 Good afternoon, ladies and gentlemen, and welcome to this session. So the interviewers become the interviewees. We would like to use this session just to summarize and to recap key issues discussed from the first session where we were talking about the role of good data for good policymaking and also for creating an enabling environment for investment. And then we moved on, of course, to talk about the IDI and we moved on to talk about imaging technologies. And I know some of you did not have an opportunity during the sessions to raise their questions. So I have the panelists and will give you time to ask additional questions that you may have. Okay, so we have here with us Dr. Alexandra Barbosa, head of the Regional Center for Studies on the development of the Information Society Brazil, and the outgoing expert group on household indicators. We was looking at session two, big data for measuring the information society. So welcome. And we also have Professor Bao, who moderated Plenary Session Three, measuring the Information Society Report 2017. And you will be happy to address key issues that you may still have hanging. And we have Dr. Jinxuo Shen, Deputy Chief Engineer at China Academy of Information and Communications Technology, China, who moderated Plenary Session Six, measuring imaging city trends. So please welcome. And we also have Dr. Mohamed Hamd, Director of Innovation, Iroh Gazala, Communication Cyber Park, Tunisia, he moderated Plenary Session Seven, Smart Data for Smart Sustainable Cities. And I hope you are going to address the question from Mozambique, how a developing country or least developed country like Mozambique could be talking about smart cities without talking about smart communities and smart individuals and smart villages. This is the composition of your panel. And I would like to start with Alex to ask him, and you can choose also to highlight probably three key issues that came out of his session. But before I do that, I would like just to say what were your main takeaways from the discussion of the results of ITU's pilot project on big data for official statistics. And secondly, if you could address the issue of artificial intelligence supported by cloud computing internet of things and big data. And we know that they are becoming prevalent and ubiquitous. And how prepared is Brazil and other Latin American countries as a world for the social and economic, and what are the social and economic ramifications of these disruptive technologies? How can the work of your organization help Brazil and is the benefits of these technologies while mitigating the potential social and economic disruptions? Please. Thank you, Mr. Moderator, and good morning to all of you. It is indeed a real pleasure to be here again in this plenary to bring my impressions on this WTIS. And of course that I will make my statements from a data producer's standpoint, right? But before I go for the main points, I would like to give my impressions about this particular WTIS and how it will impact the future on work on measuring the information society and of course how it will impact the both expert groups on indicators, I said indicators. Well in the past two days I was listening very authentically all the speakers and my conclusion is that their ideas about emerging technologies, sustainable development and economic growth are very much aligned and at the end of the day they converge to the need of measurement and production of reliable and comparable data to feed the policymaking process. So it is much necessary that our countries has well established data production process in place to respond to this data need. And there is no doubt that all the new technologies that we have been talking about the past days including big data, IoT, cloud computing, machine learning, artificial intelligence and many others have already a significant impact in the production of data. And I also think that we may agree that better data leads to better policies, right? So all these debates is really very relevant. And at the same time these technologies represent huge economic growth opportunities to countries but the key question here is how governments will take advantage of these opportunities if they don't have reliable data. And I would like to pose some question and I hope that you can go home with this question in mind. And this is related to the role of data in the development, social economic development. And the question is, is data a function of development or vice versa? What do I mean by this? What countries developed economies produce better data because they are developed or they are developed because they produce better data? This is something that we could think so that we can reply the answer, what are the roles of data in the development? Well having said that I would like to recall just three or four interesting points that our guest speakers shared with us in the past days. And I remember the first keynote speaker, Mr. Bowie Guy, highlighting the role of ICT companies in the market and he said that there is a need of maintaining the data production continuously over time. And he also highlighted the need of transparency on how data is collected and maintained. A second point that I really like very much was from the minutes of ICT of Namibia that mentioned the importance of ICT skills and the role of education to foster knowledge and skills as key components of changing our lives. And he said also that to track this progress we need data, that's what he said. Also Mr. Said, the CEO of the Tunisian NSO, argued that to create an enabling environment for investments, economic investments, social investments, investments in education, government should design policies based on reliable and quality data. And he also said that data should reflect the reality of