 Last class we have seen about these trace elements which are required less than 100 milligrams per day and we have seen what are the sources of trace elements and what are the symptoms that occur when you take excess of these trace elements and what occurs when they are deficient in our diet. So last class we have seen about zinc and iron, let us continue with the next trace elements. So copper is another minor element or minor mineral which is required in the body but still it has a very important role in the body. So this has a very important role in all the metabolic reactions and found in a variety of foods like oyster, lobster and crab. Then plant sources are kale and avocado and it is available also in nuts, seeds and mushrooms and the recommended dietary allowance for this is only 2 milligrams per day and but still when this 2 milligrams is not available to the body the deficiency causes anemia, leukopenia that is the less number of leukocytes or WBC in the blood and osteoporosis that is the bones become porous and tend to be fractured because the calcium absorption also require copper for its absorption. Toxicity is not very common but high amount leads to liver damage. So these are the food sources you can see. The next another important, very important mineral which affects our energy metabolism is iodine. So the main role of the iodine is promoting the healthy thyroid function. So it helps the body to synthesize thyroid hormones that regulate the growth and metabolism in the body. So too much or too little of iodine can lead to conditions like if it is too much it is hypothyroidism and if it is too less it leads to hypothyroidism. Now food sources where do we get this iodine from? We get from seafood. Seafood is the main source of iodine as well as seaweed and it is also found in little amounts in potatoes, eggs and milk. So the deficiency of iodine causes goiter in adults, creatinism in newborn. So the requirement you see it is such a small amount but causing such a distress it is 150 micrograms per day and you can see the different sources of food that are rich in iodine. Now the problems due to deficiency and excess of iodine intake so when you take less amount of iodine in your diet or the diet is deficient you are prone to hypothyroidism. So excessive iodine and the iodine interferes with the manufacture of thyroid hormones it results in low thyroid hormone levels or hypothyroidism. Similarly the symptoms of hypothyroidism include fatigue there is lot of weight gain because iodine is required for energy metabolism and the energy metabolism is decreased by 50 percent. Therefore whatever little energy is taken in is stored as fat therefore there is weight gain and there is dry skin and intolerance to changes in temperature. And too much of iodine also causes thyroid diseases including Hashimoto's disease. Hashimoto's disease is an autoimmune disease which attacks the thyroid gland and Graves disease again is the cells of the thyroid gland itself they have autoimmune action against the thyroid gland and it also causes thyroid cancer. Now deficiency of iodine when there is lack of iodine the trace element that is iodine it may result in goiter. So this has been an endemic disease in the lower regions of the hilly regions but now goiter can be seen in a large population in our country as well as creatinism in children which results in the developmental delays and other health problems. So iodine deficiency can lead to enlargement of thyroid gland and hypothyroidism and mental retardation in infants and children whose mothers were iodine deficient during pregnancy. So whenever the mother during her pregnancy has deficient iodine intake it affects the newborn and the child. You can see how the goiter the thyroid gland has enlarged in an adult and the creatinized the child with creatinism you see how weak the child is so there is no growth and there is mental retardation and the developmental delays are very slow. The next mineral is selenium selenium is again a very important mineral which acts as an antioxidant so it plays an important role in protection of body tissues against the oxidative stress and therefore on growth and development. The food sources of selenium are cereals, meat, fish and dairy products and you have in the other nuts like brazil nuts, legumes and fruits and vegetables and the amount is very less that is 40 micrograms per day. Now deficiency of selenium causes the infertility in men but the deficiency is very rare because this selenium deficiency occurs so very rarely because it is available in most of the force and it can also cause Cation's disease where it is a type of heart disease where the muscles of the heart are affected it is called as cardiomyopathy and it might also cause the cash in back disease which is a type of arthritis where all the bones and joints have a lot of pain swelling and loss of motion of joints. Another traceminal is manganese so this supports the enzyme function it is again a coenzyme in many of the reactions in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and fats. So it is found widely in grains, nuts, legumes, green leafy vegetables and excess intake it causes poor growth, joint inflammation and low levels of manganese in the body can impair the glucose tolerance because it is involved in the carbohydrate metabolism, altered carbohydrate and fat metabolism. Then there are some skeletal abnormalities because it is involved in the bone growth and bone demineralization and malformation the RDA is very low and the food sources are you finding green vegetables, fruits, whole grains, legumes, spices almost all the foods are here which are rich in manganese. So again the deficiency is very rare the next mineral is chromium it improves the insulin action found in broccoli, brewers, yeast, molasses, barley oats and meat and so since it is involved in the insulin action the deficiency causes glucose intolerance and too much of chromium when it can also damage the liver, kidneys and nerves and it can also cause an irregularity in the rhythm of heartbeat. The foods high in chromium are red wine, broccoli, grape juice, whole wheat that is whole grains are important and potatoes always potatoes when they are rich in the minerals and vitamins they are along with the pill. Then more important fluoride in our life is it affects the skeleton and the teeth. So it provides strength to the bones and teeth improves resistance to the tooth enamel. So this as fluorine is found in water seaweed, tea and seafood so deficiency may cause dental caries and excess may cause dental and skeletal fluorosis and the recommended dietary allowance is 1 parts per million. So dental fluorosis you can see the discoloration of teeth and there is also pitting of and mottling of the teeth which is a permanent damage of teeth because of deficiency of fluorine. And skeletal fluorosis whenever the fluorine is excess you just see how the bone deformation occurs and the individual cannot walk on his own as to take a help of a stick. Grape denom is again a co-factor for several enzymes found in milk, cheese, legumes, dark green, leafy vegetables, cereals and nuts. And effects of deficiency and excess are very rare because all these foods are available in large quantity and available everywhere and RDA is very low. And these are the foods for rich in you can see all the fruits and vegetables and cereals grains nuts and beans everything has molybdenum in them. So therefore we have seen the trace elements all the 9 trace elements though they are required in small quantities what is the havoc they create in our body system and how they affect the health. Therefore when we have a balanced diet we can meet the requirements because the requirement is very low for all these minerals thank you.