 Dear students, in this module we are going to talk about the survey design and one of the very important and more common aspect of research design is the survey method. So using the questionnaires and interviews, we collect data from the sample or limited number of individuals or groups to have our generalized findings. So designing a questionnaire that are clear, unbiased and relevant to those research questions. So this survey design, as you have seen in sociology, in research methodology, is very common or used. According to this survey design, you have to collect primary data in the survey and it is a step-by-step process. The most important aspect of survey research is your questionnaire or data collection tool. In the construction of the questionnaire, you have to take care of a lot of things. What is your research hypothesis? In the questionnaire, it is ensured that all the key concepts of that research hypothesis, whatever their variables are, whether it is a dependent variable or an independent variable, have a fair and reliable, trustable representation through which you can measure those variables. And then selecting our representative sample to ensure the validity and reliability of the data. In survey research, your sampling strategy or sampling frame is very important. We cannot do that. Wherever we survey, we can collect 100% data from there. So to make that data collection process feasible, to make it easy for ourselves, we use sampling, we use sampling techniques. So in the sampling process, we ensure the generalizability of the limited number of observations. That is, the limited number of observations is where, let's suppose, 10,000 or 1,000,000 population or 10,000,000 population or 24 crore population. So it is not necessary that we collect data from every individual from that hypothesis and then we will be able to draw reliable findings from there. In fact, the sampling frame and the sampling method provides you with such an adequate technique on which you can ensure the findings of the limited number of observations or limited sample based on that population. Then analyzing the data using descriptive or inferential statistics. Because the sampling survey method is quantitative, so you have to use the statistics for that. So both types of statistical methods can be used. For hypothesis testing, you can use inferential statistics. To know the trends of the data, you can use the descriptive statistics. And then assessing the strengths and limitations of survey research. We cannot say that every method is a perfect method. So there are also strengths and limitations of survey research. So it is also necessary to assess the research hypothesis that you construct. There are also some weaknesses along with the strengths of every research hypothesis that you have to explicitly clarify within the study limitation. For example, conducting a survey on the attitudes of Pakistani citizens towards the government's response to COVID-19 pandemic. Recently, since COVID-19 came, the government has taken any steps, any initiatives that people would have an opinion about. Whether these aspects or these initiatives were positive or negative or how people think about those initiatives or those steps taken by the government. So a research survey can be designed on that. By collecting data from the representative sample, you can interpret the findings and draw conclusions about whether Pakistani citizens have a positive opinion or a negative opinion.