 Konnichiwa everyone and welcome to the class. Well, are you ready today for the class? Are you ready to learn Japanese? Well, we have done a lot of things in our previous classes. We have learnt a lot of particles, lot of vocabulary, lot of verbs. In our last class, we did verbs in masu form and masen form. So well today, we will do masuta form which is the past tense of the verb. And also with that, we will do new particles against some new vocabulary for you and some new kanji characters here in the class right away. But before that, I would like to ask you one thing. Have you done your homework? Have you done the assignments that I had given you? Well, then you can check them right away. Whether what you have done is right or not. So here we are. The first assignment was write kanji characters for the underlined words. So the words were given here. You have done these kanji characters in previous classes. It is just a revision with what you have done in your previous class. So please, you can see Kawakami is a name. Sanaka is also a name. Mikan wa ni-hyaku goju-en desu. Ni-hyaku goju-en. The next one is kyou wa getsu-youbi desu. Getsu is over here which means month. You have already done. So you can check it out. Roku juu san-sai, Roku juu san-sai ki, ki, o-ki. Nihongo kurasu wa yo-ji kara desu. Nihon is what you are supposed to write, yo-ji ima gogo ichi-ji desu, go-go. Kore wa watashi no hon desu. So you can see, ki and hon are very similar. All you need to do is cut the ki and hon is made. Well the next assignment is again a simple one match group A with group B. So you can see if you have done it properly over here, maikawa, otona means an adult, go-go, juppun, kazan, hatsuka. Hatsuka you will see is the 20th and you will not say ni-ju-nichi, but hatsuka for 20th. That is an exception. So please remember that, hyaku-en, nihon, suki, hondana is a bookshelf, kawa and so well this was your assignment too. You can check it. Well this assignment is there are a lot of pictures and you were to practice with your partner. Ask about his daily schedule or tell him about your daily schedule. So well look at the picture and see what he is doing. It says roku-ji ni-okimasu, the exercises for you to practice verbs. roku-ji ni-okimasu and as am is given over here, gozen roku-ji ni-okimasu. Then you have him studying, so what is it, gozen hachi-ji ni kaisha-e ikimasu. So well over here he could be studying or working in office. So he says gozen hachi-ji ni kaisha-e ikimasu. I go to office at 8 o'clock and then Tanaka san who is our friend all through our lectures is eating over here. So well juniji yonjugo-hu ni hiru-gohan-o tabemasu and because PM is given, so well go-go could be. Then you have him drinking tea or coffee. So let us see what it is. Go-go PM is given, go-go yoji sanjubun ni kocha-o nomimasu, nomimasu is for drinking and ni is for time. So always after time, ni will be added and kocha of course is tea and then we have Tanaka san going back home. What time is it, 7 o'clock ni uchi-e kaerimasu, go-go 7 o'clock ni uchi-e kaerimasu and then again eating food and this would be dinner time, dinner, so well hachi-ji-jugo-hun ni ban-gohan-o is watching TV, so well koji-kara juu-ji-made terubi-o nomimasu and again PM could be added. And then the clock says 11 o'clock over here, it is showing time, so we can say Tanaka san wa go-go juu-ichi-ji ni nemasu. So this is how you have your schedule. You can ask your friend, nan-ji ni okimasu ka, nan-ji ni nemasu ka, nan-ji ni uchi-e kaerimasu ka and any of the things that are listed over here. Now there was another assignment, this is a picture over here of Tanaka san we can say doing a lot of things. So let us see what he is doing or people, different people over here are doing. So the first one is this over here. Of course this is a single picture but we can take it as two for practice and the first one is tabako-o suimasu, tabako is cigarettes or siga-o suimasu, so smoking a cigar. Then the second one is Tanaka san wa e-ga-o mimasu, he is watching a film. Then we have hon-o yomimasu, yomimasu is read. Then on-gaku-o kikimasu, kikimasu is listen, on-gaku is music as you can see from the picture and then we have Tanaka san we can call him, he has a guitar in his hand, he is playing the guitar, so guitar-o hikimasu which is hikimasu is play and then we have this boy or Tanaka san again playing with football, asobimasu is play and then we have arukimasu which is walk or ikimasu means go somewhere. So you have verbs listed over here, different verbs. You can look at the picture and practice this with your partner. You can see over here when did you come to Kanpur, when of course you know is itsu, did you come to Kanpur, itsu Kanpur e-ki-ma-sta-ka. You have done verbs in masu form which is