 Warm welcome aspirants, I welcome you all to our Hindu newspaper analysis brought to you by Shankara A.S. Academy, today's date is 1st of January 2023, displayed here are the list of news articles that we are going to discuss today, today we have 8 different news articles and since it is Sunday, we have a variety of articles as well, so why waste time, now let's get into the first news article discussion. Now this snippet article talks about Large Hadron Collider that is LHC, see LHC is in news because some data from it gave hope of a new elementary particle, but this assumption has turned out to be wrong, so let us understand what is this Large Hadron Collider and how an elementary particle is related to it, so what is an elementary particle, see an elementary particle or the building blocks of matter, so all matter around us is made of these elementary particles only, the interesting fact is these elementary particles occur in two basic types called quacks and leptons, see each of these groups consist of six particles which are related in pairs or generations, that means there is a group of six quacks and six leptons, the six quacks are paired in three generations, that is the up quack and the down quack, they form the first generation followed by the charm quack and strange quack and then the top quack and bottom or beauty quack, so these are the three generations, similarly the leptons they are also arranged in three generations, they are the electron and the electron neutrino, the muon and the muon neutrino and finally the tau and the tau neutrino, see here the electron, muon and tau all have an electric charge and they have a sizable mass, but the neutrinos are electrically neutral and they have very little mass, so these are some of the basic things that you have to remember about elementary particles, such elementary particles come under a large term called subatomic particles, the term subatomic particles refers to the true elementary particles such as quacks and electrons and it also refers to the larger particles formed by quacks, now if you cannot understand let me explain, see you know the three main subatomic particles that form an atom right, they are proton, neutron and electron, here the protons and neutrons are made up of quacks only, a proton consist of two up quacks and a down quack and the neutron consist of two down quack and an up quack, okay, so these are the larger particles formed by quacks I mentioned earlier, a fact to remember is the proton and neutron are under a group called the headrons, actually the first known headron were proton and neutrons only, these headrons are strongly interacting particles, this strong interaction is a property that distinguishes headrons from leptons, because leptons they do not participate in strong interactions, in other words leptons are weakly interacting particles, okay, so I hope you got an idea about the subatomic particles which are the building blocks of matter, that means if the scientists want to know about what the universe is made of they need to study these particles, one such machine that helps in studying the elementary or subatomic particles is the particle accelerator, see this machine accelerates elementary particles like electron or proton to very high energies, just know that these accelerators use electromagnetic fields to accelerate and steer particles, the acceleration is close to the speed of light, through this acceleration the particle accelerators produce beams of charged particles, these charged particles are then smashed either onto a target or against other particles, the data from these collisions are studied and can be used for a variety of research purposes, now when the accelerators generate head on collisions between particles it is given the name of collider, also know that there are two basic types of particle accelerators, namely linear accelerators and circular accelerators, linear accelerators propel particles along a linear or straight beam line, on the other hand circular accelerators they propel particles around a circular track, okay, but why am I talking about these machines, because the large head on colliders mentioned in the news article is a particle accelerator machine, as its name suggests it is a collider and it is the largest and most powerful collider in the world and also it is the most powerful accelerator in the world as well, okay, so if you are asking me where it is kept, see it is situated at the European Center for Nuclear Research that is CERN in Switzerland, LHC consists of a 27 kilometer ring of superconducting magnets and many accelerating structures to boost the energy of the particles along the way, so LHC is a circular accelerator, now what particles it actually accelerates, see the name itself says right that is the herons, so LHC accelerates and collides protons and also heavy lead ions, for example the protons are accelerated to a speed close to that of light and they are made to collide with other protons, it is found that these collisions produce massive particles like the Higgs boson or the top quack, by measuring their properties scientists increase our understanding of matter and thereby understanding the origins of the universe, so that is all you have to know about this news article discussion, I hope this news article discussion was very interesting, so in this news article discussion we saw in detail about what are the elementary particles and we saw about particle accelerator and we saw about large hatron collider in detail, so these learnt points now let us move on to the next news article discussion, now take a look at this news article, it talks about a U1GA that is U1 General Assembly Resolution titled, Israeli practices affecting the human rights of the Palestinian people in the occupied Palestinian