 I don't want people to think that nuclear reactors can't be explored. Pressurized water reactors cannot be explored. They have a specific design to be very stable in general. OK, so how about the weather? How does the bottom actually have a housing field? So typically, there's many different designs to cause and to produce a nuclear explosion. But the most common one is you take a plutonium sphere, which is about something like 20 centimeters or 10 centimeters big, a whole sphere empty inside. And you put this very specialized explosive round. So in the beginning, this plutonium is too thin for this chain reaction to really increase. So if a neutron comes in and slams into a piece of plutonium, it may be one or two neutrals to come out. But it's so thin that most neutrals will go through. This will be a dying dog process. This will be like a subcritical kind of a process. It's stable. It can sit. Nothing happens. But how do you get it to sub? How do you get this K minus 1 to become positive? So remember, I said two things. It depends on materials. No, you cannot change the material. You build the bomb, you're not going to choose. And it depends on geometry. Geometry can change very well. So how do you change the geometry of this thing very fast and very subtle? What you do is it explodes out there for a reason. Because they're exposed to detonation in a very, and it's very uniform manner. So because of detonation, and this pushes the pit, this uranium thing is called the pit, or it's biodegradable, into a much smaller size. And it becomes a lot thicker. So remember that analogy between thin uranium and thick uranium. Now when the neutrons come in, they cause a fission, which the model replicates, irrevocates itself, and K minus 1 becomes highly positive. So suddenly, what was a dying-out process becomes violently explosive. And it rises extremely fast. And you know that this enormous rise is actually the time scale over here. So this is on the microsecond. I apologize for tying labels over here. But basically, if you do the analysis of the thing, and you calculate how long does it take for a number of the fissures to be equal to the number of nuclei inside this pit, you find out that it takes only 0.6 seconds. You end up burning all of this plutonium in 0.6 seconds. And enormous amount of energy, at least in a tiny amount of time. So as a result, this plutonium becomes extremely hot. The temperatures rise to higher than the temperature inside the core of the sun. Humans have been able to achieve temperatures that are higher than temperatures inside the sun, not outside. Outside the sun is cold. Inside the sun, 100 million degrees. So this point is holding the temperature. All this energy is released in very short amount of time. So this is like the basic principle of how a fission bomb works. So how about the fusion bomb? I told about the fact that fission bombs are incredibly powerful, but they can make more powerful to use another post. So I talked about the breakup. Fission means essentially breakup. The term I wrote down in Russian in Armin. By the way, I forgot to say, the talk is in English, but if you do not understand what I'm saying, because of the terminology I'm using, just raise your hand, I'll translate or someone can translate for the actual excellent experts here who know things actually better than I do. So fission means breakup, bozhanum or zileh in Russian, right? Fusion means simply, Russian is basically joining things together. Or German, German, European, German, European. So if you take two nuclei and force them together, which is not easy because they have electrostatic repulsion, they have same charge for the European, but if you somehow force them together or get them to go so fast that when they're running to each other, their repulsion is not enough to stop them, they come close together and their nuclear forces cause it to attract and they slam into each other. And in the process there's, you can also release energy in that way. So you can release energy by breaking down uranium and you can release energy for putting light elements like deuterium, trichium, helium, lithium, all together, right? And that's essentially how the sun works. The core of the sun, most of the young stars are made out of helium, that track each other with deuterium, trichium, lithium, and they produce a behavior, behavior, nuclear, until they run out of this and then the star dies, that's going to spread. So the sun is one example and you can also use this to produce thermo-nuclear historic. So I won't go too much into the details of how exactly you... So how do we do this, if you start to figure out how it works in the sun, there is a lot of energy in the sun, because the temperatures are so high that the states are moving so fast that they totally overcome the electrostatic repulsion, slamming each other, the nuclear forces stick together, they release energy, but how do you do it on earth? So well, remember what I said about nuclear weapons in the previous slide, that it gets to 100 million degrees like the core of the sun, so you can do that, right? Essentially, the thermal nuclear weapon consists of the self of a basic nuclear weapon on top, and this material, which is typically lithium dihydrate, so lithium and deuterium, simply because it's easy to make, you cause a detonation in a, what's called a primary, this produces lots of X-rays, which cause ablation on secondary and basically force the, compress the secondary and force the temperature of the secondary to go to 100 million degrees. At that point, you ignite fission, and you'll have this enormous detonation. Essentially the belief is that these things can be made arbitrarily large. If the weapon dropped in Hiroshima, it was 20 kilotons, the side bomb of Bomba, which was built by soccer, was 50 megatons, and there were talks that you could go to a gigaton, essentially, like you can keep adding this fuel in all directions, it keeps burning and burning. So how big are the bombs? Like, lots of people that I talked to when talking about nuclear weapons, because there are so powerful people, it must be enormous, the size of this building, they are actually fairly small. So this is what the first bombs look like. This is the Fat Man, this is the actual bomb