 perhaps I should ask for assistance in fighting the technology. Yes, let me go for it. Thank you very much. So apologies for parachuting in at this juncture, but I hope that it's of use and that there are some elements of the presentation that I think will build on what's been mentioned already. And I did take a bit of liberty of this paper in joining two issues together. One, the potential for a static market in ethanol. And the other one, I thought there were very interesting elements from my time. I spent five years as an international phase manager for the African sugar sector and a secretariat for the static federation of sugar producers. And I thought that elements of that model were very interesting. And there are also elements that could underpin such a market. So I thought it would be nice to capture those in a paper and put them out here. So this is the overview of the presentation. I thought I'd start with what's happening globally with ethanol. Have a look at then some of the basic questions that I think spring to mind when one looks at this topic. Why develop a market in the region? And then specifically, why use this particular feedstock as a feedstock for ethanol? I'm sure as colleagues are aware, there's a number of other competing feedstocks anyway. And I'm hoping that the answer to that is where I can bring elements to the model that I thought could be useful. And then key constraints. For this paper, I spoke to some members in the sector and literature review did some interviews to get a sense from players in the sector what are the constraints that they themselves view as key issues? And then what actions could we take to make this a reality? And if I can just digress a tiny bit, I've had the blessing or luxury of working in government and labor movement, NGOs and private sector and doing consulting, and now I'm back in the NGO universe. So it's occurred to me over the years that these questions we've been asking now are really relevant. Why exactly are we perhaps failing to deliver? We could be granted some luxury and in not perhaps achieving what we'd set out to do. I don't think many regional integration arrangements globally have got it 100% right, but it has been a fair amount of time that's elapsed. And we could certainly be further along the path considering the resources that we've applied to it over the decades. So I thought this is a nice use for example of how practical collaboration between government, regional institutions and private sector can bring something to pass. And some of the interesting facets underpinning the sugar sector that have enabled this to occur. So just to set the scene, what sort of dynamics exist globally if fuel ethanol? You'll see that the market is expected to grow quite significantly by 2020 and the average blending rate should be roughly about double by 2020 from where it was in 2013. Blending being the percentage of ethanol that you would blend with gasoline slash petrol for use in the vehicle itself. And that blending rate can range from 2% all the way up to 100% if you have specific vehicle technology or engine technology I should say. So in terms of feedstocks, sugarcane and that includes ethanol from molasses is by far the largest, funnily enough because we hear so much of corn and the US and the US markets and interests like that. So those grains, corn falls under the grains, of course it's only 33% and then you have a range of other feedstocks which comprise the remaining minority. Unfortunately the cellulosic biofuels and others extracting ethanol from grasses, from wood chips, from other nontraditional sources that is still very much in its infancy. I remember every year I used to go to international sugar organization conference in London and we would have this five year joke where people would come and present and cellulosic ethanol and say, we're just about five years away from cracking it. And unfortunately the research and the other technical considerations are still bedeviling those efforts to get it right. In terms of production, we've seen quite an increase in the last decade, the number of countries producing commercially now up to 60 and that does of course include South Africa and players in the Satic region. In terms of key producers, you've got a handful of key producers globally who really are the key market players and then key consumers, the US and Brazil. And within the Satic, Mauritius is perhaps the best example of a diversified market, of a sugar industry that then went into biofuels production and also co-generates electricity and they are the best example of what the industry likes to see as its future, a triple revenue stream model where you have sugar, you have electricity, you have biofuels, all targeted at the same time and all hopefully carrying each other according to different market conditions at different seasons. In fact to the point where it's pretty much seen as a hindrance to your survival if you only focus on sugar as a sugar industry. Globally and that's something that the regional industries are well aware of. The oil company is also well aware of that, there's a lot of investment, a lot of research happening, for example the numbers there for BP and Brazil and it has triggered some very interesting engine technology in Brazil, the flex fuel engine technology, something that they domestically have really put a lot of time into and they've managed to get up to a point where you could have 100% ethanol in your tank and they have the numbers as well about 3.1 million vehicles running at the moment. They started off by regulating that government fleets would run on this to give your feeder market your captive demand and then it rolled out. And then moving on to our continent, at the moment very small percentage of production in terms of global numbers and an interesting point I wanted to add because it's specific to our dynamics that ethanol is a very diverse product that could be used as cooking gel and some of the numbers are that this could actually just equal the uses fuel as vehicle fuel which then doubles the market demand for it and has very interesting effects in terms of deforestation, et cetera. I think about two thirds of cooking fuel are still wood based on the continent. So in terms of where we are in the region and in blending rates, I wanted to give some numbers, apologies, I'm not sure if it's that readable, I'm along here 20%, Mozambique at 10. South Africa's numbers as promulgated are between two and 10%, supposed to come into effect October this year. Swaziland 10, Tanzania possible 10% by 2030, Sambia 10, Zimbabwe five. So it's still in a sense in its infancy as a regional