 Good morning and good afternoon everyone. So we are going now to start the second session of the workshop. This session will be the last one for this day. We will have seven presentations dealing with mitigation and adaptation to climate change. Et donc, pour réfléchir, je vais essayer de commencer avec un petit slide, juste pour donner la définition de ce qu'est la mitigation et ce qu'est l'adaptation. Donc si nous prenons la définition de l'intergovernemental panel on climate change, l'adaptation est en train de gérer toutes les actions pour réduire les sources ou en termes de la sainte de l'eau grise. Et l'adaptation est le processus d'adjustement à l'actualité ou à l'expective climat et ses effets. Et donc vous pouvez voir que beaucoup de aspects de l'adaptation que nous avons déjà assise et que nous avons essayé de l'answer hier et aujourd'hui durant la session 1. Et c'est la raison pour laquelle aujourd'hui nous avons plus de présentations sur l'adaptation que sur l'adaptation. Dans l'agriculture, ces deux principes, l'adaptation et l'adaptation, sont combinés dans les trois components de l'adaptation de l'agriculture climat qui a été définie par FAO. L'adaptation et l'adaptation de l'adaptation de l'adaptation de l'agriculture climat, en orderant à prendre en compte la source de l'adaptation, mais aussi tous les paramètres liés à l'adaptation de l'agriculture climat. Assessant l'adaptation et la possibilité d'adaptation possible. Donc, j'ai stoppé ici. Nous avons deux sessions cette matin. La première, c'est « How can rubber systems contribute to climate change mitigation ? » et nous avons cinq présentations. La première, c'est adressée par Dr Yan Nouvellon, de CIRAD, qui est currently working in Bangkok, HRPP, VIA Research Platform Partnership. C'est un research de CIRAD et je lui donne l'adaptation. Dr Yan, essayez de garder les 15 minutes de temps. Ok. Bonne matin à tous. Vous pouvez voir le bruit correctement ? Vous pouvez me entendre correctement ? Oui ? Oui. Ok. Je vais... Ma présentation sera sur l'effet d'une large-scale préplantation. Ok. Ok. Sur le climat local. C'est une présentation que j'ai faite avec mon collègue de CIRAD, de l'Université de Cassette-Sartre, de l'autorité de Rubber et de l'Université de Brazil. Je présente les résultats, pas seulement sur la préplantation de Rubber, mais aussi sur la préplantation de Pécalipus, la préplantation de Pécalipus, qui a une rotation d'environ 6-7 ans, et qui produisent des moules de trépers, des moules de trépers, et pour la production d'énergie. Par exemple, un charcole pour l'industrie. Et bien sûr, je vais parler de la préplantation de Rubber, où nous avons fait beaucoup de choses, et qui produisent aussi des moules de trépers. Puis, cette préplantation peut avoir un impact global sur le climat, dans l'effet d'une concentration de l'atmosphérique. Parce que, par exemple, si vous établissez la préplantation sur le gras, sur les moules de trépers, il peut augmenter la préplantation de carbone sur le niveau de la préplantation. Et puis, il diminue la concentration de CO2 dans l'atmosphérique. Mais aussi, la moules peut être utilisée pour substituer la moules à la fin de la rotation. Elle peut être utilisée pour le carbone fossile. Par exemple, si c'est utilisé dans la moules de trépers comme un charcole, ou si c'est utilisé pour l'énergie de facilité, puis il peut augmenter la préplantation de CO2. Et le ruban naturel est aussi, bien sûr, un produit réel. Puis, si c'est utilisé dans le respect de la préplantation il peut aussi augmenter la préplantation de carbone. OK. Mais il y a aussi l'effet local de la préplantation. Par exemple, l'évaporation de la moules peut diminuer la température, la surface température. Et ceci est fait surtout par des facteurs biophysiques comme la réflectance, l'évaporation de la surface et ceci peut avoir un effet de température local qui est beaucoup plus élevé que l'effet de la préplantation de carbone de la préplantation de carbone de l'atmosphère. Puis, j'ai un problème. OK. Nous savons correctement que la préplantation de carbone peut avoir un impact fort sur la préplantation de la préplantation d'énergie de la préplantation de carbone. Par exemple, ils ont une très forte productivité. La productivité est généralement associée avec de la préplantation de carbone. C'est bien connu pour la préplantation mais c'est aussi le cas général pour beaucoup de cas pour la préplantation de carbone. Par exemple, vous pouvez voir le titre de cet article. Et puis, la question est est-ce que c'est bon ou pas pour avoir l'évapotranspiration ? Si vous voyez naturel, nous avons souvent pris l'évapotranspiration. Parce que si vous avez l'évapotranspiration c'est-à-dire que vous avez l'efficience d'évapotranspiration dans l'atmosphère et vous pouvez avoir des feedbacks positifs sur l'évapotranspiration. Vous pouvez réduire la température et réduire l'évapotranspiration. Vous pouvez réduire l'évapotranspiration sur la préplantation de carbone. Mais si vous avez l'évapotranspiration qui est un peu plus bas, il peut réduire le flow du water et il peut avoir un problème. Il y a des confrits pour le water et l'industrie. Mais vous aussi, en public opinion, ils considèrent l'évapotranspiration positif pour l'évapotranspiration et l'évapotranspiration. Mais en fait, les procédures sont les mêmes et l'évapotranspiration peut être positif aussi pour l'évapotranspiration parce que la température diminue la température de la surface. Là, c'est un slide qui explique le processus. Il y a des paramètres importants pour expliquer l'effet de la température de la surface. La première c'est l'albedo, qui termine l'énergie de la surface et puis il détermine l'évapotranspiration. La seconde factor est l'évapotranspiration de l'énergie available pour l'évapotranspiration et l'évapotranspiration sensible. Ici, il y a l'évapotranspiration et si vous avez une importante évapotranspiration beaucoup de ces énergies peuvent être utilisées pour évaporiser l'eau parce que pour l'évapotranspiration de 1 kg de l'eau vous avez besoin de 1,25 mètre de l'énergie Si vous avez une surface de l'évapotranspiration probablement la température va augmenter mais si vous avez une surface d'évapotranspiration la température de la surface va diminuer. Par exemple, si vous réplacez le grassland, qui a un l'albedo qui est lourd mais beaucoup plus d'évapotranspiration par rapport à la surface de l'eau et de la température de la surface de l'eau par rapport à la surface de l'eau par rapport à la surface de l'eau par rapport à l'évapotranspiration dominant l'évapotranspiration d'un lourd l'albedo et on a à l'aimement une dégrise de température quand on réplace le grassland par l'eau Par exemple, ce qu'on peut voir de satellite c'est une comparaison de la surface de l'eau par rapport de la surface de l'eau de l'eau plantée sur le sol de l'eau plantée de la chemistry de l'eau plantée de la surface de l'eau par rapport à la surface de l'eau plantée ? C'est unefamily Vous pouvez voir que les forests plantés ont une température haute durant le jour et une température légère durant la nuit. Mais l'effet net est une dégrise de température. C'était en Chine pour différents types de forests plantés. Mais ici, vous avez l'effet en Argentine, en Uruguay. C'est étudié par Jackson-Nethol. Vous voyez que même si l'Eucalyptus et l'Eucalyptus ont de plus en plus de l'albedo que l'Eucalyptus, parce qu'ils ont beaucoup de transports révapos, la température surface est beaucoup plus haute que l'Eucalyptus. Il y a plusieurs degrés de différences. Nous pouvons aussi étudier l'énergie cycle de transports révapos grâce à l'extérieur. Nous avons plus de 10 lignes de lignes en Brésil sur l'Eucalyptus Plantation et aussi en Thaïlande sur l'Obertree Plantation. Je vais juste vous montrer quelques résultats. Par exemple, ici, c'est l'Eucalyptus Plantation en Brésil. En bleu, vous avez l'Eucalyptus Mindelly. C'est l'Eucalyptus Mindelly, l'évaporation pour chaque mois. En bleu. Et en yello, vous avez l'énergie available. Et ici, c'est la première cotation, la fin de la première cotation. Ici, vous avez une fin de cotation. Et ici, c'est la prochaine cotation. Vous pouvez voir que la plupart de l'énergie available était utilisée pour l'évapotranspiration. Il y avait une petite énergie qui a été perdue dans les flux de sensibilité, la énergie que vous pouvez ressortir. Et ici, vous avez l'Eucalyptus Plantation en Brésil, dans le stade de São Paulo. La plupart de l'énergie est utilisée pour l'évapotranspiration. Vous avez probablement une poudre de surface important. Et vous avez checké cette image de satellite. Et ici, vous avez une image globale qui a été trouvée en bleu-gris. Et autour de la plantation, vous avez des différents types de crocs, le sucre arcaine et l'évapotranspiration de l'Eucalyptus Plantation. Vous pouvez voir que, avec une image thermale de lancette, la température de l'Eucalyptus Plantation était beaucoup plus haute que pour d'autres crocs autour de la plantation. Le bleu est cool et le bleu est haute. Et nous avons fait cette comparaison pour beaucoup d'autres couvertures. En bleu, vous avez le lac, c'est la température de couleur. Et ici, vous avez la ville en bleu. Et ici, vous avez différents types de crocs, par exemple, le sucre arcaine et l'évapotranspiration de l'évapotranspiration de l'Eucalyptus Plantation. Ici, vous