territory including East Jerusalem, yes this is the title of the U1GA Resolution and the resolution seeks the opinion of international court of justice on the legal consequences of ongoing violations of Palestinian human rights, note that India has abstained from voting on this resolution, so that is why it has appeared in the news today, so in this background let us briefly learn about Israel-Palestine issue and also about why India abstained from voting on this resolution, before that the syllabus relevant to this news article is highlighted here for your reference, you can go through it, now let's start with a little bit of history, see Jews or Jewish people originated as an ethnic and religious group in the Middle East around 2000 BCE, they followed a religion called Judaism, the term Jew was associated with the persons who believed in the order of Judaism, so to conclude we can say that Jews were an ethno religious group who originated from the territory east to the Mediterranean Sea near the present day Israel, so this is about the term Jew, now coming to the Israel-Palestine problem, see the origin of the problem dates back almost 2000 years to the year AD 71, this was the time when most of the Jews were driven out of their homeland that is Palestine by the Romans, due to persecution by the Romans only small communities of Jews stayed behind in Palestine and over the following 1700 years there was a gradual trickle of Jews returning from exile to their homeland Palestine, in 1897 some Jews living in Europe founded the world Zionist organization at Basel in Switzerland, here note that Zionist were people who believed that Jews need to go back to Palestine and have what they called a national homeland, in other words a Jewish state, this is because in the preceding centuries Jews suffered persecutions in Russia, France and Germany and they thought that a Jewish state would provide a safe refuge for Jews from all over the world, but the problem was that by now Palestine was inhibited by Arabs who were of Islamic faith, now let's fast forward to first world war, it was fought between Allied forces on one side and central powers on the other side, as you all know at the end of the war central powers were defeated, Ottoman empire which was on the central powers side lost all its territories to allied powers, this lost territory of central powers was to be managed through a new system called mandate system, Palestine was one of the lost territories of Ottoman empire which came under the mandate system, here note that the newly formed League of Nations which is the predecessor to today's united nation created the mandate system, the League of Nations was formed on the idea of working together to ensure the security of all nations, so now coming to the mandate system, see the mandate system was an attempt to stop the cycle of war and fighting over conquered land, this was to be done by appropriating the land of the collapsed Ottoman empire and the colonies of Germany by the allied according to the mandate system, Syria was given to France to govern while Iraq and Palestine were given to the British, so now coming back to the Israel Palestine issue, see Britain was very involved in the issue in the year 1917 itself, British foreign minister Arthur Balfour announced that Britain supported the idea of a Jewish national home in Palestine, this is what is called as Balfour declaration, as I already said Palestine became a British mandate two years later in the year 1919, from the year 1919 British using its administrative control of the land allowed large number of Jews to settle in Palestine, the Arabs who were living in Palestine protested bitterly to the Britain saying that they wanted an independent Palestine for the Arabs, they also wanted an immediate into the immigration of Jews, the British government in the year 1922 stated that there was no intention of the Jews occupying the whole of the Palestine and it said that there would be no interference with the rights of the Palestinian Arabs, British by now hoped to persuade Jews and Arabs to live together peacefully in the same state, but in reality British failed to understand the deep religious gulf between the two, now let's fast forward 15 years, Germany under its Nazi leadership started persecuting Jews in the eastern Europe, due to this Jews migration to the region of Palestine passed and by the year 1940 about half the population of Palestine was Jewish, from 1936 onwards there were violent protest by Arabs against Jews which the British suppressed by killing over 3000 Arabs, in the year 1937 the British Peel Commission proposed dividing Palestine into two separate states, one for Arabs and one for Jewish, but the Arabs rejected the idea, the British later tried again in the year 1939 offering an independent Arab state within 10 years and Jewish immigration limited to 10,000 a year, the Arabs rejected the idea, after the end of second world war in 1945 the USA pressed Britain to allow one lakh Jews into Palestine, this demand was echoed by David Ben Gurion one of the Jewish leaders, but the British not wanting to offend the Arabs refused to allow one lakh Jews into Palestine, the Jew community after the immensely suffering at the hands of the Nazis were determined to fight for their national home, they began a terrorist campaign against both Arabs and British, the British responded by arresting Jewish leaders and by turning back ships like the exodus crammed with Jews intending to enter Palestine, but the British who were weakened by the strain of the second world war felt unable to cope, so by the year 1947 British asked the United Nations to deal with the problem, United Nations in the same year voted to divide Palestine setting aside roughly half of it to form an independent