 The topic which we are going to discuss is about theories of accident causation. Theories of accident causation has several theories which we will discuss one by one. The first theory is related to behavior theory of accident causation. Behavior Behavior is basically application of your attitude, attitude what you are doing and behavior what you are performing. The theory of behavior theory of accident causation and prevention is often referred to as behavior-based safety. For example, if you are moving somewhere else and where there is some sort of danger, you have to develop some protective mechanism. If you take the safety measure with you, then your behavior is the reason why you will cross the road with your safety. In the same way, behavior-based safety has both proponents and critics. Some have positive aspects and some are negative. But there are more positive aspects than this. Why are there positive aspects? Because of this, there are more benefits for a lot of people instead of cons. Behavior theory of accident causation, according to Geller, there are seven basic principles of behavior-based theory. Now the behavior BBS here means behavior-based safety. Behavior-based safety has seven important principles. Number one, Intervention. That is focused on implied behavior. When you feel that there is need for intervention, there is no need of intervention. If there is no need for intervention, then you should not do it. If there is a need for intervention, then you should take active participation in that particular decision. Because if the employee is doing wrong, there is a need for intervention. So the behavior-based theory also says that there is a need for intervention. Second, Identification. Identifications of some external factors that will help understand and improve implied behavior. From the perspective of safety in the workplace intervention, that is particular focused on implied behavior. Now in this second aspect, if we look at the most important thing, the students say that there are some external factors because of which our behavior theory can be a factor. What are the external factors? Those factors are not in your control. Internal factors are not in your control. For example, I am delivering you a lecture outside of this building. There is a noise. Because of that noise, the lecture recording may be factored. So whether it is a good or a bad thing, it is a bad thing. But that external factor is not under my control. Here, the second aspect is what he is explaining. Identification of external factors that will help understand and improve implied behavior. Then we move to the third one. Direct behavior with activator or event antecedents. Antecedents tell the cause that there are causes of such behavior. For example, the result of a person is not good. There are chances that the person will be lazy. He will not be a hard worker. There are chances that the person will not be working hard. All these factors will not have a good result. We call these antecedents. Direct behavior with activator or event antecedents to be desired behavior. If antecedents are under your control, automatically that behavior is converted into desired behavior. Desired behavior means that the behavior that you have according to expectation is called desired behavior. Focus on positive consequences that will result from the desired behavior as a way to motivate implies. Three things have been explained at this point. 1. Positive consequences. If you want to take a positive result, then what should you do? You should adopt desired behavior. Then there should be such behavior that you are according to expectation. For example, you want to clear a CSS exam. You want to clear a competition provincial exam. Now you want to clear these two exams. What you have to do? You want to see positive consequences. You want to see yourself in some bureaucracy. For that, what you have to do? You have to keep desired behavior. You have to support all the required efforts. And third, motivation is required for this. If some employee or other employee are the motivated one, then automatically your behavior will be the desired one. When desired behavior will have positive consequences, then all these things will be achievable because of motivated behavior. If motivated behavior is not there, then implies is not motivated. You cannot achieve your objective. 5. Application of the scientific method to improve attempts at behavior intervention. This point is very important. In this case, the application is talked about. It is talked about the scientific method. Whenever we use the term scientific method, it means that there will be some data there. There will be data collection. There will be data analysis. There will be data interpretation. The scientific research methodology will be applied. Automatically the results will be better. Use of theory to integrate information rather than the limit possibilities. Use of theory. Whenever we are doing something, there are theories behind it. But it is not in our knowledge. For example, Labour process theory. Labour process theory says that whenever you are doing something, there will be some production, some design, there will be some work behind it. Production and organization of work is known as Labour process theory. Labour process theory exists everywhere, but we do not know. So, this point states that use of theory is there and it must be integrated with your point so that you can get better result. 7. Planned Intervention. In behavior, there should be planned intervention. When you want to do the intervention at that time, do not interfere with the results. When you interfere with the results, chances are there that the work will not be up to mark. According to expected behavior, the results will not be achieved. If someone is motivated and he or she is motivated and he is working hard and he knows his or her objective, then the results will be positive. 7. Planned Intervention. Whenever you interfere with the work, it is up to the planning. Without planning, if there is no plan, chances are there that you will not be able to achieve the results. Drugs and Accidents Causation. One of the most precious causes of accidents on the job is chemicals. We have seen some people are driving but they are drunk. Some people are driving but they are not drunk. They have used some chemicals, they have used some wines. Due to this, what will be effect on their health? There may be severe injury in the workplace. There may be severe accidents. The point here is that there is a link of drugs and accident causation. All the drugs that are harmful for human health will come into drugs. You might have heard of the concept of economic utility or benefit. Utility means that in something, it is called utility because it is needed to cure any harm. If someone is a smoker, there is utility for smoking in a cigarette. But the utility is not beneficial for our health. One person is thirsty and drinks water. There is utility and benefit in water as well. Why? Because water is not harmful for our health. Similarly, one of the most precious causes of an accident on the job is chemical. Chemical may have some utility but has not some benefits. The second point here is about drugs and alcohol. The root causes are contributing cause of many accidents on the job every year. The theory here says that we should avoid these things on the workplace. Depression and accident causation. Invisible problems in today's workplace are not visible. In some organizations, our employees are saying the same thing but not accurate. There is something else going on in their mind. There are some invisible thoughts behind what is going on in their mind. And the things that are not visible are their mental depression. Depression and accident causation are positively correlated. High depression will lead to high accidents. Low depression will lead to low accidents. Chances are there. And invisible problems in today's workplace is clinical depression. People who suffer from clinical depression are seriously impaired and as a result, they pose a clear and present safety risk. Those who suffer from depression have more chances of injuries. Depression and accident causation. The causes of clinical depression are many and varied but the most common cause are biological. Biological means too few or too many of the brain chemical known as neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitters are related to your cognitive. Cognitive means your negative thoughts in your mind. When you place negative thoughts in your mind, like family history, like inherited things, depression, tension, and many other factors, someone is moving in his life in an excellent way and you are not achieving that target. It may be the one of the reasons. This is known as depression and accident causation. Warning signs of depression and accident causation. Signs of too little sleep. Definitely if you will sleep less, then chances of depression, anxiety, boredom and the most important thing is that exertion of body are there. When your sleep is not complete, then exertion of body is there. When exertion of body is there, then exertion of mind is there. When exertion of mind is there, you may be in form of depression. And depression and the injuries have positive correlation. Sleeping on the job or persistent turniness. Sleeping on the job. You must have seen that you are sleeping on a simple job. Why? Is not complete sleep? Is not motivated? Is not satisfied with the job? Or the person who is in the job has got a choice in the job. By chance, the person who wanted to come by choice, is not by choice, but by chance. And the people who have got a chance, their motivation level is different. This may be the reason. They are sleeping on their job and they are not getting the desired result. Heard? Sudden weight loss or gain? It is also seen that the weight loss of the employee is reduced or the weight is high. They immediately gain. You have to see what is the reason behind it. This is basically a warning sign. This is giving you a warning that there is something wrong in your body. There is something wrong in your organization regarding employee benefits. Restlessness, inability to concentrate or irritability. Persistent feelings of guilt. Feelings of low self-worth. A person shows his self-worth low that he is not a very good achiever in life. He is not a target or the entertainer. He does not motivate himself. Automatically, his morale is down. Focus on death or talk of suicides. It is often seen that he is talking about suicide. It is often seen that he is talking about death. The reason why his morale is down and he will never achieve his target. This is a warning sign of depression and accident causation.