avez le forest naturel et l'Eucalyptus Plantation et la plantation de l'évapotranspiration de l'Eucalyptus Plantation en bleu. Vous pouvez voir que la température la plus haute était pour l'Eucalyptus Plantation et l'Eucalyptus Plantation naturel n'est pas en train de l'évapotranspiration de l'Eucalyptus Plantation. Et puis, vous pouvez voir que vous pouvez avoir plusieurs degrés entre ces différents couverts. Et ici, c'est la partie de l'évapotranspiration de l'Eucalyptus Plantation. Et ici, c'est l'un ou l'autre dans l'Eucalyptus Plantation de l'Eucalyptus Plantation en Brazile. Ici, vous avez l'évapotranspiration de l'évapotranspiration. Et la couleur différente est la bleue où l'eau était attaquée. Et vous pouvez voir que l'évapotranspiration peut attaquer l'eau très bien. Et parce que l'évapotranspiration de l'Eucalyptus Plantation s'est développée très rapidement. Par exemple, à 2 ans, vous avez l'évapotranspiration de l'Eucalyptus Plantation à 10, 12 mètres. Et rapidement, il arrive à la table de l'eau. Et il explique pourquoi vous avez l'évapotranspiration de l'Eucalyptus Plantation, c'est l'évapotranspiration de l'Eucalyptus Plantation, parce que vous avez l'obligation de... Oui. Oui. Vous avez 2 minutes. Ok, très bas. Mais pour l'évapotranspiration de l'Eucalyptus Plantation, c'est la même chose. Vous avez un routine très bas. Ici, par exemple, l'évapotranspiration de l'Eucalyptus Plantation en Thaïlande. Et vous pouvez voir dans la source de Thaïlande, vous pouvez voir la route très bas aussi, parce que c'est l'Eucalyptus. Et c'est l'évapotranspiration de l'Eucalyptus Plantation, qui a été mesuré dans notre site, dans l'Eucalyptus Plantation en Thaïlande. Et ici, c'est l'évapotranspiration de l'Eucalyptus Plantation mesurée par Dandier Lucca et la collègue de Cambodja. Et ici, c'est le Nord de Thaïlande. Et vous pouvez voir que l'évapotranspiration de l'Eucalyptus Plantation aussi est très bas, parce que vous avez un sol très bas, c'est l'évapotranspiration de l'Eucalyptus Plantation, et la plupart des énergies étaient utilisées. Dans tout ce site, la plupart des énergies, 73 % et 70 % de l'énergie étaient utilisées pour l'évapotranspiration. Puis vous avez probablement, nous n'avons pas eu la température surface, mais vous avez probablement aussi la température, que d'autres types de crocs. Puis, j'ai des conclusions en perspective. Je parle beaucoup de la température surface, mais nous ne savons pas qu'il n'y a pas beaucoup d'informations sur l'effet de l'évapotranspiration sur d'autres variables, comme le sainte-poulue, et sur les conditions de l'évapotranspiration comme le sainte-poulue. Et pour cela, nous avons besoin d'un état de plus. Mais pour l'effet de la température, c'est bien établi. Si nous comparons avec la forestée naturelle, nous avons une température similaire, mais si nous comparons la plantation avec les plantations de gras ou les plantes, nous avons un effet de l'effet de l'évapotranspiration dans le Brésil. Si nous fertilisez, nous pouvons augmenter la productivité, spécialement la fertilisation avec les plantations. Nous augmentons beaucoup la productivité, mais nous augmentons aussi l'évapotranspiration. Puis, on peut aussi diminuer la température. Et pour la prochaine recherche, c'est important d'avoir des modèles éco-physiologiques avec les modèles régionales et atmosphériques afin d'étudier l'effet de la plantation dans le brésil. Normalement, nous avons un effet positif dans le brésil, mais ce n'est pas systématique. Et d'autres variables, comme la prolactivité, nous aurons un effet de l'évapotranspiration. Je suis désolé d'être un peu trop long. Merci, Jan. Le temps est élabisé. Je suis désolé. Merci d'avoir des présentations très intéressantes. Pour les participants, si vous avez des questions, vous pouvez vous interpréter. Nous sommes maintenant dans le second présentateur pour cette sub-session. Le second présentateur est le Dr. Jesse de la Réveil Research Institute de l'Indien. Il est aussi l'officier de la liaison pour l'IRDB, l'acronomique. D'accord, Dr. Jesse, la parole est à vous. Good afternoon. The topic of presentation is improving biodiversity in rubber plantations, a local strategy to mitigate drought and sustain soil health. The contents of the presentation will be climate change impact on natural rubber sector, then how biodiversity can be improved in rubber plantations and effect of biodiversity on mitigation of drought and sustain soil fertility and finally there will be a conclusion. Climate change impact is actually climate uncertainty which is affecting the scheduling of our operations like planting, fertiliser application etc. And we also experienced extreme weather events in 2018 we had the worst flood in Kerala which is the major area under agriculture in India and last year also we experienced a severe flood in certain pockets and there is rising temperature during the transition frequent rise pulse that is due during the middle of the monsoil season and in fact drought is increasing and some of the diseases are increasing and more and more new diseases are coming up in the picture. Finally, this will all influence the livelihood security of the rubber growers. And the possibilities of improving biodiversity in our plantations are many which actually rubber is grown and there are a lot of benefits where a lot of rainfall is available so there will be lecturing vegetation in association with rubber it can be inter crops annual and short end crops perennial crops like trophy, coco etc. and several crops are there then there can be medicinal and ornamental plants around with rubber power crops and natural vegetation and these are some of the popular inter crops in our plantations of India banana pineapple then we can have a combination of crops also in a three-tire system that is rubber as the first layer then second-tier banana and third-tier vegetables so this is a more effective utilization of the available land and light in the plantations system so as to improve the land productivity and we can also have cumulus cover crops which are nitrogen-fixing in rubber plantations as the entire source modern weeds these are beneficial effects these are perennial inter crops the popular ones are coco kofi etc. single row in between two rubber rows and we can also have medicinal plants along with rubber each country we have different medicinal plants these are shade taller medicinal plants which will grow under accho rubber in cover plantations of India so these are ornamental plants which are also shade taller and can be cultivated in mature rubber plantations under shade if you are not going for any inter crop or nature there will be a lecture in growth of natural flora in rubber plantations as we can see here the weeding was done along the platforms to facilitate tarping and the inter row area was left unwelled so we can see a lot of vegetation in the inter row area and this is somewhat a managed system weeds are allowed to grow under management and this is also mature rubber plantations that is usually in mature rubber plantations the vegetation will be less it will be just like a monopeture plantations without very very less under growth but if you are managing this vegetation you can have a very good blanket of undergrowth in rubber plantations coming to the mitigation of drought possibilities are education water is a space resource and also there is cost involved in providing irrigation there is possibilities for in situ water harvesting and conservation of soil moisture and we can also improve the soil physical chemical properties these two are in fact related by improving soil physical chemical properties you can improve the soil water infiltration and water folding capacity and finally conservation of soil moisture and we can see that as we all know rubber shades live during the winter season and sunlight falls directly on the soil surface and increase in the soil temperature and evapotranspiration and if there is an undergrowth there is an improvement in soil moisture started during summer season so we are getting aviation income and also a mitigation of drought in rubber plantations so we established Kalapugonium ceruleum in the later after the removal of the food crops third year and it grows under partial shade also and we can see that here also we are improving the soil moisture status by maintaining this cover crop so we have to plan for different phases of rubber plantations cycle and this is the mature rubber plantations where the possibility of including food crops is limited so here also we can see that if we are maintaining this natural flora or icuna there is an improvement in soil moisture status and we can also see additional advantage that it reduces the velocity of the water and also increase the infiltration rate and finally increases the water folding capacity of the soil and water conservation so these are all low cost options to improve the soil moisture conservation and mitigation of drought in rubber plantations and again as we have shown in the earlier side when we are maintaining natural flora also there is an improvement in soil moisture status during the crisis so we had lot of data we have to prove that we undergo this concern soil moisture and reducing the intensity of drought in rubber plantations so finally coming to the conclusion from these