 We have been looking at X bar theory in order to see how a sentence is structurally represented. To see how a sentence is structurally represented we have looked at structure of an of a phrase that is internal structure of a phrase what it consists of and then how they combined with another one. If you see little bit beyond the structure of a phrase or with the help of a structure of a phrase about its about the process of combination of other combination of a phrase with the other phrase there are two things that come up very significantly and they are the relationship between head and a compliment and the relationship between a compliment and an adjunct that defines to a great extent how the structure is going to look like okay but before we come to this distinction and how to represent a compliment and an adjunct I will again go back and talk to you a little bit about how a sentence is called an inflectional phrase and then what are the components that are called inflection and how they are represented in the structure okay. So these are the two things that we hope to have done today let us see how we go through these things. So to take you through these things again no questions here we understand the phrase structure that is in this representation we are trying to put categories to we are trying to indicate phrases in the sentence and its relationship with another phrase okay this is how we looked at a noun phrase which is students of physics right we are still working with the same sentence for the purpose of simplicity and the for the purpose that we understand the sentence and the structure properly. So this is how a sentence is how a noun phrase is represented where the important part that I want you to look at is the head of the first NP has PP as its compliment and then in that PP the head is P which is off and another NP is the compliment of that P okay see compliments belong to heads okay when we say in the first NP we have PP is the compliment of N that is compliment of head the relationship whatever it denotes whatever we mean by compliment compliments are of heads making sense compliments are of heads not to the phrase however a compliment is part of a phrase okay a compliment is part of a phrase but it belongs to heads alright we are going to look at as I promised you the relationship between a compliment and adjunct and differences and similarity between them and once we are done with representation of this structural representation of a sentence and phrase we are also going to look at some configurational relationships that that comes up little later so let me not talk about them and then again in the in the last NP which is the compliment of P you see we have N which is that the compliment is an NP which is a in turn is an N which is physics and in this one you see there is no spec and no compliment any further and then it stops okay however the spaces are available which means again this physics this N physics can potentially take another compliment but it it does not have in in this case alright it is this is structure clear now this is structure clear to everybody now okay now we looked at the structure of VP yesterday we did not have questions so far right was good okay we here again we have two things to keep in mind the NP pizza is the compliment of the verb like and PP that is in the evening is an adjunct to the whole V bar that is adjunct of the verb and therefore it is simply adjoint by a manipulative fashion which where space comes through V bar the the idea of this intermediate category is to provide us a space to represent several categories and through that we we see that PP gets projected far apart from its compliment in it is a it is a coincidence or or it is a structural point that it is stage higher than the and higher than the compliment NP which is pizza but you can see it is too far apart structurally from the compliment you see that it is too far apart from the compliment everybody you see that it is too far apart from the compliment okay and then again within that PP which is adjunct PP you have the NP which is the compliment of P we have we have seen these things and I am only repeating these things for you to see the structure categorically once again now we started looking at this thing where we stopped yesterday and then we saw that when we when we project the whole sentence we project it as IP do you see a systematic do you see a system underlying the structure that every structure has same system which is specifier head and compliment specifier above head and compliment and in a among head and compliment there is a sister relationship do you see this structure in every every every structure of every phrase right so the whole sentence is projected as IP where the head of this IP is I which means inflection as I have as I discussed with you yesterday and we have discussed these things earlier that there are two parts in a sentence one part is called one part consists of functional categories and the other part consists of lexical categories things that belong to lexical categories are nouns pronouns adjectives verbs prepositions and so on stuff that belong to belong to functional categories are things like tense aspect agreement and their and their components like number person gender etc right so the point here is all such functional things functional stuff are part of I okay all of them are bundled in the head called I and we in short or the name of this thing is inflection so all those functional elements are part of functional inflectional layer in the sentence the the idea that sentence must be projected as an IP captures the notion that such elements that are that is functional elements in a sentence are significant aspect of sentence they are all they they are the they are the chunk which make a sentence which is significant part of