 Hello, I am Mrs. Geetha Dhundarwal, Assistant Professor of Communication Skills, Department of Humanities and Sciences, Walchand Institute of Technology, Sholapam. In my sessions, I am discussing about word formation mechanism in English grammar. During outcome, at the end of this session, student will be able to understand word formation mechanism effectively. Now, in this session, I will discuss about the next word formation processes and that is clipping and blending. So, it is very necessary to understand the word clipping. So, take a pause and think about this question. So, clipping. Clipping is the fourth type of word formation and clipping is of course, a reductive process that shortens words and thus shortens the effort involved in speech and writing. Clipped words are the words shortened by common use. They are the shortened abbreviation of the word which makes easier them to spell and to write. If we read Shakespeare, we can understand how language has sped up and become much faster and more clipped over the centuries. So, clipping is the word formation process which consists in the reduction of a word to one of its parts. It is also known as shortening and the easy example is the word exam which comes from examination. The clipped word shares definition and the context of the original word. Now, let us discuss about the types of clipping. Clipping mainly consists of the following types. The first type is back clipping. The second one is for clipping. The third one is middle clipping and the fourth one is complex clipping. So, these are the four types of clipping. So, the first one back clipping. Back clipping is the most common type in which the beginning is retained. The unclipped origin may be either a simple or a composite word and the examples are add and the original word is advertisement. The second one is doc. The original word is doctor. The next one is fax. The original word is facemile. And gym from gymnastics and fan from fanatic. So, in this type of word the beginning is retained as it is and whatever the remaining word it is deleted. The next type is for clipping. So, for clipping retains the final part of the word and the examples are first one is phone. This word is clipped from telephone. The second one is gator. Gator is a clipped of alligator. The third one is chute. And this word is derived from parachute. So, in all these three words you can see that the first part is deleted and the second part is retained as it is. So, all these are the short forms of all these original words. The third one is middle clipping. In this type of clipping middle of the words retain getting rid of the beginning and the ending parts. So, in this type of words the first and the last part is omitted only the middle part is retained as it is. And the examples are the first one is flu. The original word is influenza. In this word the middle part is only retained. The second example is fridge. So, fridge is a short form of refrigerator. So, in this word also the middle part is retained as it is and the beginning and end is omitted or deleted. The next type is complex clipping. Clipping may occur in compounds. In complex clipping one part of the original compound most often remains intact. Now, see the examples. The first one is cable gram. This word is derived from cable telegram. So, here in this type of words the middle section is deleted and the first and the last part is combined and made a different word. The second example is the word is derived from optical art. The third one is oran and this is the original word that organization man. But sometimes both halves of a compound are clipped and the example is navy shirt. So, navy shirt is a short form of navigation certificate. The next type of word formation process is blending. A blend is a word formed by joining parts of two words after clipping. It is a combination of the two words usually by taking the beginning and the end of the words. So, here are the examples. The first one is smog which comes from smoke and fog. The second example branch which comes from breakfast and lunch. So, this is the combination of these two words. Such clipped words may not retain their original meaning. So, whenever you will see these words that smoke and fog the meaning of these two words is different and whatever the word derived from this one smog it is totally different one. The word camorder combines parts of camera and recorder. The next one is transistor. Transistor is a combination of transfer and register. The next example is webinar. Webinar is a blending of web and seminar. So, word blends can also be created by joining a full word with a portion of another word that is called a splinter and the example is motor cad. It combines from motor and cavalcade or cavalcade. Word blends can also be formed by overlapping or combining phonemes which are parts of two words that sound alike. The result of an overlapping word blend is spanglish which is an informal mixture of spoken English and Spanish. Here are some examples of blends and their roots. So see the difference between clipping and blending. Clipping is defined as the shortening of a single word whereas the shortening and subsequent combining of two words result in a blend. The element of reduction which is noticeable in blending and is even more apparent in the process describes as clipping. This occurs when a word of more than syllable is reduced to a shorter form and often in a casual speech. So there are many ways to create new words. If we take a look around we will see a mass of new words surrounding us. This is a reference I have used to make my PPT. Go through this reference. Thank you and have a nice learning.