slides this retain any vegetation that can be either crops, natural flora or legumes as cover crops we have to remove the rain water increase infiltration of water and concern soil moisture and finally it reduces the intensity of the drought in rubber plantations and coming to the next aspect sustaining fertility of rubber grown soils for sustaining fertility we have to first identify the soil fertility constraints and then manage the constraint for identifying the soil fertility constraints we conducted an extensive soil survey in that rubber grown regions of India and we found that we conducted 11000 soil samples on a 50 hectares build basis and we can see the intensity of soil sampling and with this we generate soil fertility maps of all fertility parameters and we can see the fertility map which shows the site specific fertility constraint this red area shows the area which are low in available sink status so we can have a site specific population nutrient management and the major soil fertility constraint we identified is soil acidity then decline cation content in the soil low status of micronutrients like sink and borough these are the fertility constraints in rubber grown soils of India and we can see the soil acidity is a serious constraint majority of the soils have pH of less than 5 we can see in South India, Kerala and Tamil Nadu this yellow patch is very strongly acidic and red patch is extremely acidic like that in northeast India these two are the major rubber grown regions in India the acidity is even higher almost 99% of the area is either extremely acidic or very strongly acidic and we all know from literature that soil pH below 5 aluminum toxicity reduce nutrient uptake of several ions then decrease root growth and drought tolerance when we compare the forest with rubber there is a decline in soil pH and we know the reasons for this decline in soil pH in fact cations are also decreasing in other planets when we think of soil quality I think you have to be specific which factor we are attempting for categories because all have different management practices so rather than it's a blanket soil quality aspect go for specifics here we can see both the calcium and magnesium status is low compared to forest and rubber plantation and coming to the amelioration soil acidity which is the major constraint liming is the traditional practice it increase the cost of cultivation infact lime itself is costly and there is lot of labour involved for lime application but we can go for in situ management of vegetation to exploit the natural processes and we can also go for need based fertilizer application because we know that excess fertilizer application increase soil acidity here this slide shows the effect of continuous application of fertilizers on soil pH infact we use soil pH is decreasing but this is not always the case we cannot generalize this slide because fertilizers applied in excess of the requirement only this there is acidification and also it is related to the ground cover management also because we know that light effects and legumes will increase soil acidity infact the effect of vegetation is different on soil pH different vegetation will have different effect on soil acidity we can see natural cover increase in soil pH or reduce in soil acidity pure area does not have much influence on soil acidity even though it is tight on the fixing but at the same time micuna is decreasing substantially soil pH vegetation infact soil constant stat is also in a different manner here we can see that natural cover is increasing soil constant status status of base cations are also we are maintaining natural flora in a mature plantation also we can see available potassium calcium, magnesium all base cations are increasing because there will be a stratified root system which will prevent the leaching of these cations infact there will be a science behind this increases soil pH by the natural flora infact it is dependent upon the organic animal content of the litter and also the excess cations present litter that is why each vegetation will have different effect on soil pH here we can see that the alkalinity of the litter is more for natural flora so there is a direct relation between these two so natural flora when retained is improving the soil pH or decreasing soil acidity so it is a very good low cost option and we conducted integration studies also to to find out the further science and we can see here also diverse litter is influencing the soil in a different manner here as an example we have shown the slide for magnesium we can see that particular certain types the effect is different these were not applied with any fertilizers these crop litter when we are applying fertilizer also these crops also differ in their influence on the soil soil nutrient status here also magnesium is given but this influence will be again influenced by the fertilizer application for the particular crop we cannot generalize here and when we are retaining natural flora also the stock of organic carbon, potassium, calcium, magnesium all are improving soil respiration which is an indication of the soil health is also improving when we are maintaining the undergrowth of weeds for this foundation we are maintaining an undergrowth here also the soil organic carbon status is improved compared to the foundation where we are not retaining the vegetation so we found that judicious crop mixing is improving soil health we can see when we are diverse inter crops are grown earlier we showed the effect of natural flora then different inter crops here also we can see that this soil microbial population there is a crop mixing like that soil available seed status which is a constraint in many rubber growing regions of India is also improving under with the cropping that is not the effect of crop alone it is beautiful but let's apply to the associated crop also and like that for natural flora you see you have 2 minutes 2 minutes left so it is improving the soil microbial population 2 minutes left so finally we can see that judicious crop mixing is and exploiting the natural process will improve the soil health and for need based fertilizer application fertilizer application we evolved an online fertilizer recommendation system for our plantations in India and we developed a mobile app for also so that each grower can get the fertilizer recommendation of his feed from the plantations within 10 minutes or based on real time data and it ensures need based fertilizer application it prevents soil degradation reduce cost of cultivation and enhance growth and yield of rubber so connect to my conclusions with price volatility increasing cost of cultivation climate change has serious challenges being faced by the plantations sector and local sustainable strategies which are to be evolved for addressing the changes to reduce the cost of cultivation which is shooting up in many countries exploiting natural processes for ecosystem sustainability is of critical importance improving biodiversity in rubber plantations will conserve soil moisture and mitigate drought decrease soil acidity improve soil fertility and increase soil microbial population so we have generated a lot of data in India I think other rubber growing countries also will have a lot of data this way then we have to consolidate this type of data and we need appropriate policy frameworks for the sustainable development of the sector for reducing the cost of cultivation and improving the soil fertility status of the rubber holders thank you Thank you Dr. Jassi for this very interesting presentation I will have maybe some questions at the end during the Q&A we are now moving to the third presentation of the sub-session I will introduce Dr. Fatima from a Malaysian rubber board who is going to have a talk about possible substitution to synthetic rubber by natural rubber Dr. Fatima, the floor is yours Hello everyone my today's presentation will be on the products from specialty natural rubber as an alternative material to the synthetic rubber to its application of naturally sustainable resource before I proceed further I would like to give you some overviews of the Malaysian rubber industry if you actually divide the sector into the three main activities so we can see on the downstream activities most of the kega is actually showing a positive trend this is actually related to the export of the rubber products rubber consumption employment and also the export contribution to rubber industry this is also reflected to the world market value of the rubber products where Malaysia is actually at the 8th position and contributing about 3% and most of it is from the rubber glove which reflected to 75% so if we see the context of the Malaysian rubber industry from these three main stream we can see that the upstream sector can be considered as environmental sensible due to the source itself because it's a renewable source and the rubber tree is also a source of the carbon sequestration and in Malaysia there's no issue on the deforestation and this is also being supported by the midstream sector and the rubber downstream sector of the rubber industry where most of this sector is actually complying to the environmental quality act in Malaysia as you can see in the midstream sector it is assured that all the effluent treatments that they