Jewish state, early in 1948 the British decided to come out all together and let the UN carry out its own plan, although fighting was already going on between Jews and Arabs the British withdrew all their troops, in May 1948 Ben Gurion declared the independence of the new states of Israel, so Israel was born as an independent nation, Ben Gurion was given the title father of modern Israel, from the May of 1948 till now there has been constant tussle between Israeli and Palestinians, from the map given here we can see how far the Palestinian territory has been produced, now only two enclaves of West Bank and Gaza Strip remain as Palestinian territories, you can see that here in this image, the United Nations General Assembly resolution which the article reports about war and ICJ's opinion on the human rights violation on the Palestinian territory by the Israeli forces, as I said already India abstained from voting on the resolution, this is because of the fact that India does not want to alienate Israel by voting for the resolution, see India follows the policy of multi alignment, just like how it abstained from Ukraine war-related resolutions which were against Russia, India followed the same principle here, abstention was done to hold Israel in good relation, so this is about why India abstained from voting on the resolution, so this we came to the end of the news article discussion, I hope in this discussion we saw in detail about the origin of Israel Palestinian problem and also the reason why India abstained from voting on the resolution, holding Israel's responsible for the human right violation in Palestine, so these learned points, now let us move on to the next news article discussion, see this science page article here, the news is that for the first time in the world six children with rare disorders have been successfully treated with donor mitochondria from their mothers, the disorder were caused by deletions in the genomes of their mitochondria, the doctor transferred healthy mitochondria into the children's stem cells which give rise to blood cells, after the treatment tests showed that some of the children were stronger and they spent more time awake and in play, so this is the cracks of the news article given here, in this context let us learn about mitochondrial replacement therapy, before that what is mitochondria, see mitochondria or special compartments or organelles which are present in our cells, it is known as the power houses of the cell, because mitochondria break down the food molecules and convert them into energy molecules, here the energy molecules are called adenosine, tri-posphate or ATP, see ATP is utilized by the cell for performing different activities like functioning growth and maintenance of the cell, so if mitochondria do not work properly only a meager amount of energy is generated, due to this cells get damaged and they ultimately die and this leads to organ and system failure, so to address this problem only we have mitochondrial replacement therapy, so in order to understand how MRT works it is important to understand the characteristics of mitochondria, see over 99% of our DNA is found in the cells nucleus and this is called nuclear DNA, but a small amount of DNA is also contained in mitochondria and this is called mitochondrial DNA, this mitochondrial DNA contains a small number of genes that contains information necessary for mitochondria to function, so if there are errors or mutations in this mitochondrial DNA then it can lead to mitochondrial disease, see the nuclear DNA to the child comes from both egg and sperm, but the mitochondrial DNA is largely based on the child from the mother through her egg, so if a woman has dysfunctional mitochondria in her eggs she will pass on these disease causing mitochondria to all of her children, here the severity of the resulting disease in a child will vary depending upon how many healthy vessels deceased mitochondria are in the mother's egg, okay, so with this basic understanding now let us see about mitochondrial replacement therapy, see this therapy is an IVF technique that is designed to prevent a mother from passing down mutated mitochondrial DNA to a child, know that in vitro fertilization or IVF is a type of assisted reproductive technology where sperm and an egg are fertilized outside of the human body, okay, so now coming back there are two processes by which MRT can be performed, they are maternal spindle fiber transfer and pro nuclear transfer, know that both processes use a donor egg who has normal mitochondria DNA, now we will see both the process one by one, first let us take maternal spindle transfer, see in this process the nucleus is removed from the donor egg, then the mother's nuclear DNA is removed from the egg cell, then the nucleus in the donor egg is replaced with the mother's nuclear DNA, so the egg is now free of defective mitochondrial DNA and the egg carries the healthy mitochondrial DNA from the donor, now the combined egg is fertilized and then the embryo is implanted into the mother's womb, see this will prevent the passage of defective mitochondrial DNA to a child and this will prevent disease in the child, now to one fact here the maternal spindle transfer process is done before the fertilization, so this is about maternal spindle transfer, now we will see about pro nuclear transfer, see this process is essentially the same as maternal spindle transfer, but the donor's egg nucleus is replaced with the mother's nucleus after fertilization, in pro nuclear transfer both the eggs from the mother and the donor are fertilized using the sperm of the same father, remember the fertilized egg is known as psychote, after fertilization the nucleus of the donor's egg is removed and it is replaced with the nucleus of the mother's egg, now this