that was dropped on Nakasai. This is actually, this fellow over here is Ramsay, Norman Ramsay, I mentioned him earlier. Do you know who Norman Ramsay is? Who uses GPS here? I do. Only two of us. Nobody else uses GPS in Armenia? GPS works because of this guy over here. He developed the atomic clocks, because of atomic clocks, which people put in GPS which allows them to very precise and calculate time, and then that is used to reconstruct the position of the planet. So every time you use your cell phone, you go to, I don't know, the Kalian notes or somewhere, you are, you know, that's because of this fellow. So this bomb was about five tons, right, which is fairly big, it seems like. This is the first, well this is a model, not a real thing, this model is the first thermonuclear bomb, it's called Castel Bravo, it weighted about 10 tons, it was actually never fueled it because it's very hard to deliver a 10 ton bomb. Fairly big. How big are they today? This is like in the 40s and 50s, how big are the bombs today? So they are fairly small. This thing, I told you about in the picture, this is again, it's not a real thing, this is like a model. It's about, it's hard to read, but it's 20, the 40 centimeters big, it's 20 kilograms, like most of us can carry. It comes with a backpack, so special forces soldiers can carry, get on it somewhere. And because it has enough, it's enough power, it's about less than what the erosion bomb was, what this one should be practically about. So can we carry this? Of course, everyone can carry this. We can carry it, too. This is even smaller, okay, this is an artillery shell, they were able to stick a new weapon inside the artillery shell that should be from Canada. This is, you know, it's almost like a rocket-propelled grenade. This is like a French officer, he's expecting a recoilless rifle to take the full term, with basically the same weapon as this one, the different forms. They're tiny, they're extremely small. And something to realize about nuclear weapons, when you think about, can someone develop a nuclear weapon? Nuclear weapons are 1940s technology. Like, this is probably newer technology than in terms of time, the complexity is different. So, this is the, okay, this is actually what I call a fission bomb, this is like a regular nuclear bomb. How about this thermonuclear bomb that can be made enormously powerful? This is how big they are. This bomb over here is W-80, warheads have 150 tons of TNT equipment. Like a whole row, I'm sitting over here, these guys are very bored with you guys, they're testing each one of them. Essentially, the primary that was over here, the regular bombs, and the secondary fuel is in the second time. This bomb is about, what is it, 6, 9, 7 times more powerful than... So they're extremely small, but they have to be made smaller and smaller and smaller. For the obvious reasons, why? Why do you not make your bombs so small? Because it's not enough to have a bomb, you have to drop it, you have to deliver it. So the whole process of delivery is actually quite more complex than making the bomb itself. Making the bomb is just the first step. You also have to figure out ways to do how to deliver it. So at this point, I won't go into the details of how things have evolved, but there's three main ways in which, let's say, Russia, United States, and Britain have their arsenal packed, you know, but they'll continue. There's three main ways, often it's intercontinental ballistic missiles, makes miss Tarmacain, by the speakers here, strategic bombers like this 295, which can fly very long distances and very high altitude. And also in the 60s and 70s, people came up with ways to launch these missiles from under the water in some ways. There's a whole story as to why people had to do these summits, had to do these terms with the way nuclear war would play out. What are the delivery times? I mean, these ones are slow, but how long does it take to deliver, to launch this one for it to arrive to its location? Depends where you launch it from, where it gets, but something like no more than half an hour. One from launch, it arrives at half an hour. Which means that if the opposite side has a warning system, which would typically be very large arrays of radars, they have at most 15-minute warning that something is coming at them. So you can imagine the situation. They've got Russia sitting on their side, America sitting on their side, they're constantly watching you down the side. And if something happens, okay, if you think that there's an attack, you have 15 minutes before this bomb starts blowing up next to you. So you have to make a decision very quickly. You have to transfer a deformation to the president. He's the only person who can over-assess counter-strike. And the president has minutes to make decisions. Something like estimated 10 minutes to make a decision which ultimately might result in the extermination of humanity as I'll show later. There's an instruction much bigger than anything humanity has ever seen. So the real problem with this is it's not only the fact that nuclear war is horrible, but it's even more horrible that there's a risk of accidental nuclear war. One side might think that there are big attacks. And this has really happened. And they might launch an attack on the, basically retaliatory strike on the other side because they think that there are big attacks. So you can imagine essentially extreme, you know, mass murder is committed by mistake, by simple... By false alarm. What's that? By false alarm. By false alarm, exactly. It's called false alarm. And has this happened before? Has it come close to rest? Oh yes. It has come to close this a bunch of times. I mean, we are like, there's been at least four cases where Native Americans thought that there were being under a massive attack or the Soviets thought that there were being under a massive attack. And it was almost a matter of luck that at some last minute they understood that something is wrong and that they should come down and not, you know, escalate this. And in fact, one of the times when this happened in Soviet Union was under the rule of Andropov. He was extremely suspicious of the measures. And people believe that if he had heard the thing, I think that probably started the war. Okay.