discharge from this sector is within the legal limits without any adverse effects to the environment and for the downstream sector which are focusing on the product manufacturing the factory is actually equipped with the modern technology to actually comply to the regulation related to the environment however if you see on the technical aspect of the rubber itself we know there's a certain drawbacks in terms of this technical factor where some of the product application is actually restricted to be used so for one of the example is on the oil resistant so with that we in MRB try to overcome these advantages in the natural rubber by further doing modification on the structure and also on the material ok so for today's presentation I would like to actually bring to you on the modification of the natural rubber which is known as the deprotinized natural rubber and also the porcidest natural rubber the trademark in Malaysia is known as purepina and ecopina and these two material is actually conducted and produced via the physical and also chemical modification route for the purepina deprotinized natural rubber it actually involves the enzymatic on the protein content of the natural rubber so by removing this protein content it gives better interaction of the rubber particle itself with the compounding ingredient during the rubber product manufacturing and as for the epoxidation reaction it actually involves in situ reaction of the forming acid and hydrogen peroxide which form the performing acid and later on this performing acid will react with the double bond in the structure of natural rubber to form the COC cyclic epoxirin so with this changing in the structure it actually help to improve further and enhance the properties of natural rubber to actually diverse the application in products so in terms of the product production of these two material most of the process is actually similar to what the TSR is actually having the different only can be seen on the initial part of the process where both of this material require a reactors and also a steam percolator however if you require the latex grade from this ecopina and purepina you can just actually take it from the after the reaction process and then further concentrated it to get at higher DRC content or you can immediately use it for other types of product application so as I mentioned from this purepina and ecopina you can actually get a rubber block you can get the latex version of the material and further on if you reacted further on or ecopina latex you can actually form a new material why the variation on this material is with the aim to actually increase and widen the application in rubber products ok here I would like to actually address on the ENR properties in terms of its latex why because as mentioned previously you can see that ENR actually having a structure change so we wanted to actually know is there any difference to the normal nature rubber that we are actually using currently so if you can see here via the concentration process of this ENR it can actually increase further the DRC content however for ENR the only possible route to actually increase this DRC is through the membrane process and if you see on the morphology image down here you can see that the latex compared to the ENR after concentration the particle is much more techy compared to the ENR latex before concentration this is due to the effect of the spectrum that being added inside the reaction of this ENR so via the concentration process it actually reduce the effect of the surfactant onto the rubber particle that being able this material to further used in product application as for the liquid impossible nature rubber or the ENR it is quite different from the block rubber as because this material can flow and the appearance is quite soft and sticky other than that it also having the number of molecular weight lower compared to the normal nature rubber at about 10,000g per mole ok if you see just now I'm touching on the technical aspect of how we actually changing the nature rubber so that it can actually fit into various product application so we also need to also look into the sustainability aspect of the production of the material so with that we use the LCA to actually assess the environmental impact on the production of this specialty rubber material for this we only use we only presented to you on the EcoPina 25 production which we previously done it in Malaysian rubber board pilot factory and the result here is actually showing you only the gate to gate boundary so from the analysis of the 11 weighting impact categories we can see that there are environmental hotspot on the fossil fuel which representing about 65.2% however this can actually being reused if the current diesel boiler that being used is changed to other greener type of boiler such as the biomass so by changing that it actually giving better impact on the environment regarding the process of this material ok so once we have this material we need to also understand whether is there a good impact in terms of application to the various products in rubber so if we can categorise the products in rubber products we can categorise it as tyre products non tyre products and also letex products so the products that are going to actually presented to you today is actually a commercial produced product using the facilities by the through collaboration with manufacturers in Malaysia and then it is given to the end users to actually try it out and collect it from that so that we know that the material that being produced can be an alternative material to substitute the current material that being used ok first of all we can see on the tyre products the specialty rubber can actually cater in terms of 4 types of tyre which is the commercial tyre, passenger tyre motorcycle tyre and also the solid tyre so if you see the results on most of it on the general aspect of this tyre product we see that by using the specialty rubber it give more distance it improve the fuel efficiency and also it give excellent weight so if you focus on the passenger car tyre results on the left bottom you will see that the rolling resistance of the of the tyre produced from this specialty rubber having less rolling resistance about 9% this reflecting to fuel consumption being less than 1 to 3% so by less fuel consumption used there will be less emission of carbon dioxide to the environment so on the wet grip and also dry grip you can see that it give you better grip in terms of the usage in the wet area and also in the dry road on the right side on the right side of the slide you can see that that is the result for the retrait tyre so if you actually looking into getting alternative material for retrait we are also having a positive results where it give you more distance and similar results also can be seen for the retrait where the fuel also is being saved ok, next we can move our product application to the non tyre products where here I would like to address on the footwear where we actually diverse its application to anti-static shoe, marching boots and also safety shoe so most of all this footwear we can see that it give you good damping property it improve the skid resistant it give you good or resistant good abrasion resistant by adding anti-static material in the compound it also give you excellent and highly consistent anti-static property of the safety shoe that been produced on the anti-static it actually meeting the international market requirement following the standard in ISO next we can see that this material also can be used for green rubber sound insulator where the sound insulator is actually acting as a sound wave barrier because of the techiness of the material it can be easily applied on the wall and also on the roof so it give you better sound absorption with the noise from outside from the test if you see it is less odour and it also having a good fire resistant according to the standard that being used and if we focus into the sports activity we see that this material also can be used in producing a product in Malaysia we call it a stream surf where it is actually a spot flooring mat that adapts to a practicality and sustainability approach so it is ideal for many sport surfaces and we already actually use it commercially on all those areas and this material actually giving you physical comfort and better friction and less injuring ok now we move on the latex based product where we can also apply this specialty rubber to be a material in pain so in pain category we are looking into the imperial and also the exterior pain in the building we have already applied this pain actually in our national elephant conservation centre in Malaysia and also in some of the housing area and also the buildings all over Malaysia so the advantages of this Ecoprinal latex pain it is very low in order non toxic and also having very low heavy metal content and this interestingly this pain is actually a water based pain so there is no solvent or thinner that going to be applied during the usage of this pain then we move to the artwork pain where this pain is actually for school children and also artists that can actually use this as a new medium for painting so if you wanted to actually place this stream colour it is actually between the acrylic and water as the features is actually