a sentence not that it reduces significance of its lexical categories but the point is functional elements bind lexical categories to make a sentence are we good so far yes no difficulties can I take your take this thing as yes and move ahead okay we had a couple of questions here and I I think we have answered those questions and they should be clear to you is there any aspect of of this functional thing which is still not clear or making any difficulty for you this would be the time for you to let me know not that you cannot let me know later but this would be the right time to talk about this is there any anything else any further confusion problems how do we define an adjunct right which you are not sure about that right I am coming I am coming to that in a moment give me give me give me a moment do you see the representation of an of an adjunct this is the reason why I am carrying one adjunct all along without talking much about them and without giving you a definition for it all along I am I am carrying an adjunct in the sentence at least just because it should be in front of you at least do you see the adjunct I am I am going to define that in a moment do you see the adjunct here in this phrase in the evening what I see that you are not sure why it is an adjunct but but when I tell you in the evening is adjunct and pizza is the compliment do you see the difference between the two forget about the definitions do you see the difference between the two in terms of their structural representation yes or no everybody you see that right you do not see that okay what do you see about the difference between the two to accommodate adjunct extra layer is added that is by by notion in this whole structure the place of an adjunct is an additional place okay the place of an adjunct is not part of the phrase adjunct does not have a space in the original structure of a phrase do you see this thing at least do you understand the original structure of a original place in a structure quick quick tell me if you if there is a problem tell me that I do not understand the original structure of a of a phrase then then only I can move move on and talk to you about what original structure of a phrase means do you understand when I say original structure of a phrase no no no hold on answer my question then I will answer your question specifier yeah sure go ahead specifier then you have a X bar X and then a compliment right this is the original structure of a free here X bar is just a mechanism to go further down right done we are left with three things specifier head and a compliment do you see any space for an adjunct here there is no that is what I mean by by blueprint of a phrase that is the structure of a phrase so in the structure of a phrase there is no place for adjunct the place for compliment however is located we we do have a space for compliment so when I when I am asking you the do you see the difference between the two at least the initial difference which you can see clearly on the screen is pizza as an NP is the compliment of the head which is V right at least this much is totally clear the same status the the PP in the evening does not have the same status do you see this this point that does not have the same status what is the status that it has that is how is it represented it is my question clear this is the question making sense to you how is it represented it is not following the blueprint of a phrase however it is not violating also the structure of a phrase do you see this this this a smart play here do you see this this is what we call manipulation the smart play is we do not want to violate the structure that is what will be violation of a structure if we let us say if we bring a specifier down and we take compliment up that will be a total blatant violation of structure and probably we will not be able to capture anything with that right we are not also violating there it is binary structure right which is we are not saying that we are not saying that we have an XP here and we have specifier and we have X bar and here is our head right here is our compliment and now we have a adjunct so let us put here that is not what we are saying because this is again a violation of what we started with right out out not because it does not look good or anything out because this does not tell us anything if we say what is what is the problem here if we say this is the space for our adjunct right what is the problem what is the conceptual ambiguity and mess up here that is a structure it not binary and what is it not capturing it it also tells you that there is no distinction between a compliment and adjunct in terms of it is a structural representation here there is no distinction between a compliment and adjunct that is one which in turn means that the fact that a head could be let us say a head like like which is a verb right and we are saying this is transitive plus transitive right which means by definition it is going to take one NP compliment understand this we are saying because verb as a head if it is transitive it is going to take an NP compliment in that notion we are not saying anything about adjunct we are not saying whether the transitive verb will take an adjunct also whether it will take two adjuncts whether it is not going to take any adjunct such things are not guaranteed by the nature of the verb and if that does not follow from the nature of the verb then what we end up saying here is we do not care about an about a compliment and adjunct all of them have same status see this thing which is taken care of in this structure that you see on the screen that is not violating the fundamental structure of a phrase what it is doing it is just adjoining another creating one more layer right reduplicating the same thing which is V bar right with that it is keeping the adjacency