 Welcome. I welcome you all to this lecture in the course Introduction to Paninian Grammar. So far we have studied the features of the meta language of Paninian grammar which is extremely fundamental and important to understand first of all the text of Panini's grammar namely the ashtadhyayi and also the system that it operates. So we also studied the technique of pratyahar and then also the detailed study that we carried out to understand what is an ith or what is a marker that is an essential part of the meta language of Paninian grammar. Now we are studying the functions of these markers or ith sounds. This is a very excellent use of the meta linguistic device to explain the linguistic usage in the object language. So in this lecture we will study general theme is markers in the meta language of Paninian grammar ith sounds and their functions that is what we shall study now. To recap here are the sutras all the sutras which term ith saudhnya which assign the term ith to various sounds the first one to vowels and the other ones remaining ones to the consonants one three three and one three four to the final consonants and the remaining to the initial consonants at the beginning of pratyayas or verbal lists and so on excluding some specific kinds of suffixes or pratyayas. Then we looked at and we noted down various functions of these ith sounds or markers and out of them we shall study these ones we have already studied the first two prescription of addition of suffixes and specification of the position of an element that is added. Now we shall study the specification of the position of a substitute modification in the element to which a suffix is added and negation of certain modifications of an element in this lecture and we shall keep accent and meaning change etc for the next lecture. So let us begin specification of position of the substitute we have already seen that substitution is the major device used by Panini in his grammar. This substitution operation functions with reference to environments left hand side environment right hand side environment and we have seen that these environments are specified by the cases Panini uses the cases to specify these environments the fifth case specifies the left hand side environment the seventh case specifies the right hand side environment and also the meaning. So for example if we say that x plus y plus z is substituted by x plus a plus z which means a in effect a is replacing y or a is substituting y this can be described as in the environment of x on the left hand side and z on the right hand side y is substituted by a this is how you can describe the substitution in Panini and grammar. Now given this if we focus on the size of y and a we will note the following facts for example if the shape or the size of y and a is the same then by default a will substitute y but if there is difference of size or shape of y and a there is ambiguity about the exact location of the substitution what will a substitute. So Panini grammar removes this ambiguity by stating that in general any substitute replaces the final element of the substituent I repeat in general any substitute replaces the final element of the substituent and we shall see what this is. So this is stated by Asutra 1152 Alo Antiasia. So if y is made up of three sounds a b and c and if a is made up of let us say one sound p obviously there is difference of size of y and a now there is a problem as to where will a replace y that means where will p be placed what will it substitute there could be multiple options either it substitutes a or b or c or a b or bc or ac or if the entire a b c we do not know what will it substitute. Now the Panini grammar specifies that in general this p replaces only the c element that is the final element over here of y and the output returned is y is equal to a b and p a plus b plus p p substitutes c now there are two it sounds which further contribute in removing this kind of ambiguity by specifying the position of the substitute let us study them one by one let us look at the it sounds sure and so when sure is attached to an element that element will be called shift the substitute notably that we are studying here. So now if the substitute is shift then what happens if the substituent consists of more than one sound and the substitute consists of only one sound what we have seen earlier but the marker that is it sure is added to it then this substitute replaces the entire substituent and not the final part of the substituent. So to put it in the equation form if y consists of let us say a plus b plus c and a which is a substitute stated with reference to y and a consists of p with a marker sure then this a in the form of p with a marker sure will substitute this entire a plus b plus c and so the output return would be just p y is p that would be the output. So this marker sure triggers this substitution in place of the entire substituent in this specific condition mentioned here in the second bullet. Now this is stated by the sutra anekal shit sarvasya 1.1.55 which is an important function assigned to the marker sure. So let us take a concrete example over here which is shown on the right hand side of the slide this part. So in