between two of this commercial grade of art work pain so it is also not a petroleum based as we are using the specialty grade specialty latex material and mostly the composition in this art work pain is actually from natural occurring materials such as the nature rubber, cellulose and also pigment ok so next is the application of the latex of the specialty rubber can be used in making foams where we see that it can be used in shoe, midsole anti vibration girth and also acoustic foam panel Dr Fatima, you have two minutes left two minutes alright by using this nature rubber you have actually you can actually making the density of the foam differently so it can absorb different frequency of the noise next we are also applying this material in adhesive for wallpaper and multi colour adhesive so these two material also having low VOCs and low heavy metal and less odor and through the results we see that the wallpaper adhesive can be actually applied to many types of wallpaper and also having the addition strength comparable to the normal adhesive that is out there and lastly on the latex dip we see that the Tensa properties of this ENR is comparable to whatever nature rubber and natural is actually used and the permeability test is also is in between the ENR and natural and all resistance is actually better compared to nature rubber so with all this improvement doing that being done to the nature rubber it is hoped that the application of the material can be really expand in product application so we can give better and greener sustainable world to infusion thank you thank you Dr Fatima for this very interesting presentation on the new products from natural rubber so I will now introduce the next speaker will be Professor Sergei Blagodetsky with a huge experience of the rubber cultivation in the south of China under the Surimer project so please Professor Sergei the floor is yours thank you for giving me possibility to make this presentation now I will share my screen the title of my presentation is modeling the impact of rubber expansion on carbon stocks in the mountainous landscape of south-west China as I already mentioned the work was done with help of a big team of scientists from Germany and China our university of Hohenheim and world agroforestry center in Kunming China it was done in the framework of the Surimer project sustainable rubber cultivation in the Mekong region which is already finished and we just finalizing the publications and my talk today will be about the mitigation and adaptation mitigation of climate change impact with the help of rubber plantations there are two main issues where plantation can help in carbon dioxide emission decrease this is a carbon sequestration in plant biomass and carbon sequestration in soil as you can see we try to measure in our experiment measuring the plant biomass in soil and adaptation is was in this presentation at least we investigated erosion and land management change under rubber plantation and how the measures could minimize the effect of rubber expansion in tropical region and finally and the maybe most important in this presentation we tried to look at the problem in an integrative way so we used integrated land use change impact assessment with the help of modeling and in this view the difference of my presentation from others that we try to upscale the problem evaluate the rubber impact not just in the field range but also on the landscape level and try to project this in future and for that purposes of course very valuable as usage of modeling which I will show today the general possibility to use rubber as a carbon registration crop you can see in this table from the literature the most ecosystem carbon stock is in a forest then we can see large forest and other forest plantation and the next one is a rubber plantation it means that we could accumulate huge amount of carbon in rubber plantation especially if we switch from crocland with low carbon stocks to rubber and that's clear and it's already was reviewed and we try to investigate this possibility in our case study in local case as I will show you next slides how soil carbon dynamics driving bond land use change looks like if we consider the rubber plantations of course if we have different station in tropical forest is substituted by arable land we have huge loss of carbon normally with the rate of a half to two tons per hectare per year however if we will change from arable land to rubber plantation we can gain carbon stocks in soil that you could see the review for example in this publication by question how carbon stocks could be restored but of course we need to consider that this process is much slower than carbon losses due to the first station in order to compare the carbon stocks under different plant use types we applied so called time average carbon stock approach this picture illustrate why we need to use this approach because if we consider rubber plantation in some moment of time in the early stage or late stage we will get different amount of carbon because of different components of carbon budgets will contribute to the carbon stock in this case and this picture also shows how the accumulation of carbon stocks happens during the rotation in this case 25 years but if we can see the longer rotation 30 to 40 years even more carbon will be accumulated and we compare the time average carbon stocks here with this magenta line and one more point which I would like to stress at this picture that of course a lot of production should be considered because despite of relatively small amount taken up from one typing the accumulated values largely in the total carbon stocks in rubber plantation if we can see that and of course if we have end of rotation we should consider incorporation of carbon in the wood in the furniture and future and so on and these details that estimates you could see in our publication in 2015 in the review paper so coming to my today's presentation I would like to show you two examples of our work where we post two research questions how is ecosystem carbon stock in specific landscapes experiencing rather expansion under changing climate and the second part of the presentation will be about how does environmental protection measures or governmental policy impact the carbon sequestration in a region of under consideration our case study was located in China in south of west China in Shishongbana perfection in Yuniang and here we took the small spot where was national reserve Naban river watershed national reserve in the Mekong surcharge Naban that is how it looks like this valley and this is an area of our research study and climatic conditions this is a sub-tropical conditions with this high elevation and not very high average temperature this is a marginal conditions for rubber growth in China we did our simulations and carbon stock estimation in two dimensions first of course we consider the temporal scale and the second we consider special scale at tree plotland use on scape level on temporal scale we analyse how rubber intensification have impact the carbon stocks in soil and in ecosystem for that we did field sampling trying to get information about all land users in this region then we estimated land use change hotspots using our modeling and mapping strategies and finally we evaluated carbon emission and sequestration in this region during this time based on this analysis we evaluated how forest protection affect carbon stocks and how rubber intensification impact their time average carbon stocks using their methodology I just showed you before this is the results and I just explain shortly what the color on the maps means so the forest loss are red here and reference station is green here and you see in buffer zone of this national reserve it was rather intensive reference station and therefore based on this map we could estimate carbon emission zones lost carbon loss brown in this picture and carbon gains green in this picture and maybe not typically for that region but typical for national reserve the general output from our analysis what was that carbon not lost in this region and that was because a carbon sequestra under rubber and if we have changed from arable land to rubber it's not too bad and the second we had a reference station in this region and we also try to evaluate using our modeling approach how a lot of production tree grows and carbon accumulation in ecosystems will be affected by future climate change details on this work we could find in the journal forest ecology management in favor by yank et toll the calculation in future we did using the modeling approach now institute we mainly using Lucia model land use change impact assessment and this is abbreviation it is integrated framework for trade of assessment so this model include both biophysical modules presenting soil and soil organic metadynamics watershed hydrology crop tree grows but also impact from the farmers or decision makers how this choice of the crops will affect plant grows carbon accumulation and other processes I have no time to explain all details of the model I just will show you shortly the general overview and specific modules which are linked with rubber growth so this is a general overview showing that we use climatic data from the PCC report statistical downscaling of that I will show one slide