each segment of society. Then Mr. Mahmoud from the Telecom Regulatory Commission of Bangladesh also mentioned the need of proper data interpretation and he also highlighted the importance of quality data production. And also today and yesterday we had many, many speakers that follow different paths but at the end of the day all those paths lead us to the need of data for policy making for investment and social economic growth. So now Mr. Said, I will try to address more directly your question very briefly. And I think that both expert groups, EJIT and ND, have to have in the back stage the UN23rd agenda for development and this agenda that calls our countries and stakeholders to act together to rise to the challenge of ensuring that no one is left behind. We have to think about how to measure those targets and data and statistics production will be crucial for tracking the progress towards the objectives set out in the agenda. So in my opinion, Mr. Chair, all these lessons that we learned from ITU project on big data using ICT sector data to try to bring new methodologies to complement existing or to create new indicators are really very relevant. I think that this is an important step so that countries can try to convince themselves that using alternative data source is really very relevant. And I would say that member states to explore these new data source we have to think about how to create partnerships, how to create ethical and confidential and privacy agreements with private data providers. So all of this is a very important lesson for us. And the combination of design data, administrative data, survey data with big data is the ticket for the future as has mentioned once Robert growth, former director of the US Census Bureau. Now talking about Brazil and Latin America, I would like to highlight in terms of my country's initiatives to in this context, we had approved in 2014 the Brazilian civil rights framework for the Internet, which is the Mark Seville law as we call. And this law governs the use of the Internet in the country, fostering important principles, guarantees rights and obligation for the use of the Internet in the country and provide guidelines for actions from the central government, states and municipalities. Second point that I would like to highlight is that this year the Minister of Science, Technology, Innovation and Communication launched a public consultation regarding the Brazilian strategy for the digital transformation, which includes guidelines and targets for digitalization of the Brazilian economy in the coming years. And third, that the Brazilian government is now defining what we call the Brazilian national IoT plan. And this plan, as you may imagine, will define actions to be taken into priority areas for the applications of IoT, such as smart cities, health and agriculture. And last about my region, I would like to mention that UN ECLAC, the UN Regional Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, is coordinating the ELAC agenda in the region. And this agenda engages all countries in this new digital transformation wave. So all actions are much aligned with international agendas, such as the UN 23rd agenda or the WISIS agenda, and promotes important debates on the transformation of the consumer-based Internet into the production-based Internet. And this is really important to foster the digital economy in the region. Those are main highlights. Thank you very much for that comprehensive review. It's the problem of the referee. I didn't spell out the rules of the game. So we are going to have the chairman's summary. So I would like to plead with the panelists to be very brief, if you could take about three minutes so that we can give the audience an opportunity to interact with you. But thank you very much, Alex, for, yes. Dr. Chen, you are a renowned researcher with experience on the development of information societies. In three minutes, if you could, please. What were your main takeaways from the discussion of the measurement of emerging ICT trends? And in your view, how important is it for countries to start working on internationally comparable indicators that track the development of these new technologies? And how can we ensure that information societies at different levels of development worldwide can benefit equitably from developments in artificial intelligence, big data cloud computing and internet of things. Thank you. Thank you, Mr. Moderator. Based on our discussion in plenary session six, we have touched upon the, you know, comprehensive hot topics such as AI, big data, IoT, and cloud computing. I have three important, three important findings based on our speech and questions Q&A. Number one, more and more countries, no matter it's developing countries or developed countries, are included in the wave of digital transformation process, just like our delegates from Brazil have just mentioned. They have inevitably applied the new technologies to foster the development of ICT sector and also helped the traditional industry to increase their competitive power. Number one, number two, there are, you know, the enterprises and the research institutes are the key drivers for the application and the introduction of new technologies, particularly in the field of AI, in the field of IoT. As we just, the delegates from Egypt, from Portugal, the delegates have just shown us in the session six why so many, so many corporations are active to change their business model to introduce the new technologies because they are ready to, they have to meet the emerging demand of the new terminals and new applications such as e-business, such as digital content services, such as e-health, e-business, e-commerce and mobile payment. In my country, you know, as you may hear about the Chinese market, we can consider China as the