will also prevent the passage of defective mitochondrial DNA to a child, so that is all you have to know about this news article discussion, in this news article discussion we saw in detail about mitochondria its functions, then we saw two methods of mitochondrial replacement therapy, so these learnt points now let us move on to the next news article discussion, now take a look at this news article from delhi edition, it says that most union government offices are expected to go fully digital by the end of february 2023 and because of this security measures have been taken to avoid any cyber security incidents like the recent ransomware attack on the servers of aims in delhi and as per the article the cabinet secretary has directed all the union government ministries and departments to migrate to e-office 7.0, so this is the crux of the news article given here, in this context let us understand about this e-office in detail, before that the syllabus relevant to this news article is highlighted here for your reference you can go through it, so what is this e-office, see e-office is a digital workplace solution, it comprises of a number of products that provides for an efficient and open government, now that the efficient and openness is achieved by streamlining the workflow for both inter and intra government processes and making them paperless and the product is built on open architecture, also know that the product brings together the independent functions and systems under a single framework, here open architecture is nothing but a way of designing software and hardware that makes it easy to upgrade and add functions to a computer system and it is also a technology infrastructure with specifications that are public as opposed to proprietary, so this open architecture only makes it easy for the upgradation of e-offices, in the introduction we saw that the cabinet secretary has asked the government officers to migrate to e-office 7.0, see this 7.0 indicates that upgraded version, earlier the department were using e-office 6.0 version, now they are migrating to 7.0, as per the article 74 ministries and departments have migrated to e-office version 7.0 so far, at least 13 offices are yet to migrate to the updated system, they include controller and auditor general CAG, the election commission of India, the department of commerce, ministries of cooperation, external affairs, new and renewable energy, parliamentary affairs, petroleum and natural gas, power, transport and highways, textiles and tribal affairs, so now coming to the important information about e-office, see it is a mission mode project that is MMP under the national e-governance program, the product is developed by national informatics center in short called as NIC, so this is about the e-office and the current status of the e-office, even now it may sound a little bit confusing for you but don't worry, when we come to the end of this discussion you will understand what is e-office fully, for now just remember the e-office is the digital workplace and it consists of products which ensure efficiency and openness, so with this understanding let us see the features of e-office, now let us see them one by one, firstly file management system or e-file, see this product actually automates the processing of files and receipts, secondly knowledge management system or KMS, this acts as a centralized repository of various documents like acts, policies and guidelines, thirdly leave management system or e-leave, it automates the leave application and approval processes, fourthly tour management system or e-tour, it automates employee tour programs, fifthly personal information management system PIMS, it manages the employee records and finally smart performance appraisal report recording online window which is in short called as SPARO, it deals with the electronic filing of performance appraisal report or PAR, apart from this it also contains collaboration and message services that is CAMS, it is for internal collaboration and messaging, then e-services it is for the integration of various services such as Facebook, GPF, income and online forms, then property return information system management which is in short called as PRISM, it is for electronic filing of assert and liability declaration, this is in accordance with the Lokpal and Lokai Act 2013, so I hope now you can understand what is this e-office, it is like a substitute for physical offices, so why is this e-office needed, firstly it is needed for transforming the conventional government offices into more efficient and transparent e-offices, secondly it is needed because e-office eliminates huge amounts of paperwork thereby reducing red tapism, now with this information about the necessity of e-offices let us see what are all the benefits of e-offices, firstly as we all know it enhances transparency, see files can be tracked and their status is known to all at all times, secondly it increases accountability, e-office makes the quality and speed of decision making easier to monitor, thirdly it assures data security and data integrity, then it provides a platform for reinventing and re-engineering the government, fifthly it promotes innovation by releasing staff energy and time from unproductive procedures, sixthly it transforms the government work culture and ethics and finally it promotes greater collaboration in the workplace and effective knowledge management, so these are all some of the benefits of e-office, if there are so many benefits there will be some disadvantages as well right, so now let us see some of the issues of e-office, first is reluctance to change, people always oppose to change right, so this is the first disadvantage, second issue is the possibility of theft of data or data loss, third issue is the inability