on that and also future climates scenarios and generate a daily climate database from this input data we also use other information from management soil properties and hydrological conditions and these all drivers help us to simulate rubber growth on tree level and upscaling to land scale level we are simulating in rather detailed for the thing is this Tri-Meta increase distribution between plant organs growth respiration and maintenance respiration details of this Lucia model you can find in literature what was done specifically to simulate rubber we produced so called plantation where we simulated separate trees growth with specific parameters depending on leaf area index chrome radius on the 2 minutes left ok I will try to speed up this is a module presenting how we simulate la tex and I just say that it is rather detailed and we can simulate la tex flow and la tex tapping and it is simulated depending on the rubber tree size and in our modeling we simulated how future change in temperature and precipitation affect the carbon sequestration considering three modeling scenarios depending on climate change scenario from IPCC these scenarios we took from literature from ZOMA et all where you see that the temperature increase differently under these scenarios and also increase differently in different locations of our study spot this is the main conclusion of this work and you see that in highland the total biomass increase more because of cooler conditions before hand and warming helps rubber to grow better but for la tex production we cannot judge that la tex production will be increased due to increase in temperature the weather condition concerning the rainfall it is not changing too much and this conclusion is similar to what we heard already during this conference so you can see the details in our recent publication from last year the second part was mitigation options how the planting of no reading approach can help in rubber plantations because of lack of time I just very quickly scrolled through my slides and this is a rubber monoculture how so degradation can be caused by this cleaning of the trees and first what we search that the erosion and soil losses different under different plantation age and astonishingly the highest losses was 10 years plantation not in plantation and that was because of herbicides use and later protective understory effect and then scapity canopy decrease these losses and we look at that more tentatively using also the model this is a plot scale modeling and shows that v3 plots has a highest cumulative runoff and also soil losses and beading if we avoid beading we decrease the soil losses and erosion and it was done on a plot level and later on we also did it on a landscape level using land cover map in this case rubber plantation has 11% in this region and red is forest and we measured the turbidity and water level and the outlet of this watershed calibrate and verify our model it was rather successful as you can see simulated peak flow against observed peak flow and soil loss as well and finally we calculated erosion and deposition with a watershed using different scenarios of herbicide application and you see if we have no herbicide application we have much less erosion at the watershed level and we calculated these differences and it was rather high differences in percent if we have no herbicides or minimize herbicides herbicide application once per year this is a sediment expert now I'm finalizing my presentation thank you for your attention and I would like to acknowledge of course my collaborators this work was done mainly by PhD students shown here thank you very much thank you very much Professor Sargay for this presentation whose conclusions is matching a lot with the previous presentations by Dr Jesse I will now invite the last presenter for this first sub session so Professor Minami Matsui from Riken Japan to present his talk on climate change on the heavier species thank you so I would like to start my presentation yes please but thank you to provide me a chance to present my talk I'm Minami from Riken Institute Japan as a background of our research we are now facing global warming the effect of global warming and climate change has brought worldwide concern about the decrease of crop yield for staple and grains and biomass resources development these plants will improve characteristics will contribute to vital global issues such as securing steady supply for food resource and climate change the term is also affecting global warming we have very hot summer and reduce snow in winter this scheme represents the prediction when we do not have any actions for global warming we reduce greenhouse gases many countries now trying to shift their lifestyle from petro-dependent material production to more sustainable environmental friendly production by natural resources the right summer in a country affect crop production and also we have Gelida rainfall with thunderstorms water overflow for crops we are trying to obtain data from current farmland and also make a prediction using climate data we are trying to represent climate change in experimental conditions to collect data such as grain yield so we have equipment to monitor plant behavior, plant development and also we have several centers to check the plant growth under different temperature, humidity and right conditions for prediction we are now using D4PDF database this database contains climate information of past 61 years you can compare without any global warming second is 2 degree increase temperature third is 4 degree temperature increase for this data we can make scenario not only in Japan and also other areas for climate simulations we are using Earth simulator and also for supercomputer we will also be used established in our institute for climate change there is an activity called geoengineering we lost Dr. Minami I see him online I cannot hear him anymore yes I think he dropped the connection I don't see him any longer maybe we can start taking questions ok ok so waiting for Professor Minami to come back we restart the Q&A and so there are a few questions first I don't know if the presenters already looked at the questions for instance there is a question for Dr. JC do you think it is useful to use calopogonium as a cover prop regarding the effect on retaining soil moisture Dr. JC seems to be out so yes there is a very interesting question from Mr. Vinugobinat from from Michelin SMPT regarding the soil conservation nobody spoke about the seal pits or water retention pits for water conservation so as anybody an idea on that Eric are you done here yes there is a question from Mr. Vinugobinat from SMPT about the soil pits for water conservation and fertility conservation he says that nobody has addressed the question during the presentations so can someone answer I'm very sorry ok Dr. Minami is back so we will let him to finish his presentation ok thank you very much ok so I'll restart from here CCUS is a carbon capture utilization and storage CCUS is now trying to use thermal power plant to pump carbon dioxide to underground and among them grow trees as you can see here is a practical approach to such as grow disease resistant crône or high yield crône to capture more carbon dioxide so it is estimated about half of carbon dioxide in air is outstored by forest this includes such activity for better scenario for sustainable development first we observe and examine a current situation then we predict future not only by global condition but also future agriculture for such low fertilizer for this prediction we can try several experiments and a combination of genotype and environment and the selected crône will be challenged in the field this G by E is recently proposed by several researchers we may also apply this strategy for natural rubber as for genotype we can choose several crônes, cultivars and also heavier species for environment we can choose several temperature conditions and also digital distance is one of such environment in case of ballet 274 ballet accession has been selected and after pan-genome sequencing they are analysed with various experiments then you can select suitable accession by G bus analysis in this region we are paying special attention to on heavier species currently there are two kind of strategy for breeding G bus is more straightforward to obtain crône with strong traits on the other hand genomic selection has been used and reported by Thailand group recently to select elite crône by contribution of small traits there are 11 members of heavier species there are those heavier varieties sphensamiana crône vinensis so among them we are interested in hebers sphensiana and nichida those photos are kindly provided by Mr. Adi of MRB hebers sphensiana is tall tree with long seeds hebers nichida is small tree with round seeds there are reported to have very special future about the latex growth area and also these resistance the reason why those these species has not be used in their poor latex characteristics for nichida it is reported to grow dry rock area and also resistance to south-american reef right as Prof. Osman mention previously this is the habit the habit in Brazil heavier varieties grow widely in many areas but heavier sphensiana grow according to the river heavier nichida grow specific area in Brazil and