world's least leading country in the field of mobile payment, why? Because there are three important factors which are giving the, you know, the growth, which are giving the growth power of the mobile payment. So nowadays, every Chinese citizen can do their business with using of the new payment technologies. Ten years ago, according to the research report by McKinsey, McKinsey Company, ten years ago the online amount, the online payment amount in USA is ten times, is ten times as much of the Chinese market. But ten years later, the number has been, you know, has been worth back. You know, the Chinese netizens has, you know, used the mobile payment for, in every, you know, customer, in every six months, ten, say, no matter it's online shopping or no matter it's time to pay back their credit bill. So everywhere you can use mobile payment. Number three, the three important findings we can, based, we can draw from the discussion in plenary session six that the policy makers and regulators have to develop a new system of tools and ways to reflect what's the market reality of the ICT sector and the traditional economy. Because so many fields have been changed since the introduction of the new emerging technology such as AI, such as IoT. So the last, maybe the most important for our topic for WTIS, the topic of WTIS 17. We should develop, we should help the government bodies and regulators to establish new effective tools, how to effectively collect data from different sources of, you know, different sources of data based on new tools. For example, we can base it, we can get data from sensors. We can collect data through online investigations. We can collect data from the social media networks. So many, you can find so many data, but how it can be reflected in the process of the public policies and the regulations. I can give you one sample policy practice, which is designed for the, which is designed to, for regulating sharing backs in China, sharing back. So based on the case of sharing backs, we can draw conclusions that if the technology or the big data itself can solve some problems of the new services, then the regulator and the policy makers should not or ought not to, you know, to give the severe, you know, regulations because the technology itself can solve most of the problems. So we call it inclusive, we call it inclusive regulation tool, inclusive regulation. So we can develop, we can develop a set of new regulation tools, we can, we can call it, we can call it inclusive regulation with a third party participation, third party participation. This is also adapted to the field of the network security and information protection in the, in the new area of, of the, in the new area of the information society. So that's my observation. Thank you. Let me move on to Professor Johannes Bohr. I understand that you have extensive research experience on the economics of ICT industries. And in your session, you raised quite a number of issues that include the direct impact on human life by imaging technologies, big data, internet of things, artificial intelligence, cloud computing. Now can you discuss the balance to be struck between the benefits that society is going to draw out of these technologies and the individuals right to be left alone, privacy issues and ethical issues associated with these technologies? And what do you think are the challenges associated with measuring these technologies? Yeah, thank you very much. I will try to keep brief, but I would like to actually highlight two or three things from, from the session that I also chaired because it is really important to emphasize these points. I was impressed by the, by the level of detail and expertise that was presented in the report. And I was impressed by the fact that every country actually improved compared to the past year. And I think that's the one message that really needs to be taken away and needs to be emphasized. And I do, I'm old enough to remember a time when, when the situation was very, very grim. And, and I think it's, it's important to really highlight and understand and appreciate the great advances that were being made. Now the technology cycle is actually shortening in the following sense that it, it has historically been the case that advanced technologies were developed by the higher income countries. In, in, in the current ICT era, the big synergy that exists there is very difficult to replicate in, in, in lower income countries, in middle income countries is the synergy between knowledge in computing and knowledge in telecommunications. And companies such as Google, Apple, and so forth, they, they did well because they had expertise in, in, in computing and could really scale it effectively onto telecommunications networks. But the, the colleges that come from these developments will be available very quickly and they will not need the same type of computing expertise to be utilized. And that's a great hope in my view, so that we can anticipate that services applications that are related to the Internet of Things, to big data and so forth, will become more rapidly available worldwide and will enable many of the benefits there also. So to come back specifically to your question, that is a, that is a very difficult question. I, I have to say it's very interesting, right? And, and, and, there's several levels. One of the most complicated one in my view is the fact that many of the digital economy businesses derive a revenue stream from knowing lots about the individuals that use the services, right? And that's one, one could even say if there's any Achilles heel in the digital economy, that might be the one that we, we actually are forced to, to collect individual data to make, create sustainable businesses. And so, so regulations and, and policies need to be in place to protect