 Welcome back to my channel. Greetings of the day to all of you. I am Dr. Rashmi Singh, Assistant Professor, Department of Education, SS Khanna Girls Triggy College. It is a constituent college of University of Fallahabad and it is my email ID. Join my telegram group Explore Education for learning related materials and subscribe my channel if you like my video. And my video will be useful for certain sorts of teaching examinations. Okay. So, today we have changed the topic. Today we are not talking about psychology, educational psychology, sociology, but today we are talking about educational philosophy. In which I wanted to teach existentialism in education. I wanted to discuss it with you. But the video was very long, so I have divided it into two parts. Today we will learn only about existentialism. And then in the next video, we will learn about the role of existentialism in education. How it has influenced education? Why do we study it in education? So, let's start with existentialism. Let's start with existentialism. This is my bilingual lecture. First of all, let's learn its history. How did it happen? Who are these people? Who are those politicians who have been talking about existentialism? So, the roots of existentialism can be traced as far back as the sophists, The paid teachers of ancient Greece, specified in teaching morals. If we look into Greece, the Greek and Greek language, the material that moral lessons are taught in thecommon way. The material that the moral lessons are taught in thecommon way. The material that the moral lessons are taught in thecommon way. And again our Sukrat Sahab is here, how we read anything, we read psychology, we read philosophy, we read sociology, but something or the other is the same that is connected to it. So Sukrat Sahab Socrates has been considered to be the first existentialist, so if we are asked to think, to see, to think, then we get Sukrat which can be called Pratham Astitwavadi, why? Because who is Sukrat talking about? No-Thyself. Sukrat is talking about knowing yourself and the term existentialism seems to have been coined by the French philosopher Gabriel Marcel. Gabriel Marcel Sahab has coined this term and later adopted Paul Sartrenez and the term existential also has a connection with 19th century German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche. So there are so many names that we should know, we should remember, if we want to write a subjective paper, if we want to write a long answer, then too. And we should remember more in the objective because there are small things that come out of our minds that we put a tick on the wrong answer. So you will get a lot of new names in this philosophy, in Darshan. So there are so many people who are connected to it. But if we want to know which Darshan Shastri is in the past, which is a notable work, which is going to be remembered. So you should know these five names. First, Sorin Kirkgaard, how does Kirkgaard get into Hindi, so you should know it by heart. So these are the father of existentialism. Then Frederick Nietzsche, Martin Heidegger, Karl Theodor Jesperz and Jean-Paul Sartre. Apart from this, there are many names, but we should know these five names. People who are connected to existentialism, people who talk about existentialism. Because sometimes when we ask names, their pronunciation is a bit typical, so we get confused, so we should definitely know these names. The first one is Father of Existentialism. Now let's talk about philosophy, what is this philosophy, what is this Darshan talking about? So let's know that this is the youngest philosophy. It is the most later one, it is the origin. And it is most individualistic, that is the philosophy, that is the Darshan, which gives the most strength to the individual. Then existentialism emerged as a protest against the society, the state and the world. And asserted the supremacy of the individuality of man. So you can understand that this is the Darshan that is opposing the society, the state and the world. And it is saying that there is only one supreme thing that is most powerful, the individuality of man. It doesn't mean that the individuality of a man is not about the individuality of a woman, it is about a person. The individuality of a person, the uniqueness of a person is supreme, it is the most important, it is the most powerful. And it doesn't mean anything in front of it. This philosophy emerged as a protest. And you can understand it in such a way that, since it is a western philosophy, since it is a Christian religion, it is a protest. So this is the Darshan that is going to present Anish Parvad. And as such, it didn't say anything about education. But we will read its implication in education in the next video. Then Soren, father of existentialism argued that people should focus on living in the present moment. That is, they give power to what the individual should do, which is the present moment. What do we say? We are happy in the past, that it was such a good day, or we think that our future will be very happy. That is, we don't win the present moment. So what is this saying? People should focus on living in the present moment and making decisions based on personal responsibility. That is, what we should choose, what we should decide, how we should take it. The individuality should be our responsibility. Not that social conformity, i.e. the society should be our responsibility, and abstract moral principles. And those who are not aware of our immoral ethics, we are not saying that this philosophy is right or wrong. We are just saying what this philosophy says. Now, if we look at it today, then we don't behave in this way. We take our