also Colombia we are examining the differences between heavier varieties de nichida and sphensiana this time is too short to explain all of them but about we found 80 to 18 to 90% of genomics change it encoding vision for both species these differences may explain contribute the differences of these species and I think these information are basis for understanding for species of breeding this is a summary for sustainable development and climate change we think establishment of new chrome is important both by method of g-bus and genomic selections I agree I agree with the opinion by Prof. Osman right chrome at the right place on environments is needed so that's all for my presentation thank you very much thank you very much Prof. Minami so we come back to the Q&A session which could be a little bit short I don't know from the organizers how much time we have to manage the Q&A session as we are seem to be a little bit let on the program so if we look if we look at the Q&A the last question so we have this we have this question from Mr. Vino Gobinat which is addressed to the agronomist a general question why is seal pits or water collection pits not mentioned and discussed in any of the presentation is it because of the initial installation cost and the need for regular maintenance I feel this will be very effective in terms of water management so can agronomist of this group answer to this question it's a cost intensive for construction of pits there is lot of labour required construction of pits and it is in the literature for the last century so you are focusing on the newer techniques so already a lot of literature is available on the seal pits merits and demerits so we are focusing on the new techniques and new innovations is it ok sir ok understood I hope the answer will fit Mr. Vino thank you Dr. Desi to the professor Sergei there is another question why using time average carbon stock in this study which parameters were considered to make the calculation and which edge was considered for natural forest we took a natural forest age which was known for that region in fact it was two types of forest in national reserve was 70 years and another was 50 years because it was a secondary forest in fact and we knew the age but really rainforest primary could store more carbon clearly and we used time average carbon stock for our presentation with rotation length 30 years for this model it's relatively short one but it's typical for that region thank you Sergei yes so there is another question to Dr. Desi which is do you think it is useful to use calopogonium species as cover crop as we found we were not much significant difference in retaining soil mature calaponium also can be used as a cover crop there are two species calaponium euconauts and calaponium ceruleum calaponium ceruleum tolerate shade and come up in later majority phase and mature phase so for a continued conservation the shade tone once will be better thank you thank you I have a question direct to Dr. Desi your experiments are set up in Kerala in Kerala is not yet a marginal a marginal area especially regarding drought even if say the length of dry season may increase what do you think about the agroforestry system possible competitions for water uptake in the dry conditions like you have in the center of India in fact the agroforestry system should be location specific only difference you are making selection of crops dont to be in association with rubber so what we have seen that in most of the agroforestry system there is a complementary association between rubber and inter crops and even marginal lands it will be more useful because drought is a major constraint in these marginal lands so once you can establish this agroforestry system there will be a conservation of soil moisture in the marginal lands also so it will be more useful the only thing is when you are going for the agroforestry system per se, you have to choose the crop according to the local agro climatic region and local suitability so this nutrient dynamics and the other effects are common in all the places with respect to this location ok just I just met this remark because we had observed some adverse effects in a very very severe drought conditions when the advantages of the cover crop became to be adverse for water activity what we have seen is that any undergrowth of the soil is beneficial for reducing the drought intensity and also for improving soil fertility so we have to avoid land being barred without any undergrowth in our transition again one thing one question we have to address is the tradeoff between natural flora and cover crops because natural flora is a diverse system with diverse flora with multi strata root growth diverse litter litter quality etc and cover crop is a single vegetation there is no diversity so what we have to address is the tradeoff between these two natural flora and cover crop so we need more studies more in the deliberations on this so earlier rubber plantations were always concentrating on establishing regular cover crops and cover crop cover plantations for maintaining soil health but the results recently coming out are showing that natural flora is equally good and there is no cost involved also only thing is how to maintain or manage the natural vegetation so we need more studies and more deliberations on this aspect ok Dr. Tessy thank you very much we can continue to look at the questions and directly answer to the questions in the chat box there is a question to Dr. Fatima which is what about the usage of this new new epoxidized rubber why is not, why do you use as if it looks so good sorry why is it what there was a question regarding the use in practice of the new epoxidized formulations of natural rubber and there was one question we say you show many advantages of this product compared to any synthetic rubber so the question is why is not more used than it is ok on that aspect in my opinion because this is actually I know the technology of producing the sycopenia apropinia is already way back in 1980s however because most of the rubber product manufacturer is already is already comfortable with the material they are using now so to change to a new material it will require R&D from their parts also so we need to tackle this slowly with them we need to work closely with them so via this approach it can actually provide better advantage in actually increasing the usage of this material ok so you have to advertise yes we need to promote market, why we do marketing and all that because that's why it is important from our part to actually do products commercial products and show to people that this can be used using existing product processing line processing setup that is already what being presented just now it's all on commercial production line being used to produce all the products ok so I think we are going to close the Q&A session there excuse me Eric Eric I have two quick questions before you close one is to Professor Sergei he has done this work in China my question is that experiment or the study was for how long and did he also look into the impact of the wintering you know rubber trees winter the contribution of the leaves over the period that he did the study thank you thank you for a very interesting question this our project was 5 years but in fact in this national reserve experiments are longer and we left the plots for our Chinese colleagues from ICRA for longer time and concerning the second part yes wintering affecting the soil quality and I think the colleagues from Shishon Bernard Tropical Garden Chinese colleagues publish on that and maybe I can look for references and send you and of course this wintering should be considered and it helps to solve the difficulty but it's also very challenging for modeling and now we are really working to get it exactly this little fall and new leaves in time this changing from year to year depending on the conditions you know your work is very interesting and we hope to have a collaboration with the international rubber research development board you know we have got many members research institutes they can collaborate with you to carry on further these studies I'm happy to discuss that's very good here ok the other question I have Eric for his four Professor Minami he has looked at the genes of the three different different species to speed up this breeding program with the cooperation of the molecular biologist so looking at these three species that he examine any possibility of incorporating some of the genes which can benefit the breeding program either in terms of latex qualities or whatever it is that he has examined thank you yeah so yeah fortunately I think Hebebra GNCC is the best one among all Hebebra species so it is why it was selected and it has been spread so widely but another one is each characteristics like professor Osmo mentioned some grow in like very dry area or the very watery area so I think by crossing those species with Hebebra you can apply only such kind of characteristics to Hebebra GNCC it is one of the way and I also think as you collected many Hebebra GNCC in 1981 and 1955 from many places from Brazil and also some other place to correctly know the locations where you collected we can address which like a climate they grow and which climate they prefer to grow so if you choose such