to maintain the secrecy of data and information which affects the sovereignty and integrity of the nation, as we saw e-office maintains transparency right, fourth issue is lack of infrastructure and finally there is this issue of loss of jobs, think about it no, if someone does not know how to operate computers then he or she will lose their job, so these are all some of the important issues concerned with e-office, I hope we holistically covered about e-office from top to bottom, see make note of all these points, our government is moving towards electronic version of office right, if we could wisely manage the disadvantages we can make profound use of it, so these learnt points now let us move on to the next news article discussion, now this news article reports about a comment by India's external office minister regarding India-China relations, he has told that any unilateral change by China regarding LAC will not be agreed by India, so what is this LAC, see it is expanded as line of actual control, this line is related to India-China border, as we all know India shares 3488 kilometer of border with China, this runs along the states of Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, Anachal Pradesh and the Union territory of Ladakh, but the problem is this border is not fully demarcated, when the border is not demarcated this will create issue right, similarly both sides that India and China perceived their own demarcation and stated it as the boundary, this boundary is what they call as the line of actual control or LAC, so basically LAC is between India and China and there is no common perception of the entire LAC, hence LAC is not a commonly delineated border, but basically LAC separates India controlled territory from Chinese controlled territory, as I said India's five states and Union territory shares border with China, hence these controlled territories are also many, because of this the bordering areas are divided into three sectors, the eastern sector, middle sector and finally the western sector, the eastern sector is comprised of Anachal Pradesh and Sikkim, second is the middle sector comprising of Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh and finally the western sector which includes the Ladakh region, since there is no clear demarcation of LAC, India and China have their own climate, India considers the LAC to be 3488 kilometer long, but the Chinese side consider it to be only around 2000 kilometer, so what does India claims, India says the McMohen Line is the LAC in case of the eastern sector, the McMohen Line was an outcome of a tripartate treaty agreement called the Simla Convention, the agreement was concluded in 1914 between Britain, Tibet and China, the agreement delineated the boundaries between British India Empire and Tibet along its entire west-east frontier, the issue is with respect to Article 2 of the Simla Convention, this article had given a conditional recognition to China stating clearly that Tibet will not be annexed and converted into a Chinese province, so you can understand that obviously China will be against this condition and hence against the McMohen Line, because of this Chinese side climbs the part or whole of Arnachal as their territory, then in western sector also there are disputes, this sector comprises the area between Ladakh to Tibet and the Kundalun mountain range, according to India this forms a border length of 1597 kilometers in the western sector, this climb of India is based on the Treaty of 1842, it was signed between the representative of Maharaja Gulab Singh who was the ruler of then-Gemmon Kashmir with llama of Tibet and the representative of the Chinese Emperor, the 1842 Treaty Line was further modified as the Johnson-Ardagh Line of 1897, India climbs this line as the India-China border, note that this line is beyond Aksai Chin and therefore as per this line Aksai Chin is Indian territory, so why China disputes it? It is because another border alignment done by the British in 1899 for their personal interest, this border alignment resulted in a fresh line known as the Meccan-Mecdonald Line, you can clearly see that this line excludes the Aksai Chin from Indian side and makes it as a part of the Chinese territory, hence China has been climbing their borders based on this alignment and says that Aksai Chin is a Chinese territory, now you may think that if this Meccan-Mecdonald Line was the bilaterally agreed one, India should follow this right? It is not so because here again the problem was caused by British only because 1905 and 1912 British changed their stance again and they said to have accepted the Ardagh Line of 1897 as a boundary between India and China, these different claims based on different border alignment treaties or agreements have caused the dispute between India and Pakistan and hence has led to incursion by China in these border areas, so that is why our external AFIS minister have told that any unilateral change by China regarding LAC will not be agreed by India, so that's all you have to know about this news article discussion, with this learned points now let us move on to the next news article discussion, now take a look at this FAQ news article, this article speaks about awareness campaigns regarding cryptocurrencies and online gaming, then it also speaks about the concerns regarding cryptocurrencies and online gaming, see both cryptocurrencies and online gaming are frequently seen in news, so we may expect a question in both problems and mains regarding these two topics, that is why we have chosen this news article for today's discussion, before that the syllabus relevant to this news article is highlighted here for your reference, you can just go through it, firstly know that the investor education and protection fund that is IEPF is soon