present and masen which is negative and present as well. So ikimasu and ikimasen, so remove the masu and put masen for negative. Now ikimasu-sta, remove the masen and put masuta for past tense. In a similar manner kimasu, kimasen and kimashita, this is past for to come. You can practice all the other verbs as well in a similar manner. So over here this is what we are going to do today. We are going to practice verbs in past tense. Well, listen to this dialogue now and see how much you can understand from the dialogue and after that we will do it right here in class. Kanaka-san, itsu Kanpur e-ki-ma-sta-ka, kyounen-ki-ma-sta, deri-kara den-sha-de-ki-ma-sta-ka, iie, hikou-ki-de-ki-ma-sta, hikou-ki-de, deri-kara Kanpur-ma-de, ichi-jikan-desu-ne, hai, ichi-jikan-kakarimasu, So, well, I am sure you could make out that the dialogue was between two people. Over here you can see who those two are, Rao-san and Tanaka-san. Rao-san is asking Tanaka-san a lot of things, so well we will see what he is asking him. I will just read the dialogue right away and then explain. Tanaka-san, itsu Kanpur e-ki-ma-sta-ka, kyounen-ki-ma-sta, deri-kara den-sha-de-ki-ma-sta-ka, iie, hikou-ki-de-ki-ma-sta, hikou-ki-de, deri-kara Kanpur-ma-de, ichi-jikan-desu-ne, hai, ichi-jikan-kakarimasu. Indo no seikatsu wa dou desu ka? Watashi wa daijoubu desu, shitsure desu ga, nihon-jin wa ohashi de tabemasu ne, are wa, are mo daijoubu desu. So well, there are a lot of new words over here and there is verb in past tense as well and a few expressions also, so we will discuss them right away. Over here, Tanaka-san, itsu Kanpur e-ki-ma-sta-ka, now we have done ikimasu which means go somewhere. Then you have also done this verb kaerimasu which means to return. Now, there is a new verb over here, kimasu. These two verbs are in group 1. This is in group 3 of the verb division. Well, this is a new verb over here, kimasu. This is when you go somewhere, ikimasu. This is when you return as I told you earlier, either to your home or to your country or to wherever you are staying at that time. Now, this verb also means come and you will use this verb when you are present at that point as over here, Tanaka-san is present in Kanpur. Rao-san is also here in Kanpur. So then, what does he say, Tanaka-san itsu Kanpur e-ki-ma-sta-ka. When did you come to Kanpur and not when did you go to Kanpur. Please remember, this is very important when you are present at a certain point. When you are talking about that place, then always verb, kimasu is used. Tanaka-san says, kyou-nen kimashita. I came last year, derikara densha de kimashita ka. You have done this particle de earlier in one of the previous lessons for mode of transport particle de densha de kimashita. Rao-san says, derikara densha de kimashita ka. Did you come by train, iie hikouki de kimashita. I came by plane, hikouki de derikara kanpur made ichi-jikan desu ka. Now this is a new word for you used with time meaning span meaning time period. Time spent over a certain activity, ichi-jikan over here. We will do this practice this a little later. Hai ichi-jikan kakarimasu, kakarimasu is it takes that much time, hai ichi-jikan kakarimasu it takes one hour. Indo no seikatsu wa dou desu ka? How do you find living in India? Watashi wa daijoubu desu, oh it is alright with me, shitsure desu ga, nihon-jin wa ohashi de tabemasu ne. Again a simple phrase which we have done earlier, shitsure desu ga, I am sorry for asking so directly but nihon-jin wa ohashi de tabemasu ne, ohashi is chopsticks de tabemasu ne. So this particle de over here is what we are going to do. This is similar to this one densha de but usage is a little different over here, densha de when it is used it is for mode of transport, hashide when it is used when you perform an activity with the help of something. So hashide tabemasu, I eat with the help of chopsticks, areba and he leaves the question incomplete, aremo daijoubu desu, oh I am alright with that also. So now we will practice all of it that we have done here. This is of course written in the script and the translation or explanation is in English. Now as I just told you, we have done verbs in negative and present form. Today we will do verbs in past form. Now look at this sentence, watashi wa deli e ikimasu, I will go to deli or I am about to go to deli. For the negative of course, as I told you it is watashi wa deli e ikimasen, I will not go to deli. Now for the past tense, how will you use it? As I told you over here, ikimasu, ikimasen and of course once you remove masen, for past you can put ikimashita. So watashi wa deli e ikimashita, I went to deli. Now you have done time expressions like kino, ototoi, sen-shu, kyou-nen. So you can use all these, ototoi, sen-shu, kyou-nen, kino, you can use all these and say watashi