the environment which is left hand side environment x and the right hand side environment z substitute y by a. So what it means is x plus y plus z is substituted by x plus a plus z if this is the format of the sutra and if y is equal to a plus b plus c this can be rewritten as x plus a plus b plus c plus z then this a can be rewritten as just p following what we saw just now the explanation. So the example is idama ish 5.3.3 what it means is immediately before suffixes stated in 5.3.1 to 27 substitute idama by ish. So note here that idama is a nominal root to which is added her which is part of this set of suffixes idamo ha ha that is part of this set. So her is part of this set this is the right hand side environment. So this condition is fulfilled now this idam is to be replaced by ish. Idam consists of sounds i, d, p and m four sounds and ish consists of only one sound e with a marker shea but now because of this marker shea this one sound substitute e will substitute the entire substituent which consists of four sounds and so we get the output e plus her and then the word returned is here means here. So we noted that in this case the marker shea assigned or attached to e triggers this operation and specifies the position of the substitute. What is that position in place of the entire substituent? The by default rule would have stated the substitution in place of the final element but if there is a marker shea attached to the substitute and if substitute consists of only one sound then this substitute substitutes the entire substituent that is this substituent which consists of four sound so e replaces all these four sounds and so we get the form here. Let us look at the other id sound which specifies the position of the substitute. So an element to which ng is added as ith sound will be called ngith. Now if the substituent consists of more than one sound as we saw earlier and the substitute also consists of more than one sound and the marker ng in it then this substitute replaces only the final sound of the substituent and not the entire substituent which is stated by 1155. I repeat if the substituent consists of more than one sound and the substitute also consists of more than one sound and also the marker it in it and that marker is ng then this substitute replaces only the final sound of the substituent and not the entire substituent as we saw earlier. In the previous example where the entire substituent was replaced so that does not happen in this case and that is taken care of by the marker ng. So if y consists of a b c a plus b plus c and a is the substitute y is the substituent and a consists of p plus q that is more than one sound with the marker ng attached to it then instead of getting the output in the format of p plus q now we will get the substitute now we will get the output returned in this form a plus b plus p plus q only c is substituted because there is a marker ng attached to the substitute so only final sound c will get substituted. So for example if we put this once again in the form of an equation we see that if the rule says that x plus y plus z is substituted by x plus a plus z and if y is equal to a plus b plus c and a is equal to p plus q then this equation can be rewritten as x plus a plus b plus c plus z get substituted by x plus a plus b plus b plus q c plus z so only c gets substituted by p plus q and not the entire a b c and let us look at the concrete example from the ashtadhyayi the panini grammar the sutra is asthi tadhi I repeat ashti tadhi 7175 without going into the details of the meaning of the sutra let me state the meaning to you it means immediately before the vowel beginning vibhakti that begins with the third vibhakti substitute anang that is an with the marker ng in place of asthi tadhi sakthi and akshi now here there is another a over here after na but this is only for the sake of pronunciation for convenience the actual substitute stated here is an a and na two sounds with the marker ng and a in between for the sake of pronunciation that is not to be counted here there is no explicit rule stated in the grammar of panini to this effect but the later paninian grammatical tradition does specify this fact so now let us look at the examples here we are we have the word dadhi to which the suffix a is added this is the instrumental singular the third case singular number similarly akshi plus a the third case singular a suffix is added to akshi as well dadhi means curds akshi means an i so now here is the environment a vowel beginning vibhakti which begins with the third vibhakti immediately before this so this is the right hand side environment that is fulfilled similarly over here this is the right hand side environment now immediately before this when dadhi comes or akshi comes then substitute this akshi or this dadhi by an that is what 7175 states so where would you substitute this an in place of what so the marker n specifies the position of the substitute in the substitute end this is the substituent and now marker n specifies that this unsubstitute comes in place of the final element namely e over here so now you get dadhi an an comes in place of e dadhi an plus a and then this a gets deleted by 64134 so you get dadhi