individual privacy in that space. And I think we can go further than this, than we currently have. At the same time, it's possible and it's, it's, it's necessary to protect individuals' ability to not participate in that sense. Although many of the services that they currently are available do not necessarily require the volgins of lots of, of private data. So I think my, my point that I made initially was, was we need to sort of more clearly practice principles of human-centered design and, and start from the individual user, from the organizational user, and then design information systems that, that meet needs that we have while, while respecting legitimate concerns about, about privacy. I think we, that will be, lead in many cases to different types of the colleges. And I think that's a great hope for me, also for lower and middle income countries, because we can design the colleges appropriate to these contexts and to these spaces that can have great benefits. Thank you very much for those insights. Dr. Amdi, you have a history of, and a record of publishing on network technologies. And you are working as a head of innovation for Aero Gazala, we, you talked about smart cities. And there was a question from Mozambique, can you demystify how we could be talking about the high-end smart cities? Particularly in those countries where the digital divide is still a huge challenge and there is also a data divide maybe. And maybe you could refer to the case of Tunisia and, and tell us how you have probably overcome this challenge. Secondly, what metrics and KPI's do you think are relevant in measuring smart cities? Thank you. So thank you, Mr. Chairman. So I will begin by, by giving rapid, wrap up of session seven, in which I was the moderator. So maybe the first point to underline is that smart cities rely on three building blocks which are strategy, ecosystem and technology. And technology maybe comes at the bottom in terms of priority or in terms of criticality, let's say, among these building blocks because it is the least crucial aspect to cope with the most complicated aspect. And this joins your first question is to, to devise or to design the appropriate ecosystem for the country or for the city or for the village. And this is not easy to do because you have to identify the complexity and the points that render the interaction between the citizen and the various actors of the ecosystem complicated. And this is the first step towards the success of the smart city project. So this is the first step of the project. And it's also important to underline that there are various measurements or various indicators that can be used to assess the development of smart cities. Maybe they can be seen in terms of two dimensions. The first one is to assess the process itself. This is in terms of percentage in, to how extent are we advanced or what is the progress rate in terms, for example, of number of citizens covered by such service. The second dimension is specific to the, to the particular problem solved by the smart city. For example, grid or for example, health environment. And this has to be identified in the first step. The third point is that the indicators that can be used to evaluate the smart city project are also multifaceted. So we have multiple angles we can look at the smart city from, for example, the societal impact is very important and specific indicators should be used to analyze this angle. We also have the economic aspect that can be measured using some non-traditional metrics. And the third one, which is very important, is that the smart city constitutes an open environment in which innovation can be absorbed and can be valued in terms of the startups research and in order to add new services based on the local ecosystem. And this closes the life cycle of the smart city. And maybe this is the most important point to underline, for example, for Mozambique or other developing countries in which the ecosystem is not ready enough to tackle the issue. So to be back to the Tunisian context, I would say that there are multiple initiatives in Tunisia in order to establish or develop smart cities. It will take a lot of time to address all of them, but I would like to point out two very important points. The first one is that in Tunisia, these projects or these initiatives are led by different stakeholders. We have, for example, the city of Benzart, in which the project is led by NSU. We have other cities in which the leadership is from the government or comes from the government. In other cities, it comes from university or academic institutions. This diversity creates rich environments in which we will be able to analyze and to assess the efficiency of the leadership with regard to the efficiency of the project of the smart city. The second point is that throughout the development of these initiatives, we are analyzing the difficulties and the complication of our regulatory and administrative ecosystem. And this is very important, since there are some points that were not investigated before as for other developing countries. And we are coming up and we are coping with these problems in the frame of the development of some smart cities projects. So these two points are very important. And these are, in my opinion, the most important things that can be the result of the Tunisian experience in terms of the development of smart cities. So the last point is about how to measure the smart cities. And the importance is that when you think about a smart city, it is a life cycle, as I said before. And you have to put different indicators for each of the phases of this life cycle. And you will have different priorities as far as you are advanced in the project. And I come back to say that there are three main categories of indicators that can be thought of to