wa ototoi deli e ikimashita, watashi wa sen-shu deli e ikimashita, watashi wa kyou-nen deli e ikimashita or you could say watashi wa kino deli e ikimashita. Now instead of watashi wa again, you can practice this. Again over here, you can use any of the vocabulary that you have done. For example, you could say tanaka san or tomodachi or sensei, tanaka san wa ototoi deli e ikimashita, tomodachi wa kyou-nen deli e ikimashita, sensei wa kino deli e ikimashita and of course deli can again, you can change the name of the place and make new sentences with that. So this is how mashita is going to be used. You can replace the verb also later on, well you could practice the verbs with me over here, ikimashita, kaerimashita, tabemashita, nomimashita, yomimashita, nemashita, benkyoshimashita. All the verbs that you have done in masu form and masu and form, you can now practice those in masu form. Now you can see something on your screens over here, tanaka san wa hachi-ji kara juu-ji made nemashita. Otou san wa juu-ji kara juu-ni-ji made hataraki-mashita. So you can use time like this and use the verb in masu-ta form. For example, otou san wa ku-ji kara juu-ji made shin-bun wo yomimashita. So otou san wa or sensei wa ku-ji kara juu-ji made shin-bun wo yomimashita. So you can practice like this with time from a certain time till a certain time. Some activity was performed, tanaka san wa ku-ji kara juu-ji-ji made nemashita. Tanaka san wa juu-ji-ji kara go-ji made nemashita. Tanaka san wa ichi-ji kara roku-ji made nemashita. And of course with time as we have done a number of times, you can also use go-zen and go-go and practice with your partner. Also now what you can do is, as you can see over here, tanaka san wa hachi-ji kara juu-ji made nemashita is what we did last time. You can change the verb over here, tanaka san wa hachi-ji kara juu-ji made kikimashita. Tanaka san wa hachi-ji kara juu-ji made mimashita. Tanaka san wa hachi-ji kara juu-ji made yomimashita. Tanaka san wa hachi-ji kara juu-ji made shimashita. But these do not seem complete somehow. So what did they do from 8 o'clock till 10 o'clock? Kikimashita. But what did they listen? So well, what you can do now is tanaka san wa hachi-ji kara juu-ji made ongaku-o kikimashita. That is how you can put it. You have done particle o also last time, so you can put it over here. Again you can try tanaka san wa hachi-ji kara juu-ji made teribi-o mimashita. TV is television, teribi-o mimashita is to see. Once again, tanaka san wa hachi-ji kara juu-ji made shin-bun-o yomimashita. Shin-bun is newspaper, yomimashita is to read. Once again, tanaka san wa hachi-ji kara juu-ji made shuku-dai-o shimashita. Shuku-dai is homework, shimashita is to do, so shimashita is did. Tanaka san wa hachi-ji kara juu-ji made shuku-dai-o shimashita. So you can practice like this later on and also of course, you can again add gozen and gogo before time and practice with your partner. Revise your verbs like this, learn your verbs like this, learn the new vocabulary, learn to use particle o, learn to use particles kara and made and verb in past form. Then we are going to practice verbs in past form. So over here, there are a few pictures for you. Look at the pictures and ask what they did yesterday, hachi-ji-han kara go-ji made nani wo shimashita ka, hachi-ji-han kara go-ji made shigoto wo shimashita. So you can ask this question from this time till this time, what did he do? Well, from this time till this time, whatever is in the picture, whatever you can see in the picture, try to say that. We will practice the second one as well. Well, from 9 till 11.30, Tanaka san wa ku-ji kara juu-ichi-ji-han made nani wo shimashita ka, Tanaka san wa ku-ji kara juu-ichi-ji-han made benkyou shimashita. So well, he is reading, so you can say, benkyou shimashita, benkyou shimashita. There is one more for you, hachi-ji-han kara ku-ji made nani wo shimashita ka. So you can give this person over here a name, it could be Tanaka san or Maekawa san or any other name that you want to put. So, Rao san wa hachi-ji-han kara ku-ji made nani wo shimashita ka, Rao san wa hachi-ji han kara ku-ji made, well, what is it? Tell me quickly, shimbun wo yomimashita. So, now you practice this, tell me what it is. Dozo, nijikara yo-ji made, dozo asobimashita, nijikara yo-ji made asobimashita. So I hope you have got it in past tense now. You understood how to make past tense for verbs, how to use them, well, practice them with your partner at home so that you remember them and can use them easily later on in conversation. Now in our conversation, we had particle de. One form of particle de we have already done. We have studied which is mode of transport, by what method, by what means, you travel from one place to another, generally by train, by plane, by