a clone for breeding program maybe you have a good chance to apply such kind of good quality of growth study professor Minami it has got a bearing on what we are trying to do now because we know the rubber tree it is very unique a tree produced in Indonesia might perform differently in another country so the study of the genes will I think be able to contribute that's why we have initiated this international clone exchange program which will involve 49 clones so to be planted in the different areas then we can monitor the performance just as what you mentioned happens in Brazil so thank you very much Eric ok so we are a little bit late on the program so I propose that we close the first part of this session too now and we thank a lot say the 5 presenters say and stop the session we have a short break so I give the the floor again to the organizers and we come back soon for the last two papers of this day thank you thank you Eric we will stop for a short break until quarter past what time is it in Singapore 6 oh plus 5 anyway for 6 minutes and we will start again with the presentation of Dr Omocafe who in the meantime managed to connect and so we will have 3 presentations so I hope all presenters will be able to really stick to their time so that we still have time for questions and answers ok thank you thank you so much thank you so in 5 minutes everybody back and maybe in the meantime we can check if everything the connection with Dr Omocafe if your if everything is ok can we hear you please Dr Omocafe yes thank you so much I hope to make my presentation when you resume the presentation ok there is some background noise yes it seems there is a second device connected because there is really background noise we will be back and we can maybe mute the second device ok I think it's better now ok do you need assistance from us to share your presentation or do you want to manage it yourself I hope I can manage it by myself maybe we can test the chair screen ok let's test yes ok good morning Omocafe yes sir you can hear me very clearly yes please we are very happy to see you you know it's a pleasure being with you sir what is the time in Nigeria now it's 11 minutes after 6 10 11 am 11 am 10 am 13 am ok so you look very fresh thank you thank you so much we have at the end of the day already we have to wait another hour and a half sorry sorry to interrupt you but let's try to get this screen functionality we only have 3 more minutes you have a green yes there is a green button on the bottom on the bottom of the screen you will see it says share screen and once you click that it gives you a number of options but you can just pick the first option which is share your screen and that will share everything that is on your screen ok it's starting perfect wonderful yeah it's perfect so then you just run the presentation in full mode normal presentation and we will be able to perfect I propose to stay like that ok we can stay like this and in 2 minutes we start again and we will just start with your screen don't change anything ok we will let you start in 2 minutes time thanks c'est bon, c'est bien c'est bon je peux faire un petit tour on a la lumière de Fabio et de Alexandre je pense que c'est en temps juste pour vous merci pour votre back après ce break très court on va commencer cette seconde session pour revenir sur la session 1 en fait on a solved les problèmes de la connexion de Dr. Homo Kaffé de l'Institut de la Région et il va faire sa présentation c'est Dr. Homo Kaffé toi aussi merci beaucoup pour la seconde chance aujourd'hui ma profonde apologies le titre est place of the Robert Tree Hydiabresilases in climate change climate change refers to changing weather factors a bipedal of 30 years without the likelihood of return to the format threshold of weather factors hence it is called climate change because the chance to return to the format threshold is almost impossible natural factors some of them have been mentioned by previous presenters factors affected by climate change temperature and for relative humidity and vegetation biodiversity very important the earth is experiencing a lot of loss of biodiversity because of climate change and for man there is a loss of means of livelihood there is migration with attendant socio-economic challenges lowered resistance to pests antibodies and diseases some of these were reflected in presentations yesterday and natural hazards such as drought flooding ETC on the cause of evolution both organic and inorganic evolution trees have placed a significant role to stabilize climate change it has been reported that on the geologic time scale trees reduced concentration of carbon dioxide from 650 ppm to 100 ppm I also believe very strongly that the pre-industrial carbon level of 280 ppm was stabilized by trees however that level is being threatened since the industrial age we have witnessed increase in carbon concentration of the atmosphere hence the objective of this paper to highlight the place of rubber tree in climate change adaptation and mitigation in the cause of the incidence of climate change since the 18th century there were some controversies some said no there is no climate change some said yes there is climate change and over time the reality of climate change has given precedence I also believe that there is climate change and there is worldwide acceptance of climate change evident so much in increase in temperature however haven't accepted the incidence of climate change there was the dominance of engineering techniques 5 years, 10 years ago it's only engineering techniques that we will hear of but to accept the place of biological organisms or bio organisms in the place of climate change adaptation and mitigation one will not be surprised because there was the incidence of ozone depletion before acceptance of climate change and engineering techniques were effectively applied to check ozone depletion hence the initial response to engineering techniques however there has been the effort to project the place of trees in managing climate change initially it was difficult because of the dominance of engineering team the dominance of engineering knowledge in handling climate change and so several authors working in several continents of the world had to make efforts to push for the place of trees we have Brescia and his team in America but not in South America Omaha Fair and his team in West Africa and several other authors and we tango that today there is worldwide acceptance of the application of tree culture in checking climate change however after the acceptance of trees in handling climate change there was another problem accepting the place of the rubber tree in addressing the issues of climate change many of the critics of the use of rubber trees say that rubber tree leads to deforestation be that as it may it is not wrong it is very correct but there are critical areas that rubber tree can be applied for instance there is loss of forests result of climate change and how can these forests be restored it is true contribution of trees and rubber can omen restoration of forests we also know that many forest dwellers are low income earners people living below the standard poverty index enhancing their productivity in the face of forest distribution is very important and rubber is an economic tree that can also come to fill that gap in this regard rubber tree is an outstanding crop to meet these multiple requirements of climate change agriculture so what are the possible options tree farming a mosaic of trees can be planted I think this one was mentioned in one of the papers we had this morning mosaic of trees and to have a successful story of mosaic of trees involving rubber in Côte d'Ivoire who also have a successful case of tree mosaic farming in Brazil with a reference there where rubber is a significant component of the tree mosaic for forests in restoration there are forests that are undergoing degradation they have not been fully degraded rubber could form a successful part of restoration of such forests I do recall I think sometimes in 2013 in Brazil our friend Nassarudin gave a report on receding of some plantations some natural plantations with rubber tree play a significant role that's a good example of forest restoration and so it's an option that can be explored with the advantage of rubber tree trees are forestation we have the humid savannah as well as the dry savannah savannah is the grassland in west Africa is referred to as savannah grassland in several countries several continents assume different names notwithstanding grassland can be arid or humid the humid savannah normally has a good way of trees but with climate change tree population in humid savannah is being depleted jf4 afforestation of humid savannah is necessary and rubber tree is a suitable crop in this regard in Nigeria we have trials of rubber tree in Guinea savannah which is the humid savannah in Nigeria and rubber tree has been successfully cultivated we do hope that we will have data to provide and to support afforestation of humid savannah so that we can increase the population of trees in the humid savannah the application of rubber tree in non traditional areas looks like looks like we have lost Dr Romain Café another time connection issue yes I think we can move ahead and see if we can manage to get him back later