 Hello my dear friends and Chanakya IAS fraternity, we will be beginning with today's topic of discussion that is Human Development Index. So we would be analyzing that what is the relevance of this topic and why it is important. Before going into the discussion I would like to put forward a simple and very straight forward question that who published the Human Development Index report. I would repeat it again that who published the HDI report. Your options are United Nations Development Program, UNESCO, World Economic Forum or WHO. Lock your answers and watch the video till the end to know the answers. So the news is that India goes down two ranks in Human Development Index. So we would be discussing that why it is in news and what is the context of the discussion. Very recently UNDP has published Human Development Index report and in the index India dropped two ranks in the report and it got 131st rank out of 189 countries. We will be analyzing the relevance of this news and cover the wholesome aspect that how it is important from the UPSC experience point of view and how it is important for the civil services exam. So first of all we would be dealing with the basics. What are the basics of Human Development Index? So Human Development Index is part of Human Development report that is published by UNDP and then HDI emphasizes that people and their capabilities should be the ultimate criteria for assessing the development of a country and not economic growth alone. Do you know that why it is being written here that the real aspect of the measuring the growth or development should be the people and their capabilities and not economic growth alone because economic growth can be and it can show distorted pattern but people and their capabilities are ultimate test of development. So now we would be talking that what are the indicators of Human Development Index. So Human Development Indicators are long and healthy life, knowledge and a decent standard of living. So by long and healthy life we means that what is the life expectancy at birth and by knowledge we means what are the expected years of schooling or many years of schooling in a country and gross national income per capita at triple P terms. We would be discussing ahead that what is triple P. Stay tuned. So taking the discussion ahead we would be seeing that Human Development Index is the measure of a nation's health education and standards of living. As we have discussed in the earlier slide that there are three indicators of Human Development Index. So it is also being can be assessed that Human Development Index is the measure of a nation's health education and standards of living and according to the report life expectancy of Indians at birth in 2019 was 69.7 years we could be take it out nearly to 70 years. So life expectancy of Indians is 69.7 years while Bangladesh has a life expectancy of 72.6 years. It is quite interesting to know and Pakistan has 67.3 years that 2020 according to 2020 Human Development Report okay. So India, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Nepal and Pakistan were all ranked among countries with medium human development. So these all countries are in the medium human development index and India has also in the same category. And India's value for 2019 is 0.645 which put it in the medium human development category and I have also earlier told you that India has got 131 rank out of 189th rank. So further taking our discussion India's gross national income India's gross national income per capita on the basis of purchasing power parity to fell from $6,829 in 2018 to $6,681 in 2019. So here our per capita income is also falling per capita income is also falling. So between 1990 and 2019 India's life expectancy at birth increased by 11.8 years nearly to 12 years and mean years of schooling increased by 3.5 years expected years of schooling increased by 4.5 years and gross national income per capita and per capita increased by huge very huge but it is from 1990 and 2019. So we would be discussing that what is PPP purchasing power parity. So basically purchasing power parity is determine the adjustment what type of adjustment adjustment needed to be made in exchange rate of two currencies to make them at par with other purchasing powers. So in other words the expenditure on a similar commodity must be same in both the countries while taking the exchange rate ratio. Now let's take an example of buying a pair of shoes in India, that doesn't matter. You bought a pair of shoes in India and its value was 2,500 rupees and then the same shoes cost $50 in United States of America so it ensures that purchasing power parity should be $50 between US and India. So this is how the purchasing power parity works and what are the reasons for India being a poor performer in human development index, reasons for India being a poor performer. There are many reasons but the most prominent ones are poverty, malnutrition, okay so if you particularly talking about the poverty then the most recent survey that is available for MPI, Multi-Dimension Poverty Index of this year 2050 and 2016 it says that nearly 28% of the population are multi-dimensionally poor while an additional nearly 20% are classified under Vulnerable to Multi-Dimensional Poverty, such a huge number around 28% of the population of India is multi-dimensionally poor, what is multi-dimensional poverty, multi-dimension poverty says that poverty is just not based on the economic aspect, it is related to several other aspects like education, social criteria, your work needs and many more. So second is malnutrition, in a very recent report we see that in Australia indigenous mothers have a higher risk of giving birth to babies of low birth weight and poor nutrition is higher among indigenous children, the same happens in Asia where indigenous children in Cambodia, India and Thailand show more malnutrition related