cycle, by ship, whatever mode of transport you use, well particle de is going to be used at that place. Now over here, we have another usage of particle de which is with the help of something you perform another activity. This is given over here, enpitsu dekakimasu, hashide tabemasu, well watashi wa pen dekakimasu. So I write with a pen, with the help of a pen. Now I use a pen to perform an activity. So pen can be replaced with pen shiru, pen shiru or enpitsu, watashi wa hashii, ohashi, chop sticks de tapemasu. So watashi wa pen dekakimasu, watashi wa enpitsu de with the help of, I write, watashi wa spoon de tabemasu, watashi wa ohashi de tabemasu with the help of these things I perform a certain activity. So over here depending on what you are using, the verb is going to change tabemasu or kakimasu or any other verb that you want to use, you can use. So particle de is going to be used with these verbs over here and what tool you are using to perform a certain activity. As is given over here, enpitsu dekakimasu, hashide tabemasu. Now you can practice, well look at the picture and see what the gentleman is doing, what can you see, what is he doing, he is talking on the phone. So what is he using to talk, he is using a telephone. So denwa de over here, denwa de hanashimasu, so you can add denwa over here. Denwa is a phone, denwa de hanashimasu, denwa de hanashimasu, you can see denwa de hanashimasu. Well look at this picture now and see what they are doing, they are writing with a pencil. So enpitsu dekakimasu as is given over there. What is this gentleman doing, Tanaka san wa ohashi de, ohashi de gohan wo tabemasu, ohashi de gohan wo tabemasu. So well, ohashi, chopsticks are being used for tabemasu. So this is how you will use particle de, what tool is being used to perform a certain activity. Now we have been doing time, ku-ji kara, ku-ji kara, juu-ji made, juu-ichi-ji kara, juu-ichi-ji han made, san-ji kara, san-ji kara, shichi-ji made, go-go yo-ji kara, go-ji made. You perform a certain activity, ku-ji kara juu-ji made, benkyo shimasu, ku-ji kara juu-ji made, benkyo shimasu, juu-ji kara juu-ichi-ji han made, hanashimasu, which is to talk. Kanji kara shichi-ji made, nemasu to sleep, yo-ji kara go-ji made, asobimasu. During a certain time, during a certain period, you perform a certain activity. So what is this called, this time span, this period, it is called kan, ku-ji kara juu-ji made, benkyo shimasu. So you study for an hour from 9 o'clock till 10 o'clock for an hour, for a period of one hour. So that period of one hour is called kan, kan over here as is written, kan denotes time duration, for example, ni-ji means two o'clock whereas, ni-jikan means two hours spent in doing some work. So watashi wa ni-jikan nemashita, san-jikan terubio mimashita, ni-shukan yasumimashita. So over here you can see, ku-ji kara juu-ji made, benkyo shimasu. So ichi-ji, ichi-ji kan, benkyo shimashita, juu-ichi-ji kara juu-ichi-ji han made, hanashimashita. This is just san-ju-pun-pun hanashimashita, san-ji kara shichi-ji made, nemashita. So yo-ji kan nemashita, yo-ji kara go-ji made, asobimashita, ichi-ji kan for a period of one hour, for four hours, for one hour. For that span of time, watashi wa performed this activity. So please, learn to use kan. So you can tell for exactly how long you performed a certain activity. Over here now we can practice. After number, you have to use kan. After time, kan is used and not ichi-kan-ji, please remember it comes after the time. Over here you have ichi-ji kan, ni-ji kan, ichi-ji kan, han, ni-ji kan, juu-pun, san-ji kan, yo-ji kan, go-ji kan, roku-ji kan, shichi-ji kan, hachi-ji kan, ku-ji kan, juu-ji kan, han. This is how it goes and over here you will see that yo or 4 o'clock is yo and not yon or shi. It is yo-ji and again for shichi-ji it is shichi-ji and not nanaji. Please remember that in a similar manner for 9 o'clock it is ku-ji and not kyu-ji. So please practice this and remember it properly. Now, how to use kan? You can practice over here. You have the time, shichi-ji kara hachi-ji made, nani wo shimashita ka? Shichi-ji kara hachi-ji made, denwa de hanashimashita, nan-ji kan hanashimashita ka, ichi-ji kan hanashimashita. Again you have time, ichi-ji kara san-ji made, nani wo shimashita ka, benkyou shimashita. Now, nan-ji kan benkyou shimashita ka, ni-ji kan benkyou shimashita. So you can ask your partner now in a similar manner, nani wo shimashita ka, nan-ji kan nemashita ka, so you can tell san-ji kan nemashita. Practice this one with your partner, hachi-ji han kara juu-ji made, nani wo shimashita ka. So what are you going to say, terubi wo mimashita. So what should your next question be, nan-ji kan terubi wo mimashita ka, ichi-ji kan han terubi wo mimashita. So please practice it like that. Now we have