requirement between the head and the compliment intact it is keeping the spec position high up it is only taking reduplicating this thing and taking another space for a PP or anything that comes here as adjunct to tell us that look there is a difference between these two so do you see a structurally the difference between an adjunct and a and a compliment now I am not yet giving the definition of this thing in literal terms but I am bringing you to a point where you can define adjunct by yourself right adjuncts are adjoined elements in this structure if we are if we are trying to define an adjunct structurally we can say they are adjoined elements in a structure they are always going to represent themselves with this adjunction that is creating another space because they do not have a space inherently within the phrase clear I am coming coming to adjunct and compliment and adjunct again it to to see to see little bit more about them now let us look at the the inflection part separately in bringing certain things in focus you have seen the structure of a VP and I want you to keep in mind the first point from here is the VP is compliment of I with the with VP what we were saying is what we have seen so far that there are two parts of a sentence in our earlier discussions I have told you there are two parts of a sentence one is subject the other is predicate remember and when we said everything else in a sentence by everything else we meant everything other than the subject is predicate right which we essentially mean VP okay everything else in the VP because you see even when we are talking about adjuncts and we are we are making a distinction between an adjunct and a compliment it is still part of VP understand this thing it is still part of why is it part of a VP we are not doing any charity by saying that the adjuncts are part of VP these these poor things do not have any place anywhere so let us accommodate them in VP that is not what we are doing we are putting it in the proper place that in the evening is talking about the action done action captured by VP by V what is happening in the evening what happened what happens in the evening liking of pizza takes place in the evening right therefore we are keeping it in the VP it is part of VP by its right it just that it does not have the same status as as the compliment okay is this conceptually clear to you okay any doubt anything that comes to your mind please feel free to ask yeah exactly everything that is not part not sub-categorized by VP by sub-categorized I mean everything that is not required desired and guaranteed by the VP is adjunct what you see being guaranteed by the verb is its compliment okay that is what do you mean by guaranteed and sub-categorized what we mean is the the reason that the the fact that this verb is a transitive verb it needs an object which is its compliment that is what we mean this compliment is sub-categorized required by the verb desired by the verb now this thing is not desired by the word that is this thing verb does not need essentially we need we want to we want to say more things about that right like pizza is fine students like pizza as far as formation of the sentence is concerned that is essential elements of a sentence is concerned we add up remember let us not lose focus that we are talking about required elements of a sentence we are done and information that comes through adjunct is an additional information therefore we have to keep it where it belongs and it belongs to VP it talks about the verb that liking in the evening but it can add it can add it can say something to the noun phrase also in that case it will be contained within noun phrase okay that is just like a compliment belongs to head in a sub-categorized way in a required way an adjunct also belongs to the phrase not in a sub-categorized way but as long as the adjunct is or adverb is talking about the head it will be projected in the same head since this adjunct is project is talking about the verb it is being projected inside the verb how it is projected inside a noun phrase I am going to show you that in a moment in a moment okay now so everything here is part of VP right and then we have a subject now so in this in the in the scheme of a subject and predicate what is not visible is the elements represented by I which essentially binds these two things please bear with me and help me understand that you follow this do you see what I am trying to show you that in this scheme of subject and predicate what is not clearly visible is I the elements that bind the two things together namely look at what is being projected in I and these are not the things that we are hearing for the first time am I right do we do we understand I think I do want to move little faster but by looking at you sometimes I get lost and then I do not get a clear idea the whether these things are making sense or not whether I am whether I can go little with with the normal speed or not or I need to go with the speed breakers and reduce the speed so if you can help me little bit then I will then I will understand I do not know face reading okay do you see what is coming in the I right all of them are part of I which is not clear here okay so this is another advantage of X bar theory that things that were not possible to project with the phrase structure rules are being projected in the X bar theory and it has a space for projecting all such things clear I in in totality contains all agreement tense aspect it may contain more more stuff whatever is whatever you think is invisible in a sentence they all belong to I and therefore I is the head of the sentence and IP is the projection of a sentence okay VP is the compliment of this I and therefore it has direct relationship with the functional elements by it I mean VP has direct relationship with functional elements