going to launch an outreach program, this program is to create awareness of cryptocurrencies and online gaming, okay, so if you are asking what is the need for an outreach program, see the need is based on the observation made, both cryptocurrencies and online gaming are still being promoted in a risky manner despite the recent trouble in both the sectors, so that is why investor education and protection fund that is IEPF is planning to launch an outreach program, so what is this IEPF in the first place, see IEPF is managed by the investor education and protection fund IEPF authority, know that this authority was set up in the year 2016 under the provisions of section 125 of the company's act 2013, this IEPF authority is entrusted with the responsibility of administration of the investor education and protection fund, then they also promote awareness among investors and they also make refunds of shares, matured deposits and so on to rightful climates, okay, apart from all these tasks one of the main roles of IEPF is providing investment education, see what they do is they reach out to household investors especially housewives and professionals in both rural and urban areas and teach them the basics, the focus areas of teaching include primary and secondary capital markets, then they also educate about various saving instruments and the instruments for investment such as mutual funds, equity etc, apart from this IEPF even makes awareness to the investors about dubious chit fund schemes and existing grievance retrosal mechanisms, know that until the end of October the IEPF had conducted more than 65,000 awareness programs covering 30,000,000 citizens, so this is about investor education and protection fund and IEPF authority, now moving on to see the concerns about cryptocurrencies, see as we all know cryptocurrencies are unregulated, so they are having a destabilizing effect on the monetary and fiscal stability of a country, this is the foremost concern, further the crypto exchanges in India are being investigated for their alleged involvement in unlawful practices like drug trafficking, money laundering, then violating foreign exchange legislations and evasion of GST, so the unlawful practices done by crypto exchanges is another concern, so the reserve bank of India has recommended to frame legislation on the cryptocurrencies and RVA is of the view that cryptocurrencies should be prohibited, recently the ministry of state for finance gave a written reply to Lok Sabha regarding legislation on the cryptocurrencies, the minister stated that the definition of crypto assets is borderless, he further said any legislation for regulation or for banning cryptocurrencies would require international collaboration to prevent regulatory hurdles, the minister also pointed out that the international collaboration must encompass an evolution of risk and benefits and evolution of common taxonomy and standards, so these are all some of the concerns regarding cryptocurrencies, now we will see what are all the opinion regarding the outreach program of IEPF, see one of the non-resident fellows at the center for internet and society supported the outreach program, but he pointed out two concerns, first he said that apart from outreach program there has to be a regulatory mechanism for the crypto sector, secondly he said that the messages delivered through awareness programs should be right and that should not be any confusion, he further said that if the government takes a heavy-handed approach and propagates cryptocurrency is not legal in India then the people may presume incorrectly that cryptocurrency or illegal, apart from this the person also stated that some people may indulge in unlawful transactions like money laundering using crypto assets, but those unlawful transactions should be executed using legal banking channels, so this is about the opinion of one of the non-resident fellows at the center for internet and society, then the vice president of one of the crypto exchange Vazier X also welcomed the outreach program, he stated that investing in cryptocurrency is a complex and risky process as the cryptocurrency is extremely volatile, so he said it is important to educate the potential investors before making any decision on investing in cryptocurrency, so the president of Vazier X appreciated the outreach program of IEPF, as we all know there are many allegations prevailing against cryptocurrencies, for those allegations the vice president of Vazier X stated that the cryptocurrencies are working based on blockchain technology and this blockchain technology is immutable and public, so this makes cryptocurrency less vulnerable for money laundering, he also pointed out that cryptocurrency allow law enforcement agencies to uncover and trace money laundering far easier than cash transactions, so this is about the opinion of vice president of Vazier X, now moving on to online gaming, see recently the ministry of electronics and information technology MEITY has appointed the nodal agency for online gaming in India, now that for e-sport that is for online gaming the nodal agency is the department of sports, the department of sports falls under the ministry of youth affairs and sports, MEITY also proposed a framework for central regulation of online gaming, this framework is expected to address issues faced by the online gaming sector, so what are all the prevailing issues with the online gaming sector, firstly there is confusion about the definition of a game of chance and game of skill, see the term game of skill has been used in the public gaming act 1867, but the term has not been spelled out and there are also risk from cyber crimes, for an information we have discussed the game of chance and game of skills in hindi newspaper analysis dated october 8 2022, you