decisions based on social conformity, and focus on moral principles. So, what philosophy came into this time? We have to pay attention to this. And you don't accept it, you don't want to follow this school of thought, you don't want to follow it, that's another thing. We just have to study it as a philosophy. So, they said that we have to make such decisions based on personal responsibility. Why? Because this philosophy is focusing on the individuality of man, on that power. Then, if we want to define it, how does Oxford define the English dictionary? The view or belief, i.e. viewpoint or belief, that existence precedes essence. Only if we remember this, existence precedes essence, then we will understand this philosophy. i.e., our existence precedes it, and then there is another thing. His greatness, his definition, his music. Everything comes after existence. First existence. Meaning that humans exist first. What is the meaning of this? What is man? First, his existence is the same for most. And then define themselves afterwards. And then we will talk about it later. First, we are. This is important. So, this is the definition of this philosophy. Then, if we don't make a basic main video on philosophy, i.e., we don't talk to you, then if we divide the philosophy, then its three main features come out. Metaphysics, Epistemology and Exiology. Out of which, metaphysics is called in Hindi, Tattva Mimansa. Epistemology is called Gyan Mimansa. And Exiology is called Moolya Mimansa. Exiology is then devoted to Ethics and Aesthetics. Ethics means Moolya or Aesthetics means who is the Sondare. Meaning, what is the goodness according to it. So, if we look at the existentialism according to the metaphysical point, i.e., Tattva Mimansa's point of view. That is why I have written a line. That what is metaphysics? It is a branch of philosophy concerned with the nature of existence, being and the void. I.e., the Tattva Mimansa is the branch of view which deals with the existence, nature, and being. I.e., why are we here, why are we here, what will happen in our world. We try to know the meaning of such things in metaphysics. So, what is the metaphysics of existentialism? One thing, especially if we look at it, we took the name of Frederick Neesh. What was his statement? God is dead. I.e., this is un-Godly. I.e., God does not accept the truth anywhere. So, when God does not accept the truth, then who does he accept? Only for the concept of self. What is the importance of the concept of self? The individuality, the uniqueness of the individuality, that is what is important. That is it, and you don't have to pay attention to anything else. Man is nothing else but what he makes of himself. Man is nothing else, but what he has made himself. Such is the first principle of existentialism. If we look at the first principle of existentialism, then it is this. Man is nothing else but what he makes of himself. I.e., in metaphysics, it is only for self. Okay. Then, epistemological point. If we look at it with the knowledge of it, the existentialist approach to knowledge is known as the phenomenological method. i.e., if we try to find knowledge, if we try to find the evidence, then only one method is considered right. It is the phenomenological method. It is not so much that it is considered that it is sometimes called existentialist dash phenomenologist philosophy. So, what is phenomenology? It consists in the expression of the experiences of consciousness through the medium of ordinary language. What do we have to do? We have to do the experiences of consciousness, the consciousness of our mind, sorry, that we have to do it now. How do we have to do it? In ordinary language. i.e., phenomena are made of events. So, whatever the consciousness of the mind is, the experiences of it, we have to express it, and how we have to express it in ordinary language. And then, little attention to inductive reasoning. We know deductive and inductive reasoning, in which the induction, the inductive reasoning, which is a very important part of science, realism, which emphasizes it a lot, gives it absolutely little importance. It says, we do not need to pay attention to it. We oppose science. i.e., if we accept science, we do not give any stress to it. What do they say? Science, they believe, has been one of the major dehumanizing forces in the modern world. i.e., in our modern world, science has made it the most unhuman thing. Why? Because science is called objective. And what are they saying? Subjective. Why? Because individual to individual, everyone is varying. Everyone's truth is varying. So, what does it mean? It is subjectivity. So, subjectivity is always the opposite of objectivity. And what do we say? We do not pay much attention to individual difference. So, we are talking about objectivity. In the sense, science. So, we pay attention to subjectivity. That is why science gives little importance to it. Then, an exeological point. i.e., if we look at it according to the mood, then the mood of the objectivity was not there. It was up to the individual to find his or her own moral perfection and his or her own barrier. That does not mean that there is a vashvik universal moral laws. For example, when we talk about moral development, when we talk about Kolbaj, when we talk about PRJ, we say that when the moral development is at the highest stage, then we start killing universal principles. That is the truth. So, the truth will always be the right place. The truth will always be the right place. But what is this saying? That our moral perfection is there. We have set our perfection level according to it. Our morality is there. And no one should take our morality from any