare. Protikriya feedback hoise ata goti khil prokriya. E notun dabi aotar falastrutik utpadan kriya ru utbhap kare boh pare. Hei falar para sabole gole protikriya ata sakkara kare prokriya hi sabhe gaun ne kare boh pari. Zetiya rajnautik wevastha tu e ulekkara dharane kajya kare, tetiya ami ata khusti rajnautik wevastha paboparu. Zetiya rajnautik wevastha tu bhangi jai aru ulekkara dharane kajya na kare, tetiya ami ata bikol rajnautik wevastha paun. Devidistanar wevastha boh bislehon tu hokoludhanar rajnautik wevastha kajya karnar bevoharik bislehonon prokriya boh pari. Wevastha pok disti bhangi madhyamedi, Devidistanar hokolupokar rajnautik wevastha bohigyanik aru bevoharik audhyanar babe ata hadharon gathane sisti kuri sin. Etiya ami gothan aru kajya bikhaik disti bhangi bikhae alushuna kare. E disti bhangi tu e, homashkhanang ata ekak anta homparkajukta wevastha hi sabhe garniak kare. Jot wevastha tu protek angare ekakta ni disto tata bikhista bhumi kathake. Parambik wevastha, ni tattabit aru homash tattabit jene melanamski aru redcliff brown, kajya bikhae tattahumu ar provokta asil. Parabati homar, e tattahumu telkot parshans aru merion leviye rahon kuri sil. E dore, homash tattik alushuna bislehonar ata notun bhiti sisti hol. Gabriel Almondor gothan aru kajya bikhyae bislehon. Rajnautik puri khortu katha alushuna koi le, eti protek kha kora jabo jhe adunik homar, bimin na karak jene prapto vayaskar butatikar, rajnautik dol aru pravabh gustir abhirbhabh, hong jug madhyama notun notun aru hi itya dir abhirbhabhe notun prakara gathani aru kajya puri khorti sisti kori se. E anukrame, binkha khortikar, hottar dahakar Gabriel Almond aru bingham pawele, rajnautik hattar gothan aru kajya bikhyae bishti vangitu prayuk kuri sil. Almond aru pawele, etu monubhabh bhyakta kuri sil jhe, rajnautik bhyavastatuk bujibulay, hong gothan aru lagate, rajnautik bhyavastatur kajyaa kolap homahar bislehonu projonyo. Rajnautik bhyavastatur gathani aru kajyaa wali te mol gurutta aru pita hai. Almond aru mate, rajnautik bhyavastah homahe ya aru bohan khyomate aukkhun na rakhi bulay, kisi man kajyaa homahadha kori boh lagi boh. E kajyaa homu bivinna prakara rajnautik gathani aru homahadha kore. Gothan aru kajya bikhyae bishti vangitu, systems approachar pora utbhok bhubhabhuli ko bhopari. Gabriel Almonde, homahazok ek anto homo pora kore gothi to bhyavastah buli bhi besonak kore, ji bhyavastat protektu aungkhoi ek needis to aru bikhek kajyaa hompadan kore. Te aru rajnautik bhyavastar khutro tu ene dhanu aru bohan na kori se. E aru bhaap adhan padan aru bikhek bhyavastah, jitu didha rito kisi man kam kora protikhan homahazok te botaman. Te aru mate kulu ek rajnautik bhyavastar pradhan bhukhisto hol bishtiti comprehensiveness, antronibor kilota, interdependence aru sarihimar aavastiti. Ishtar aru nisi na koi Almonde bisak kore ze hokalobur rajnautik bhyavastar upokoran aru aru input aru upadan aru utpadan aru output kriya hompanna kore. Rajnautik bhyavastar upokoran karjabur hol rajnautik hamazikoran aru nyuk hamazik protyakha prokakh. Rajnautik bhyavastar upokoran karjabur hol rajnautik hamazikoran aru nyuk hamazik protyakha prokakh interest articulation hamazik protyakha homanna interest aggregation. Aru rajnautik homzu. Rajnautik hamazikoran hoise ek hikon prokriya jar dara egorake bhyakti aru rajnautik pori khatanar proti distibhangi aru diksiti aru uttakore. Yer dara eta samar para anita samar lau rajnautik adorakha distibhangi bisak aru prokriti preron bhyavastak bujibopari. Ane dore rajnautik hamazikoran ne homangro rajnautik hankshritik gordyar khetrol hoi kore. Rajnautik hamazikoran aru ketbur kata hoise poriyal bhydyal hoi homonyar dol gana madhyam dharmya pratistan rajnautik dol aru nyu obigyota. Nizhukti protriya dara rajnautik dol aru hodascha nivasanar protidandita kora prakthi ityadi hi sabhe rajnautik poddotir bhykhek ghumikar bhyakti hokulok nizhukti kora hoi. Hodda rajnautik niti dora bhybhyrna prakare hema aakporabho prakhoi prokhikhandi dokhyo koritula hoi. E humikar palon kora khetrol poriyal aru bhydyal hoi dore pathomik gurkhamu aurik dokhyo. Hamazik protriya kha prakakor aru ishe bhybhyrna staror lukya dabhi aru sartor lukod rajnautik karjar bave utthapankara matamot, distibhangi, bisak, digstiti aru, ogratikara aur gotham, aru, prokak poddotir. Ehi karjya hobatu koi karjokari bave sartho gute kori bopare. Hamazik protriya kha homan noi poddotir dora bhyrna sartho humuhar homan noi hadhan kora hoi, jate khei rajnautik dabhi khumuhak gurkham jukyo niti loi poinita kori bopare. Ehi karjya hobatu koi karjokari bave kori bopare. Rajnautik jugajuk poddotir dora, rajnautik poddotir bhyrna upadan jane byokti, gurk, aru, onusthane rajnautik poddotir tur karjok hongkrantar, tathapreon, aru, gurkham kore. Ehi khettar, gana prasar madhyo me gurkthapur na bhumika palon kori bopare. Almonde aku, sarkara utpadon karjok jane niti nidharon aru tar karjokori karon adi tini tashre nit bivokta kori se. Ehi utpadon karjoketahol niyom probaton, niyom proyuk, aru, niyomur dara khiddhanta prahon kora. Ehi dora, Almonde bhi chak kore jai ek stai aru karma khukhal rajnautik bhyobastaye upakaranak utpadon loi pori boton kore. Dhanyaban.