in a sentence it is directly combined or bind bound with the functional elements okay now talking about the subject it is it is a projected in the specifier position of the IP which captures the notion where we started with that the subject is outside the predicate okay subject is outside the predicate it gets projected in the specifier position of the IP okay now before I I think you have already seen the structure of this NP which is in the specifier position of the VP so not every time we need to put a specifier we know that that's an a specifier position we simply put an NP there right we know this position is for a specifier and in this specifier what we have seen in the specifier position of an NP what have we seen in the specifier position of an NP what have we seen so far articles determinants and things like that in this specifier position of a sentence what we see is an NP NP okay now this NP is going to represent sentence sorry this NP is going to represent subject now depending upon what is subject is in a sentence will come in this place okay and you have already seen the structure of this NP is it okay structure of the NP students of physics right okay now before I go and talk to you about other stuff there is one more thing that I want to tell you right here you see which is which we will not discuss at length right now because that comes much later and if I if at all we get time in this class I will talk to you look at this do you see anything in the spec position of VP like every other phrase VP is also going to have a specifier right it has a spec position there are two positions about subjects there are two things that have been argued about subject in one notion people have tried to put subject as a spec of NP IP maintaining this notion that the subject is outside the predicate okay in the other position some people have argued that subject actually originates inside VP okay which is the spec position of VP and then later on it gets projected outside now it is not going to make much sense right now or maybe I am under estimating you under estimating you but I am only trying to say that there are two positions for the representation of subject none of them at a discussion into that is not relevant at this point those are just two theoretical positions and both positions have their own arguments why inside VP why outside VP they have their own arguments right at one level both can be combined together and one can see the see how they are actually represented but that is not relevant right now you may ask a question if it is not relevant why are you why are you talking about it then the reason why I am talking about it is when I did I did I talk to you about the notion of deep structure and surface structure not yet okay whatever I am discussing so far either with this phrase structure rules and or with the structure these are representation of sentence projection of lexical and functional categories both at deep structure okay we have talked about I language and E language remember I language and E language is that distinction clear to you within I language now forget E language for the time being within I language there could be two layers one is deep structure which is called D structure and the other is called surface structure which is written as S structure both are parts of I language now what happens is we are still talking about deep structure right we are still talking about deep structure when the sentence gets completely when the sentence gets a complete projection that stage is called S structure when this when you see this complete projection that is projection of every single element in a sentence is done then we call that S structure okay so the argument the reason why I talked about inside VP and outside VP is the people who argue it is inside VP for them it originates inside VP at D structure and then it gets projected at S structure outside VP now do not do not pay much attention to this thing right now I just wanted to talk about deep structure and S structure I just wanted to bring in these two notions I am going to show you more to connect these two things and then probably it will make little bit more sense okay so let us go step wise so yeah phase structure okay if you want to be pedantic we can actually introduce a free bar and a specifier and then you try splits into p and p yes that is definitely correct and that is correct not because it is not following this the phrase structure the moment we say PP is the adjunct that phrase is going to follow exactly that the original phrase structure rules what we are saying it is not it is not is it is not it does not belong to VP that is all we are saying to accommodate in accommodate it in VP we need some extra extra layer that is all we are saying when we say it does not belong once it is a PP it is going to take it is going to be projected like PP you see here and and and again because I have shown you this thing so I I have put that in in short that is shortcut clear sure this thing clear now I want you to look at this thing little carefully don't don't be scared of this thing it's exactly what you have seen so far I give you 20 seconds to look at it and if there is anything that is not making sense let me know I my apologies to you for it for the smaller fonts I I didn't put a smaller fonts it's you know you know how it becomes a small when you try to project too many things it's small now tell me if you see anything so far anything here that you haven't heard so far AS AS where is ASRP it should be AGR oh I'm sorry sorry yeah that should be AGR P agreement phrase yes that's not ASR that's AGR sorry that that you see below AGR bar and then AGR right that that's a small typo good then you see so so we start with IP right then we go to AGR P then we go to TP and then we go to ASP and then we go