been doing enough of practice here in class. There is a simple expression for you. We have done this expression earlier also. Expression sumimasen, sumimasen as I told you earlier was excuse me, sumimasen ima nan-ji desu ka? Well this is a little different, this means sorry and you will see how, what are they doing? They are in a train, in a subway and it is crowded probably and then B-san somehow manages to hurt him, step on his foot. So what does he do? Well he says itai, it means it is hurting, itai means it is hurting and then once he hears that what does he say, he says sumimasen, I am sorry. You know this expression, you know this word, you know it as excuse me, you can use it as sorry also depending on the situation. Now lot of practice, lot of new words, lot of grammar over here. Now simple, just look at these kanji characters and try to memorize them. You have done this word shu in sen-shu, kon-shu, shu as in sen-shu, kon-shu, rai-shu. So well this is what we are going to do today, shu. You remember doing this ichi, this juu-do. So one kanji here, there is another kanji over here, this covers it and this is a radical which has a meaning. So this is how you make it over here, it is not in proportion at the moment like this. This is shu, shu means weak. Now this radical means road or pass or through, going through continuous over here. Now this character comes from a paddy field where rice is all spread over and it takes a while, may be a week, may be more, may be a little less to collect all the rice and put it back into the bag. So thus, we have shu which is a period of 7 days for this kanji for shu which is a period of 7 days. That is how long it would take to collect rice which is scattered all over in a rice field. So this is shu, I will make it once again for you, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11. So it is an 11 stroke character like this, like this. I hope you got it right, it is an 11 stroke character. Over here for you shu, there are other kanjis also, we will do that. You can see it is an 11 stroke character, there is another one kan, this word kan which you did just now means period of time. If you remember, we did this character, this means sun. Now if you just elongate this a little and make another nichi over here and do this, does it look like something to you? Well, it means a gate and this character nichi which means sun. So basically what it means is the sun between two gates which means in between meaning aida and also means kan. So over here once again 1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 2, 3 and 4. So this is kan for you over here, a 12 stroke character. Now we have been doing this word denwa a lot, denwa means telephone, denwa is made out of a lot of kanji characters, 2, 3 kanji characters combined to make one character. So over here this means ame which is rain, this is den, this means to speak and this means tongue. So denwa, this whole character means to speak. So you talk through this. So this is a denwa please, I will do the explaining of these two characters later, not today. I just want you to learn this word which is denwa and remember this kanji for denwa, that is all. We will do the characters later. Once again I will make it for you denwa, remember it is right here, this is a word you have done. So I want you to remember the word with this character. Now some kanji characters, these words we have covered in our previous classes and in this class as well, Mai-shu, Kon-shu, Sen-shu, Rai-shu, Shumatsu, Shumatsu is a new word, Shumatsu means weekend, Nishukan, a period of two weeks. So you can learn this new vocabulary, there is more vocabulary which we covered in the lesson, Shin-bun, On-gaku, Shuku-dai, Kakarimasu, Kirimasu, O-yogimasu, Ohashi, Denwa. Well now you have some work to do at home. You have your assignments here, group A and group B, you have to match these, the words in Japanese are given here and the meanings are here in group B, match group A with group B. Then you look at the pictures, what are these people doing? So I want you to write verbs over here, what these pictures show, look at the picture and practice with your partner by asking him or her about his daily schedule. So over here we have to practice time expressions that we have done. And now of course you could always ask your partner from morning till evening what time they perform what activity. So this way you can practice your verbs, you can practice your time, you can practice the vocabulary that we have done and you will feel comfortable in conversation. So with that, we will end the class today, there is lot of work for you to perform at home, to do at home, so do that and come prepared for the next class. So everyone, mata ashita aimashou, arigatou gozaimasu, thank you.