assess or evaluate the smart cities, which are the societal indicators, the economic indicators, and the innovation indicators. And these, I mean, that you find in the traditional indicators three very few advances in these directions. And also there is an important point because the contribution of ICT in the development of smart cities, when you speak about the internet of things and all of these building blocks, the two most important niches that you can address is the collection phase from the statistical perspective and the analysis phase. Because ICT or technology will give you the ability to collect more data with the better accuracy and the better reliability. And the problem at the end is how should we convert this data and this high volume of data into trends, into predictions, into analysis, into crossover between some different demographic and non-demographic events. So these will be the challenges in the near future about how to measure the development of smart city projects. Thank you. Thank you very much to all the panelists for being brief. We could open the floor for a few interventions or questions if you could kindly just give your name and the organization where you come from. Yes, please. Bangladesh. Thank you, Mr. Chair, for giving the opportunity to make a question. My question is not directly related to the issues that we have discussed, but it is slightly tangential related to the topics that we have discussed here. One of the presenters slightly mentioned about this issue, the issue I'm talking about is the OTT. As you know that this has made the life of consumers very enjoyable, but at the same time it has made the life of the regulator very difficult. It has created a dent in the national exchequer in the sense that there has been a huge tremendous loss in the revenue earnings from the telco sector. The reason I raise this issue that this is a forum where the data is being analyzed analytically. And probably this is the right forum, not known in the future, they can give us some indication how much we are being affected by the OTT, so that we can respond to the public, to the government as a regulator, that the loss of revenue is so much and due to this. And I believe that also, I don't know, we don't know whether this OTT can directly or indirectly or implicitly affecting any of the indicators. I don't know, the learned forums can tell us. But one country cannot do anything against it. I was talking with my friend Ibrahim, the local ITU head here, he was telling me that some of the Arab esters have taken a bold step in this area. But I believe that one country cannot do it. It should be done in a community basis or the whole ITU should give us some direction in this regard. Thank you. Thank you very much for that question. Before I invite the panelists to respond, I would like to invite one more or two more questions. But just to say that this is a very important issue and the ITU council established a working group of council to look at the issue of OTT. So it is right on the agenda of ITU and it's important. Thank you for raising that. Are there any other? Yes, please. Thank you. I have a few remarks to make in terms of from the point of view of the official as being an official statistician. You know, there are official statistics, whatever sources we use, that has to pass some tests of the fundamental principles of official statistics. So it's good that we're using newer technologies and a lot of data is being generated in various sectors, which can be augmented with the data which is produced by the government. But once the government puts out a certain set of information in the public domain, it has to be, I mean, government has to put its weight behind it, that this is authentic and this is reliable. So I mean, whether we are thinking in those terms of how to make use of this data and at the same time the government be doubly sure that this passes through the fundamental principles. And then carrying forward, I also wanted to ask whether there is some sort of discussions happening in terms of the classification of the ICT services and also putting out sort of metadata document on the ICTs. These are the three points I wanted to make. Thank you very much. Is that India or? OK, good. Anybody else? The last question? OK, I don't. Yes, please. Burkina Faso? Merci bien. En fait, il y a un commentaire sur la présentation qui ont été fait particulièrement sur la présentation d'IAEA. Moi c'est David, je viens du Burkina Faso. Donc je travaille chez le régulateur au Burkina Faso. Il est ressorti des discussions d'IAEA que certains pays ont des réserves sur certains indicateurs utilisé pour aboutir au classement des pays selon l'IDI. Par contre, il y a de convictions communes qui nous réunissent, et parmi lesquelles on est tous d'accord qu'il y a des bénéfices attirés à travailler à la diffusion des TEC dans tous les domaines de l'économie nationale. On parle de la numérisation de l'économie. Ce qui veut dire qu'en d'autres termes, il y a dépendance de l'économie nationale au numérique, et cette dépendance varie d'un pays à un autre. On peut donc formaliser un indicateur qui évalue ou qui estime le niveau de dépendance d'une économie nationale au TEC. Par exemple, quelle serait la variation du PIB national d'un pays donné si la rése de communication électronique s'arrêtait, par exemple, une journée ou un temps donné qui pourrait être définie de façon... Et donc apprécier, par exemple, quelle peut être l'évolution du PIB. Et donc essayer de compléter ou de faciliter la compréhension du classement des pays selon l'IDI. Et donc je pense que peut-être un indicateur qui permettrait tout le monde d'accord serait de voir, trouver une indicateur qui fait ressortir de façon claire et nette, qu'elle a, par exemple, le niveau de dépendance