 Thank you very much Well, we have three interesting presentations and that in many ways reflects the puzzles and challenges That African countries face to do how to achieve Destructile transformation that they need The presentations have emphasized the role of the infrastructure human capital and innovation as the one of the premier issues that these countries face and Perhaps that we can open the session for questions and answers so we can take four questions in a row and then As our presenters to answer the question so we can take four questions. So who would like to ask? anyone Yeah, yes Thanks I have a question to Anna Moreno on the first first paper. So You started out with arguing about this export processing zones, right and then Then you You show these coefficients of variation that you see this drop in the coefficient of variation for wage employment But an increase in the coefficient for for the non-wage employment So the non-wage employment became more dispersed Across country across the country so To me, it's not entirely clear how this relates to your analysis of export processing zones So do you have something different there in mind with you with your with your analysis? So perhaps you could elaborate elaborate a little bit on this We have another can we just take four another question was around here Hello, my name is Nadia. I'm from Italy and PhD intern here. Thank you for the presentations I wanted to ask something real quick. I don't remember exactly who presented the date on the world economic forum Was that okay? I was just a very fast question on whether the people that were interviewed there are people that work in Africa or not and Then a question that Maybe should be posed to the general public of the conference at the end But I was wondering regarding the last presentation How do you feel and think about the widespread phenomenon of land grabbing which hasn't been touched at all during the conference so far and Which impact does it have on the agribusiness and on other elements that are important? Any other question? Yeah I have two questions for a demola the first one being has your group or any group identified specific Horticultural products that specific countries can develop and then the second question would be maybe your thoughts on Some diversion of resources away from Catering to local markets, which is food security issue versus Developing agribusiness which essentially caters to foreign markets, which really is not solving food security issue Maybe the last question Yes at the end of the We will have a lot more production Thank you to answer your question What I had in mind it's kind of Okay translating the Chinese model to Africa so you would have these export processing zones as a catalyzer for agglomeration For the agglomeration, so this is the idea that they're bringing to Africa. Obviously directly it applies more to coastal countries in my case, Senegal, Guinea and Tanzania But I think also to the non-costal countries through regional integration So that's why I had this as just as a reference point For the analysis, yeah, okay. Thank you very much with regards to the The lander gap Easy in Africa. Obviously that's been is a big problem particularly with regards to Agribusiness, I mean based on my experience in Penapa industry, so that was quite a lot of problem with land being taken away from small orders and This is largely controlled by the chiefs and The the regulation of the land or land administration does not take into full consideration The small order as to how they could benefit because that's just one of the problem basically I think the the next question I have is the specific do have any specific Auto-culture a product to be honest, I don't have one I mean obviously Africa have to try different product that they could benefit from and of course that links to the next question which is the lowest input in agricultural production, of course They they the the low productivity has been as a result of Lowest input in agriculture production do Africa is going to have to you know Increase the input in terms of a fertilized application Introduction of new technologies doesn't necessarily have to be biotechnology. There are other technologies such as ICT that Africa could benefit from and in terms of improving their crop put of productivity and if I may get the Someone actually mentioned something with regards to full security and agribusiness. Could you please ask that question again? I appreciate that No, I was just curious on your thoughts of because essentially if you're Doing say pineapple. This is a cash crop, right? So there may be some diversion of resources away from say production of basic commodities like rice wheat towards more Market foreign market oriented products, so do you see this as sort of Problematic if one were to expand agribusiness and make it the central point of some country's development I mean If I if if I make answer your question, I think everything boils down to the fact that African go may have to get the policy right and once they get a policy right it will target the crop that can actually benefit Farmers mode have got a loads of you know crops that small does are actually, you know Cultivating Africa they're gonna have to work with small and that's one of the problem If you don't have the identity of problem It's gonna be very difficult as to how you're gonna help them and how they can benefit from agribusiness So they have to kite them along when it comes to what they're gonna prioritize That's that's what I can say to be honest and based on that may give an example of a pineapple is working More or less walking in in Ghana is working in the hybrid schools They just need to step up the innovation program, which is fundamental to growth of this agribusiness. Thank you Thank you. Well, the Nadia's question was very simple it's generally the To do the global competitiveness report they ask people in your country is this thing working or not working What do you see as the major constraint? to do in business or to So it is yeah, it's lots of local people now That doesn't mean that foreigners don't answer because if you have multinationals in the country working there That's that country of work So But do you but they're there they're in the country is either local or operating there? Yeah, I Think your question. I didn't get your name. Sorry, but I think your question is very relevant The Gates Foundation gives Grants for huge