issues like stemting and wasting and wasting is too thin for their height and malnutrition in India is twice the level of African nations and very recent report published on global hunger index put India at 94th rank out of 107 countries. So what is the positives of this report, HDI, Human Development Index, the Human Development Index positively said that India's green energy initiatives are very successful like solar capacity in India increased from 2.6 gigawatts to 30 gigawatts achieving its target of 20 gigawatts 4 years ahead of the schedule, we are running ahead of the schedule in this context and in terms of solar capacity India got the rank of 5 and there is also evidence from Colombia to India that financial security and land ownership improve women's security and reduce the risk of gender risk violence. It shows that how much importance financial independence for the women is and under the Paris Agreement India has pledged to reduce the emission intensity of its GDP from 2005 levels by 33 to 35% by 2030 and achieve 40% of its capacity power from non fossil fuels. India is also doing very good on this INDCs in the Intentate Nationally Determined Contributions. You can read it under the Paris Agreement so but there is also a very verisome aspect that is India ranked in the top third for low unemployment rate and there is a very good news that is high number of seats held by women in local governance. This shows that how local governments is being run. It is also ranked among the top third for most socio-economic empowerment we are doing the socio-economic empowerment at a very good pace like female share of STEM you must have heard about STEM STEM is Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics field In states, females share a large number of graduates and women have holding financial account and maternity paid leave. So there is also some criticism of the ranking system of human development index. What are those criticism we would be analyzing that thing. Low scores in the human development index is a matter of serious concern but there are some reservations that are time and again being put forward by the economists and social activists like these concerns are that India in the past has suffered colonization, imperialism and now after 1991 India is also facing new imperialism. And socio-cultural factors like human rights violation, social discrimination, race, religion, gender, caste and there are various social problems like terrorism, war and political factors include democracy, sometimes it is various statements are being in the news that too much democracy hampered the reforms and other such sluggish things. So it shows that ranking system is not being very favorable to the third world countries and these aspects have spatial significance in case of India and many other developing nations because India was ultimately a colonial state in the past. So the main thing is that what should India do? What should India do so that it can improve its ranking? We criticize that we are not able to perform well on the human development index but despite all the criticism the index is designed to consider other factors besides wealth like life expectancy, standard of living, education, these things and India needs to address the three parameters of human development separately and simultaneously. We should have to take this approach of cooperation, coordination. So first it cannot possibly envisage a long and healthy life without addressing the issue of malnutrition. We have such a huge number of malnourished children in our country. 144 million people can you imagine 144 million people go hungry every day in India and 23% of first malnourished are in India despite being supreme court observed that right to food is a right to life comes under the article 21. And now divergence is being seen here that 62,000 tons, 62,000 tons of food grains were damaged. 62,000 tons between 2011 and 2017 and alone in year 2016 and 2017 over 9,000 tons of foods were lost. Why? Why you are not dispersing that food grains to the states and other agencies like panchayats so that it can be at least distributed to the malnourished or hungry peoples. So these are issues but don't go into that as per government would better know that. So now concluding the discussion we can say that development is a multi-dimensional achievement. We it is a very multi-dimensional achievement it doesn't rely on a single vector you have to work on various fronts. Development is a multi-dimensional achievement the gains achieved from the 25 years of LPG reforms must help build capabilities and improve the health of all sections. Despite being just focusing on the service sector, we need to also focus on the agriculture sector because agriculture employs more than 50% population of the country and we need to also handle the challenges such as urbanization, housing deficit, access to power, water, education and health. Urbanization issues are very serious because of the COVID pandemic. So a central focus on social indicators is necessary for India. Central focus on social indicators is very necessary for India to break its position as an underachiever in the index of human development. So now coming back to the question the question says that who published the human development report and you all know the answer the answer is A UNDP. So out of the discussion we can extract a question out of the discussion that question is that it can be a practice question that India has shown no science of improvement in the ranking of human development index in the last three to four years. What are the reasons and suggest ways to improve the ranking? Read the question and practice the question till then watch the video do subscribe the channel and keep well do well and enjoy the life. Thank you. Don't forget to like share and subscribe to our channel and press the bell icon to never miss an update.