d'un pays donné par rapport au TEC, et qui pourrait être traduit, formalisé ou structuré de façon beaucoup plus précise. Voilà. Parce que les discussions hier ont permis de voir qu'il y avait des divergents de points de vue, d'autant qu'on a mis en eserche, soit la taille de la population, la taille géographique du pays. Mais je pense qu'on peut, peut-être, mettre beaucoup plus en avance un indicateur qui recueille, en tout cas l'unanimité ou l'accord de tous les participants. Et bon, moi ce que je vois c'est que, au moins tout le monde est d'accord qu'il y a un niveau de dépendance qui varie d'un pays à un autre, de l'économie nationale par rapport au numérique, et cet niveau de dépendance varie en fonction du niveau de développement de TEC. Et donc on peut structurer un indicateur qui traduit, justement, ces éléments. Voilà, merci. Thank you very much for those questions. Now I would like to invite the panelists to limit your interventions to one minute if you could, because we have extended the patience of the interpreters. So we needed to round up. Yes, Dr Agil. OK, let's say a few words about the question from the Bangladesh. It is about the topic of the OTT services. Based on Charlie's market practice, I can tell you that don't worry about it. Don't worry about it, because most of the telecoms are now entering a new phase of operation. New phase of operation is called the data centric growth period. In Charlie's market several years ago, most telecom operators are worried about the loss of revenue and the quantity of the traditional services. But nowadays, after several years of practice, they are now establishing a new framework. We call it ecosystem. It's a very open ecosystem, because the internet-based operators, the OTT service providers, can be a partner of the traditional telecoms. For example, in Charlie's market, some operators have issued a series of new kinds of SIM cards, which this SIM card can help the end users to consume more data services instead of a traditional SIM card. This is number one. Number two, they have established a very smart, very adaptive kind of packages. So I don't think the regulator should be in a hurry to decide which side is the confirmative one or which side is the negative one. We see these new ecosystems will be established with the time of the new technology innovation. That's my observation. Thank you. India, I guess, from the National Institute of Office. I just a very short message, of course, that NSOs are very much worried with the fundamental principles for official statistics. But when a statistical division is calling member states to embrace new data sources. And of course, when we mention that it is important to have complementary data source to produce official statistics, we have to keep in mind all the methodological issues that we have related to this, especially in terms of coverage or in terms of representativeness of the data. But the challenge is in terms of finding ways to have these data source as a potential source to produce reliable and quality data without forgetting the fundamental principles of statistics productions. And related to Burkina Faso questions in terms of bringing new dimensions to measure the impact of ICTs and GDP or IDI or et cetera, I would like to again invite our member states to actively participate in both forums because that's where we can bring our views and where we can make contributions on what to measure and how to measure. I think that ITU is an instrumental to this, but ITU is not defining what to measure and how to measure our definitions and concepts. It's up to member states to bring their contributions. So again, I would like to invite all of you to be part of these groups. And if you allow me, Cosmo, a final word I would like to express my gratitude and appreciation to ITU, to the director of BDT and to you, Cosmo, and also to the ICT data and statistics division team for the support and trust during this period that I chaired the EJ8. And I also would like to say that the work that we have been conducting, both workgroup, would not be possible without the intervention of member states. And not only ministers, but regulators, NSOs, private sector. So it is very important that you keep your active contribution in both groups. Thank you very much. Yes, thank you. Yes, for grabbing. So thank you. I would like to add a very short point about the question raised by India. It's from the technical perspective, these fundamental principles are one of their objectives is to control the error that can originate at the collection phase of the data. And one of the solutions that can be provided by ICT is to find new ways to control this error. This is because we will not face the same kinds of errors, and the control process has been devised in the past by taking into account some hypothesis regarding the morphology of the sample, regarding the origin of the data, and regarding many other aspects that are now forcing a strong and rapid change. That's why one of the most important challenges is to cope with this collection phase and to adjust the control, the error control, so as to keep the same level of fundamental principles in terms of statistics. Thank you. So thank you very much for those questions. They are all big questions, but I would like to comment on each one very, very briefly. The first one was OTT players. I think I'm less optimistic than my colleague from China in that sense that there will be considerable challenges in doing the transition period at least. And in part, those challenges can be resolved if regulators adopt a new framework for telecommunication operators. Telecommunication operators currently face the challenge that they are in a part of the ecosystem where they have high costs, but the margins tend to be low. And so partnering with