to VP you see this thing now even by making it a small that is smaller fonts I am trying to trying to connect them in phrasal fashion when they are actually represented you know you you are going to see that only head positions of these things are important okay so when people actually draw them they don't draw spec positions for these things but but for you to see I have tried to draw spec positions just so that you see and you see how they are combined okay now remember again when I say they are not drawn I am not saying they are not there we just don't draw that is that that space that is a spec if we want to draw nobody wants to stop us it's just going to be longer and if you are okay with that that's then it's fine now so we go we start with IP we have the spec position of IP we start with the head I and then AGR P we have again a spec position of that and head of that right in the complement position of AGRP what do you see in the complement position of AGRP TP right it has again its own head and a specifier and what's in the complement position of TP aspect and then again it has over it has its own spec and us head and in the complement position of a TP what do we see in the complement position of ASP what do you see VP now this so far where you see the red line right so far it's just the expansion of this IP this I do you see this thing what what you see in the next slide before before the red line is simply expansion of this I am I making sense are these things making sense to you if you want to take you want me to take a pause I can wait and talk to you exactly exactly it it's just been expanded so here we are saying whatever is the agreement let let's take the sentence again the same sentence students of physics like pizza in the evening right what do you see in the IP position here we are just putting present tense we are putting one thing I can put again here present tense indefinite aspect right and singular agreement that's all all three of them I can put in the I position and I am still saying the same thing okay to expand this I that is to put more things I I have tried to tell you that all three of them are here right in the next one the all I am saying is in the I again sorry in the IP position where you see present tense that's not going to be there I'm sorry that's another another error do you understand what I am saying in the IP position here the present that you see that that's not going to be here it's going to be here okay it's going to be here so you are going to have singular agreement here okay present tense here and indefinite aspect here get this thing now there are still couple of anomalies in this structure once you once you try to follow this thing someone can ask you then what's the need of I you are already projecting everything do you understand my question if I am already projecting everything separately that is agrt and aspect then what's the need of this I understand me understand this thing so so people say look just get rid of this thing there is no need of that you can start with agrt okay because I eventually is the bundle of all these things so we can either put I or these things there is no need to put everything and when we bundle them together we put I when we don't bundle them together we expand them we don't need to put I am I drawing your attention to the anomaly in this structure you see that and please ignore that present tense in the I in I it when while making this thing I just left it there now there are more questions which which are again not relevant at this level questions are how do you know that the agreement precedes tense or if you say okay you don't agree with this you think tense precedes agreement let's put tense first then the question is how do you decide that you cannot be arbitrarily deciding these things in a in any scientific projection one cannot be arbitrarily arbitrarily deciding this thing that which one precedes what understand this thing now I am just raising this question and and leaving this question here however there is an answer to this question there is a way in the syntactic investigation of a sentence or syntactic investigation of language people have identified which inflectional category precedes first and then which one comes later and which one comes later this has been done but this at this stage for our understanding the question exists do you understand the question all right so leaving these questions aside what I want you to see that all that you see above this red line do you see something above the red line all of them are called functional layer functional layer of a sentence okay functional layer of a sentence and beyond this below the red line where you you see VP starting okay when you see VP starting that's called lexical layer of sentence so all along what we have been talking about functional categories and lexical categories that's the distinction and if you if you can see this distinction between functional layer and lexical layer okay do you see this thing then probably you will be able to appreciate then probably you will be able to appreciate why someone would be tempted to put the hypothesis forth that subject originates inside VP let me say it again if you see the distinction between functional layer and lexical layer then probably you can appreciate why someone will put forth the hypothesis that the subject originates inside VP because subject eventually is an NP it's a lexical category how does it belong to functional layer understand this thing so that's the genesis of someone's position on why it should originate inside VP number one then the question is if it does not originate inside VP if it originates inside VP how does it go these questions are answered phase by phase later but I want you to see the relevance of these questions with the help of this understanding okay