n a and you join this together and you will get the form dadha which means with the curds so in order to derive dadha we go through this grammatical procedure and here are the rules which bring about these stages so to derive the word dadha paninian grammar substitute this e by an and this is triggered by the marker n let us look at this example akshi plus a so if you have to say with the i you will take the nominal root akshi and add the instrumental singular case a which is what we have done in the first step of derivation then 7175 says when the right hand side environment is a vowel beginning vibhakti beginning with the third case which is what this is this is a vowel beginning vibhakti also and part of the third case that is the instrumental case so this right hand side environment is fulfilled now substitute this akshi by an where would you put this substitute what is the exact location and that exact location is stated by the marker n which says that substitute this an in place of final e so we get akshi an and a then following 64134 this a gets deleted and you have akshi n a then following 841 this n becomes n and so you get the form akshi n a this is how markers share and specify the position of the substitute in the paninian grammar let us now look at the next function of the markers namely modification in the element to which a suffix is added here are the four cases that are presented to you first of all the it sounds an an here which are attached to a suffix they cause the bhrudhi substitution that is a i and ou substitution in place of the initial sound of the root to which they are added this is stated by 72115 then we come to the sound d which is attached to a suffix then it causes the deletion of certain portion of the root stated by 64142 then we will look at the sound h attached to a suffix which causes the addition of sound m immediately after the final vowel of the root stated by 6367 then they sound ghr which is attached to a suffix and it causes the substitution of ch and j by k and ghr respectively by 7352 let us study these cases one by one so first of all let us look at these two examples one on the left hand side is the example of the use of it sound and this on the right hand side is the example of the use of it sound so we have this derivation process on the left hand side let us study it in detail so if the speaker wants to say a descendant of shiver he will take the nominal root shiver and by 41112 add the suffix an to it an which has the marker an now this marker this sound an will be termed as it by 133 and will be deleted by 139 so we get this step of derivation shiver plus a then because of this you know now this initial e of this nominal root shiver will get the with this substitution namely i and why i in place of e this will be clear when we look at the process of speech production which will state the affinity between e and i so shiver plus a then we apply 64148 shiver plus a and then you get the form shiver a descendant of shiver so this is caused by this marker an over here similarly if you have to derive the word bhaava meaning the state we take the verbal root bhu and add the suffix ghay to it by 3118 then of course in this ghay the initial ghay is termed ith by 138 here is termed ith by 133 and then both of them are deleted by 139 so now we get the suffix a over here bhu plus a now because there is this marker in here this u will get the with this substitution and this will become bhu so u becomes aw so aw substitutes u and why once again we shall study this when we study the process of speech production where the phonetic properties of u and aw they will be studied and they show close affinity so by 7 to 1 month 5 we substitute bhu in place of bhu then by 6178 aw gets replaced by aw and so you get the form bhaava so here the with this substitution is caused by the marker let us look at these two examples where the marker d is playing a prominent role for example when you have to say 20th you take the nominal root vimshati and add the suffix dat to it dat by 5242 and then this dat consists of d as ith by 137 to 2 and as ith by 133 halantyam they both get deleted by 139 and so we get a vimshati plus a now 64142 comes in and says that delete this t if this suffix is dit it is dit so therefore we delete this t and we get the form vimshat similarly in case of a verbal root here we have bhavitas and the suffix is da and once again applying 137 and 9 this da will be deleted and so now we have bhavitas plus aw now this aw is dit and because this is dit this aws portion in bhavitas will be deleted and we will get the substitute bhavit and aw join together we will get bhavita that is he she or it will become tomorrow there is no specific explicit rule which states this operation with respect to verbal roots but the later panayan grammatical tradition fills in this gap and has in fact written down the statement to this effect now let us take another example which explains modification in the element to which a suffix is added and this modification is brought about by an ith sound which is part of that precise suffix here we are dealing with the ith sound khur which is added to a suffix and then this khur sound brings about some