players who are higher up in the stack offering services and applications is a good policy. But frequently, national regulatory provisions limit the ability to do so effectively. And so operators find themselves in a complicated position that the only party from which they could charge revenues are the users and the subscribers, which may be limited in many ways. So I think regulation can help to develop these ecosystems in ways that they can work well economically. Also, many of the OTT players are very agile and they come from different backgrounds that might be difficult to replicate by most operators. Regarding the question from India quickly, I think one of the big questions that we didn't address here, but that will face everybody involved in those issues is which types of statistics should be collected publicly by government agencies and made available publicly? And they probably would be the most reliable, highest quality types of indicators that we want to know and that are important for everybody involved. But there's also a complementary role for other types of sources. And they may not be as reliable. They may be more agile, more developed more quickly. And in that case, I think we need to really train ourselves to better interpret what indicators mean and what we can do with them, maybe triangulate information rather than just relying on one single data source. And I think that that will raise lots of challenges both from the statistics side, but also from an educational side. Lastly, that dependence indicator, I think, I agree with Alexander here that the members need to identify those, but I think it's an important question that you raise. And there's research in some areas. For example, we have studied how dependent other infrastructure industries are on ICT services. And the results can be devastating, right? There's tremendous dependence on those sectors. And I think it would be good to have a similar understanding for the economy as a whole. Yeah, can we just give a round of applause to our distinguished panelists, please? So before I end over the floor to the chairman, I'm persuaded to make a summary, but a summary on a summary does not make any sense. So I'm just going to make three points if you allow me. First of all, let me go to the IDI and just revisit the issue of the importance of the IDI. The importance of the IDI is not to compare a country against another country. And I wanted to underline this fact. I give you an example. I had a discussion with the delegation of China, and they mentioned that they were considering to introduce an IDI based on their provinces. So that's a typical application. That's what it is meant to be. So it is a tool for self-assessment. And this is why we say all the countries were winners in this year's measuring information society. That's point number one. Point number two, preparedness is important and is critical. We know that we have migrated from 11 indicators to 14 indicators, but I hope that at national level we are all putting in place mechanisms to coordinate and to make sure that we collect data, quality data, and report it in a timely manner. We have had instances where countries raised an issue after four months that they, what they submitted was not adequate and they wanted to submit a supplementary questionnaire or submission to ITU. We cannot do that because we can't move group posts. So let's try to collect quality data, involve everybody who is supposed to take part in it, and submit on time. And as you know, ITU always validates the data that you submit. So we kindly appeal to you to respect the deadlines and also to make sure that the data is complete. And that way we will be able to report the true situation on the ground. The third and last, I think through the work that we are doing on measurement, we have an opportunity. And with the emergence of new technologies that you have the potential to disrupt, social and economic factors, it is important for us to try to avoid an emerging digital divide and also to avoid a data divide. Because data has become the new oil or new gold and the decisions are based on data. And in the future, the role of data is going to be very important. And it is not just the big data, but it is our ability to extract smart data. And we know statistically speaking that currently we have about 14%, 15% out of all the huge data which is usable or smart data. And it is estimated that by 2020, we will only have 32% of that data. We have to make sure that we are ready. And finally, the other divide we have to avoid is the knowledge data. And that is important if we are going to have an information society which is all inclusive. And with these words, I would like to thank you and the handover to the chairman. Thank you, doctor, for this conclusion. It's a very heavy conclusion. So we have any one of us, his responsibility on this ADN. It's not the responsibility of the ITU. It's not the responsibility of the tools. It's the responsibility of us. We have to be in time. We have to have quality in our data. And we have to use it to assist our improvement or our progress. So if we, three for three, if there is three things to take from this meeting. First thing is the infrastructure. That's needed. Second thing is the framework policy that's needed. And third thing that's very important is the quality of data that we are collecting and innovation to collect data. We have innovation technology. So we have to innovate to collect this data. Thank you very much for this availability because I see that a lot of people are still here and still participating. That's very, very important for the next round of this work. And we will have meeting or the last meeting at 3 o'clock, at 3 PM. So I hope we can see you in that time and have a good lunch. Thank you very much. Bye-bye.