can just go and watch the video to have some clarity recording the terms, now coming back see one of the advocates in the supreme court told that in a game of skill it is the element of skill that is mental or physical skill of the user plays a dominant role in determining the outcome of the game rather than pure chance, the advocate also pointed out that the rulings of the supreme court and several high courts clearly established game of skill as legitimate business activities as they are protected under article 19 clause 1 g of the indian constitution, the advocate further says these rules of various courts have also envisaged a clear distinction between games of skill and games of chance, she finally highlighted that despite these court rulings online skill games have faced restriction in a few states, the restriction are due to addiction and financial losses, so this is about the opinion of supreme court advocate on online gaming, now coming to another opinion this was given by ceo of all india gaming federation aagf, he welcomed the outreach program of iepf, he said that the online gaming industry in india has become increasingly concerned with the danger of offshore illegal gambling websites, he pointed out that the illegal gambling websites falsely advertise to innocent indian users as they are legitimate gaming platforms, so it is very difficult for indian users to differentiate between good and bad operators and the ceo hopes the outreach program will educate the people regarding issues with online gaming, so that is all you have to know about this news article discussion, see in this news article discussion we saw in detail about the issues in the crypto currencies and online gaming and the outreach program of iepf, so these learned points now let us move on to the next news article discussion, now take a look at this news article it talks about a recent initiative named sustainable aquaculture in mangrove ecosystem that is SAIM, SAIME SAIME, see it is a community based initiative of sustainable shrimp cultivation and it is being conceived by news and global nature fund dnf nature land germany and bangladesh environment and development society bids, so according to the article this initiative tries to integrate shrimp farming into the mangrove ecosystem, so this is the crux of the news article given here, in this context let us learn few facts about SAIME initiative, you can quote this initiative as an example in your main sansa writing, so what are these shrimps, shrimps are crustaceans with elongated bodies and a primary swimming mode of locomotion, here the term crustaceans refers to a form of shellfish, other examples of shellfish include crabs, lobster, squid, oysters and snails, so this is about the shrimp, now moving on to the initiative, see in order to appreciate this initiative we should first understand the need for this initiative, we all know that tropical and subtropical mangroves are among the most important and productive ecosystem on the earth right, the intricate root system of mangrove stabilizes the coastline, reduces soil erosion and also provides a favorable environment for fishes, crabs and other aquatic organisms, but in recent decades due to the expansion of shrimp aquaculture and other anthropogenic causes, mangrove forests have been indiscriminately felon, we can note this phenomenon especially in the countries of South and Southeast Asia, in India it has been done in the state of West Bengal where the famous Sundarbans mangrove forest is located, this has resulted in the degradation of a natural landscape and made this brackish water shrimp cultivation practice unsustainable, so to address this problem only Saim initiative was introduced, as I already said the project has been implemented in India and Bangladesh by Global Nature Fund, GNF in partnership with Natureland, Germany and Bangladesh Environment and Development Society Bits, the initiative tries to integrate mangroves into the aqua farms, now let us see some of the advantages associated with integrating mangroves to aqua farms, firstly the cost of feed will be reduced, see the felon decomposed mangrove leaves will boost the growth of necessary phytoplanktons and zoo plantons in the brackish water where the shrimps are growing, this growth in the phytoplanktons and zoo plantons will ultimately result in the steady growth of the shrimps and fishes which consumes them, secondly the roots of the mangroves will provide a natural nursery for the juvenile shrimps, further the root system will improve their sturdiness of the embankments, this will reduce the huge cost of land shaping which the farmers have to bear before the culture season every year, this will reduce the huge cost of land shaping which the farmers have to bear before the culture season every year, so these are all some of the advantages associated with promoting SAIM initiatives integrative aqua culture farming method, so now we came to the end of the discussion, we learned about shrimp and also about SAIM initiative, before ending our discussion note one important point, see India is the world's largest shrimp exporter, it exports shrimps to most of the european countries and america, there has been increasing usage of antibodies in India to aid the growth of these shrimps, the european union and usa has raised concerns saying that inappropriate use of antibodies will result in antimicrobial resistance of bacteria and viruses, so make note of this point, UPSC may give a statement in prylums saying that India is the world's largest shrimp exporter, so these learned points now let us move on to the next news article discussion, now for our next discussion we are going to take this news article here, it says that the defense ministry has started the process for the procurement of 