grants for Working on you know that now they are doing the poverty reduction thing But they are focused a lot on agriculture and one of the issues is to look it's not big farms for export It's really livelihood of the small farmers and in that regard this idea of food security is extremely important I know that in Asia it's big in China food security is like a number one thing And so it is very important and I really wish that we have more research Because I don't know of any papers that really looked at this what she said is a nice research topic to see if the country What is how can you strike a balance between really starting to export all these fancy staff nice things? let's go to Europe and the US and mostly Europe and Feeding the people who really need to be fed in rural areas the next excellent question. Thanks Maybe follow-ups questions Yes at the end of the The back of the room My name is Victoria. I'm from the Africa all-party group in the UK Parliament I'm a couple of questions for Adam Ola One is I take your point about needing to Increase the amount of knowledge that's feeding into agriculture, but I wonder to what extent it's about communication of that knowledge rather than necessarily Creating new knowledge Did you look particularly in the example of the pineapples that for example the role of extension agencies or even the role that academics are playing in reaching out to the Agricultural community and the second point was you've you've focused quite Narrowly on Technological fixes and I wonder if you had investigated the role of more local forms of knowledge I think thank you. Can we just take another maybe a few questions? No Okay, so Right, I think I'm gonna I'm gonna start with a the role of local knowledge in and Penapa production obviously that's very very important. I agree with you on that basis and of course This year has to be done by the government so there are a lot of things going have to put into consideration including getting there the local farmers involved in agri-business development is very vital With regards to the role of academic to be honest I've not look at that in terms of whether they play fantastic role in development of Penapa industry in in in Ghana and Ivory Coast I think it's what looking at that's that's cute and then With regards to creation of knowledge, of course go many to create a lot of awareness in terms of Introducing new technology. That's very important and This this can only be done by you know coming up with right policy in Africa And not only coming up with right policy. He has to be implemented. That's what I actually emphasize Why are funding a program? He has to be implemented most of the policy loop quite clean on the paper in Africa But to implement is that's one of the problem to be honest. Thank you Well seems like nobody else has questions, so I'm sorry Yes, great Thank you For the contribution I mean the expose on the issue of agri-business in Africa and my question is directed to you You spoke of funding. I don't know if someone asked on that already I'm Funding and my question is from where? Is it from international donors or from the government or from the private sector? And also I would like to highlight on the case of my country Cameroon Where there is currently an issue on oil palm plantation Where it is a very critical case where The investors from the US are not finding it quite easy with the local population and The government as well with respect to the size and with environmental NGOs who are also taking into consideration the the cost on the environment so With respect to some of these challenges What are your your your opinions on investing in Africa to eradicate food security in some of these challenging periods like Tropical sub-tropical Africa. Thank you Well, maybe we are lucky to have any other question before we proceed. No rights well, I think Funding is is Very important. So how would that happen? where based on my experience basically Donors have been coming to help in terms of improving the Agri-business I've come across the case of Big Gate working with the World Bank to facilitate that in Ghana But one of the problem I found out in the literature a race lack of continuity Ampar this program they probably funded for a couple of years and after that It's not sustainable for some reason perhaps not making up profit But there is no literature that has that actually assess that impact then is what looking as right So lack of the continuity of the program either on the part of the government or the do not it's one of the one of the problem so with regards to oil plantation and and I think the government have to get it right right from beginning they have to specifically highlight what they want when it comes to You know investing or inviting the the investor Into the country. I think and they have to take The plight of the small order into consideration, which is often been Neglected. So that's one of the problems. So you have to carry it. It can't always be from, you know Top-down approach. It's got to be bottom up. That's that's what I can see to be honest Eradicating for security in Africa. Wow It's huge. I mean It's it's difficult and obviously it can be done and go may have to share a lot of interest Because as far as I'm concerned, it's just that the old thing is being done by doing all it's been done by FEO and other international organization. They've got to take a proactive approach to also info security problem rather than relying on those people from house side otherwise These guys who are coming from house side, they have their own agenda and it might not so their own purpose to be honest. Thank you Any reaction? Right, so perhaps it seems like we we are finishing ahead. So thank you very much. Okay, finally. Okay one question. Yes Yeah, please It's just a clarification. So when you are calculating a coefficient of variation to to To measure your variation You're doing it on a on a dummy type variable, right on a zero one variable Would that be a problem the levels of employment by some national units? So I take each country then Of observation pairs of national unit and easy absolute values of wage or not wait employment Was it a zero one? No, no, no, there's a value Okay, and then with that I calculate the mean and the standard deviation. So, okay Yeah, and that gives me the value of the indicator. Okay. Yeah, thanks So finally no more questions. No well, thank you very much for the presenters and