other morality. It was up to the individual. It is up to the individual to set his or her moral perfection. Then I must find the truth. That is the truth for me. The idea for which I can live or die. That is the individuality. Look at the level of individuality we are talking about. They are saying that the truth is for me. That is the truth. And that is the only idea for which I can live, I can die. That is my truth. No one should take it from anyone else. That is not my objective truth. That is my subjective truth. It may be wrong for you. It is right for me. This is the end of the story. Then according to existential ethics, if we talk about the ethics of existential, then what is the highest good for humans is becoming an individual. That is the best thing for us is that we become an individual. So this does not mean that we are an individual. Not merely being alive. This does not mean that we are only living, we are individuals. But having a real life by being true to himself or oneself. That means we have to live a life, a real life, in which we are true for ourselves. This is the highest goodness of existentialism. And the very essence of God is choosing. That means if we are able to choose, if we have the decision making power, that means we are individuals in the right mind. And if we talk about any other philosophy, if we talk about you, then sorry. We do not have the power to choose in general. Then philosophical premises. If we talk about its philosophical premises, then the first thing that is mentioned is existence precedes existence. That means the first thing that comes to mind is After that, the fact of freedom. It is said that man is free. Why is he free? Because he has the potential to choose his choice. Then no acceptance of ready-made concepts. We will not accept any ready-made concept. Why? Because we have to be an individual. And individual means we have to set the truth according to ourselves. We have to set the moral perfection according to ourselves. So we will not accept any ready-made concept. That is why it is said that man is a product of his choice. We are the ones who have made ourselves. No one else's responsibility. Then truth is subjective. What is truth? My truth is different from your truth. Death and nothingness. They believe in death and say that the essence is. When we are born, we exist. But everything is in the middle of birth and death. We do not talk about birth, birth, birth and death. We do not talk about what will happen after death or when we are born. That is why we do not talk about any moral principle. That is why we are here in this world and we will go with this world. That is why we have to live according to ourselves. So we do not see it in this sense that it is a very selfish philosophy. In this sense, when it happens, it will be a religious emphasis on the human being. And it will not be able to live according to itself. That is why this philosophy will be a result of it and self-knowledge. They say that existence precedes essence and self-knowledge precedes universal knowledge. We do not have any connection with the knowledge of the universe. We only have our own knowledge. That means, we are helpless. Then if we want to summarize it and keep it together, then what are its characteristic features? Human beings exist as free and conscious beings. Then life has no meaning or purpose other than what the individual creates for themselves. They say that life has no meaning or purpose other than what the individual creates for himself. Then emphasis on living authentically by accepting responsibility for our actions without regret. This is the most important thing. We are always saying that we can choose, we can take decisions, we will live according to ourselves, we will set our own morals, our truth is different, it is right, we do not have to take it from someone's wrong. But whatever decision we have taken, whatever the process and consequences of it will be, I will be responsible for it because I have taken it according to myself. We will not have any regret for it nor will we be able to blame it on anyone for it. That it has happened because of you. We have come to your Lord and decided that this will not happen. That is why when we look at its role in education, then it will be the same that we have to make the individual so worthy that he can take the right decision. Then it emphasizes the individual's freedom of choice and responsibility. What is the importance of this? The freedom of the person. What is the freedom of his freedom? What is the freedom of his responsibility? What is the importance of this? It stresses the importance of human beings to create their own meaning in life. What is the importance of human beings to create their own meaning in life? It can be seen as a reaction against what was considered conventional thinking. It can be considered as a reaction against what was considered conventional thinking. Is this philosophy existentialism? Okay, so it is a revolutionary philosophy. You can say that it is in the opposite of religion, in the opposition of God. And it is only important to the individual, it is highly individualistic. And it has not said anything directly about education. It has not said anything directly about education, it has not said anything directly about education. But we will read its implication in education. Okay, so thank you and don't forget to like and subscribe my channel. If you really like the content and the delivery and join my telegram group to get learning materials. If you want, you can ask your query there. You can provide feedback to me and the name of my telegram channel is Explore Education. Okay, so done from my side.