100 more K9 Vajra trap self-propelled power zards, this procurement is for the development of K9 Vajra across the line of actual control, at the height of tensions in eastern Ladakh in 2020 the army deployed a regiment of these power zards to augment its long range firepower in LSE, so this is the crux of the news article given here, in this context let us briefly understand about K9 Vajra, see K9 Vajra is the indian army's new self-propelled howitzer sph, here you have to understand these two terms, you all know what is self-propulsion right, self-propelled vehicles contains within itself the means for its own propulsion, example includes automobile, truck, tractor, bus, motorcycle etc, car move forward on its own with the help of engine right, so likewise K9 Vajra also has means to move forward without any external forces, now coming to the second term howitzer, howitzers generally are large mounted guns used for firing shells at a high angle of elevation, this is for reaching a target behind cover or in a trench, so understanding these two terms are important to understand about K9 Vajra, know that K9 Vajra is jointly developed by Larsen and Tobro, LNT and South Korean defence manufacturer Hanwha defence, in the year 2017 indian defence ministry signed contract with LNT to procure 100 K9 Vajra, the deal included engineering and maintenance support and the necessary transfer of technology from Hanwha defence, so some of the specifications of K9 Vajra are mentioned here, you can just pause the video and go through it, for example the gun which is being manufactured for India is called the K9 Vajra T, where T stands for tank, secondly this K9 Vajra is built based on K9 Thunder, K9 Thunder was developed by Hanwha defence, these K9 Vajras are optimised for dessert operations, but we saw that these are deployed across LAC right, why is this, see the 2020 standoff demanded the deployment of K9 Vajras in the mountains, that is why, okay, earlier as we saw it is a self propelled artillery system meaning it does not need to be towed behind an artillery truck, so likewise some of the specifications of K9 Vajra are mentioned here, you can go through it, so these are all some of the points that you have to note about K9 Vajra, so these learnt points now let us move on to the next part of the news article discussion which is the preliminary practice question discussion, now look at this first question, this question is about a large headron collider LHC, statement one it is the only particle accelerator in the world, see statement one is actually incorrect LHC is the largest one and most powerful collider or accelerator in the world, it is not the only one, for example SLAC national accelerator laboratory in California is home to the longest linear particle accelerator in the world, even India has accelerators for example the pelatron superconducting linear accelerator at TIFR or Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, this is also an accelerator, okay, so this first statement is incorrect, now moving on to the second statement it is currently the only place where scientists can create and study Higgs bosons, see this statement is actually correct, Higgs boson is the quantum particle associated with the Higgs field, Higgs field gives mass to other fundamental particles like electrons and quarks, since the field cannot be observed directly experiments have searched for the particle, know that the Higgs boson was proposed in 1964 by Peter Higgs Francois Englert and four other theorists to explain why certain particles have mass, finally in 2012 scientist confirmed its existence through the experiments at the large headron collider or LHC, this discovery led to 2013 Nobel prize in physics being awarded to Higgs and Englert, because of this currently LHC is the only place scientists can create and study Higgs bosons, so the correct answer for this question is option B2 only, now moving on this question is about K9 Vajra, statement 1 K9 Vajra is a self-propelled howitzer which can be only used in the desert regions, see this statement is actually incorrect, we saw in the discussion itself right we can deploy them in mountainous regions as well, for example we deployed it across line of actual control and to ensure the K9 Vajra performs optimally in the extreme climate weather conditions of the mountain the army procured winterization kit for the regiment deployed, so the first statement is actually incorrect, now look at the second statement K9 Vajra or jointly developed by LNT and Hanwa defense, see this statement is actually correct, we saw in the discussion itself right, so the correct answer for this question is option B2 only, now moving on this is also a two statement question, statement 1 Mekartne McDonald line is agreed as the line of actual control by India on its western sector, see statement 1 is incorrect because India rejected Mekartne McDonald line and accepted the Johnson Arda line of 1897 because Johnson Arda line of 1897 includes oxygen as Indian Territory whereas Mekartne McDonald line excludes it, now the second statement says that Mek Mohan line is agreed as the LSE by India on its eastern sector, this statement is correct, so the correct answer for this question is option B2 only, now the question displayed here is the quiz question for you today, just go through the question, try to answer it in the comment section, so the questions displayed here are the main practice questions for you today, just go through the questions, try to write an answer and post it in the comment section, so this we came to the end of the news article discussion, if you like the video hit like, do comment and don't forget to subscribe to Shankara AS Academy YouTube channel, I'm wishing you everyone a happy new year and a happy Sunday, thank you.