modification in the word to which it is added so here we are deriving a compound which is janame jaya which means one who makes people tremble janame jaya one who makes people tremble here we have jana plus am plus ag then we add a suffix khash to this verbal root ag in the environment of jana plus am now in khash we know that khur is ith because of the application of 137 and sure is ith because of halantyam 133 and so they both get deleted and we have a before that this am gets deleted by 2471 and we get jana plus ag plus khash then the ith saudhnya applies and we have jana plus ag plus a now 6367 applies at this stage because its conditions are fulfilled and 6367 says that if the suffix has khur sound as ith or marker then the padha the purva padha over here which is jana gets ma added to it at the end in this particular position so we have jana ma and then ag and because this ar pratyaya is shith so we add the shah pratyaya over here so we have jana ma plus ag plus shah plus ar and then we have jana ma plus aj ag becomes aj because of this shah by the application of 7384 and so we have jana ma followed by aj plus ar plus ar then this aj becomes aj because of itch or avaya vaha 6178 and so we have jana ma aj ar ar then prarupa sandhi takes place and finally we get the form jana main jaya one who makes people tremble now we saw that because of the marker khur ma was added to this purva padha and because this is mom so this ma is added immediately after the final vowel in this word the final vowel in this word is a after so this ma is added over here this is how the khur sound brings about modification in the element to which a suffix is added. Let us look at the last example in this particular function that is the ith sound ghur so here we have the verbal root bhanj meaning to break to which is added the suffix ghurach by 32161 in which ghur is termed ith by 138 and chah is termed ith by 133 and then both of them get deleted by 139 so we get ur so bhanj plus ur so here is the substitute and j which is then changed to ghur and because of this ghur this yin is also changed to and we get the form bhangur that is one whose nature it is to break down so this substitution is caused by the ith sound ghur. Let us look at the next function of the ith sounds negation of modifications of element so ith sounds ghur, ghur and ghur are used to describe negation of guna substitute in place of ik that is i, u, ru and lu similarly same ith sounds ghur, ghur and ghur are used to describe negation of vurdhi substitution in place of ik that is i, u, ru, lu. Let us take one example each so the ith sounds ghur which prescribes negation of guna or a, o here is an example we have the verbal root chi to which is added the suffix khth by a 32102. Now because this suffix is khth that is where khth is marked as ith by 138 so this gets deleted by 139 so we get the suffix th but this is now khth so this will negate the guna substitute that is chi becoming chi by 115 and so you will get the form chi th something that is collected so guna is prohibited over here negated similarly if you have chi, nu and tas this is an example where a gh sound causes the negation of guna chi, nu and tas now this nu is considered as nth having nth as ith because of this nth chi will not be substituted by chi so guna will be prohibited negated and so we will get the form chi nu tas chi nu taha which means they too collect and now let us look at the example where the markers prohibit the vurdhi and there is one example here this is the verbal form mristaha they too clean this begins with mrija followed by the suffix tas this tux tas is marked with the ith sound n and now this will cause the negation of the vurdhi substitute in place of this ru this vurdhi substitute is stated by in general by 72114 but now because this is a nth suffix 115 will negate this vurdhi so it will not become marj it remains bridge then j is substituted by shah shah is shah causes th to get substituted by th and so finally we get the form mristaha here there is no vurdhi that is negated by 115 because the suffix is nth marker has the marker n into it to summarize three more functions of the markers ith its sounds were studied in this lecture these markers and these functions are specification of the position of a substitute modification in the element to which a suffix is added negation of certain modifications of an element the ith sounds are used as metalinguistic devices effectively to describe various linguistic features through grammatical operations these operations pertain to almost all components of a sentence now as is our practice let us end this lecture by reciting an important mangala charana and this is taken from a text called vayakarna siddhanta kavmudhi and the mangala charana is vayakarna siddhanta kavmudhi yam viracchate i repeat manitrayam namaskritya tadukthih paribhaviyacha vayakarna siddhanta kavmudhi yam viracchate and today's five sutras taken from 3.2 karmanyan vavamascha atonupasarge kaha supisthaha tundashokayokh paremrjapanudohu i repeat karmanyan vavamascha atonupasarge kaha supisthaha tundashokayohu paremrjapanudohu now we will take the remaining two functions in the next lecture thank you for your attention