market. But the point being that you have got to this point, it means that production exists and that regulation has been attempted. So you already have these building blocks in place regionally. So then why develop a fuel ethanol market? And I think this is where, just as with water, it's a nice lens to look at what we try and achieve regionally, what we try and achieve in terms of development, growth, employment, et cetera. You see that the fuel markets are quite small. There's little alternative to combustion engines and gasoline slash petrol. Very expensive to build a refinery. So in many instances it's just importation. And you see that the numbers for the petrol needs and ethanol are then very dramatic. The industry, admittedly, a percentage of these figures are from industry sources, but still in terms of some of the other literature and putting the numbers together, it looks like between 50, 60% of new static petrol needs over the next 18, 20 years could be met using a surprisingly small amount of crop land. I expected the crop number to be higher, the crop land numbers to be higher. And interesting enough, when you look at static as a region next to Brazil, we actually have more available crop land in terms of direct crop land. I think it was 120 million hectares versus 100 in terms of the subcategory. And the jobs number and the rural economy numbers and the diversification into other sub-sectors, that's what really gets interesting. Those numbers, I was averaging some of the numbers that I came across and trying to eliminate the more optimistic projections, but still it's quite dramatic in terms of the projected numbers. Now remember, this is a cross-static. So once again, return to what the benefits could be. I think the most significant benefits in my mind is what it triggers in terms of sub-sectors, in terms of benification industrialization. And I think this is a very useful example of where you're attempting one thing but achieving a range of things in one go. In that targeted policy on a sector can trigger all sort of side effects, positive side effects. It also will trigger agribusiness on a large scale. As you've seen with CADAP, agribusiness is an area where Africa and Sub-Saharan Africa could really have space to grow and offer comparative advantage. Similar to Brazil, Brazil saw the opportunity and went for agriculture, commercial agriculture. Carbon emission reduction, of course, market integration. This is very interesting. This is probably the key sort of hinge for the whole idea. So Africa has a large fuel market but the industry can't supply more than maximum, maximum about 5% to 8% of demand. But in the region, you have small fuel markets but massive capacity to grow biofuels and supply into the African market. You have to convince Africa to be the anchor market but once it's done and you roll it out through your policy and tariff, et cetera, then we're in a situation where you have a coordinated effort. And then, of course, it'll reduce the infamous African trade deficits with a region and a fuel input bill. White sugar came, energy efficient, capital costs, et cetera, and access to finance, logistics. The mills have to be built in the rural areas because sugar cane has to be processed very quickly. It's the most highly integrated sector and then this is the key point in terms of the model. It's the only commodity group with an annex to the trade protocol and where you have collaboration, public, private, and the regional secretariat. All within an established structure, running since 2009, reports to select trade, negotiating forum, working groups, action plan, strategy, the whole number. And you're talking about private sector, large scale private sector and regional structures, officials plus national governments who all attend or caucus or go through all the motions with the sector. So it has perhaps potential as a model for other sectors or other areas of focus for the region. And significant capacity in the industry and capacity to produce byproducts and electricity as well. And I think these are the type of things we can unlock which then trigger all sorts of other developmental space for us. So what's the key constraints if I can land it there? Regulatory uncertainty. And this is very interesting because this ties together regional regulation and national regulation. It seems just too simplistic until you speak to the private sector players and this is again something I think we must, the private sector works in a very different approach to public and to regional officials and officialdom. They just won't even touch the thing without the regulatory certainty. Now from a government perspective, you say, oh, investment strike, private sector reticence, we need to collaborate, we need to partner. And the private sector, the shareholders on the board say no, no money until we have regulatory certainty which means landing mandates, pricing. Now that then seems a bit, say you could even say creepy from a free or fair trade perspective. But the fact is they won't commit shareholder funds until they have a certain market. But once you unlock that certain market and everything's rolling, then you can introduce a more liberalized market from a government perspective. I think that area of compromise is necessary. And then key constraints would be if certificate doesn't become the anchor market, the idea that some governments may say no, no. First we're gonna develop and fully saturate a national market and then we'll do a regional one. So that balancing act between convincing national players of the regional interest and vice versa would be very necessary. Access to finance, we need external investors, quite likely, Brazil, Mauritius. And then just to end off and land it, what actions would we need to make it a reality? Primarily regulation at a national level. And so I've agreed to be anchor market. Then agencies to develop the concept and to put it into play and develop policy and advise the policy. And to share the technical level between industries and across governments regulatory practice include ethanol in the existing regional sugar arrangements that are in place, the annex to the trade protocol, for example, the TFTAs it comes up, if it has a sugar dispensation, would ideally need to have an ethanol slash sugar dispensation. Regional technical talks force just to make it very practical and share information, carbon emission reduction funding. And if I can just land on a final point, having sat as secretary of this regional structure for five years, I think what struck me the most is that you had levels of collaboration that should not otherwise have occurred. The Mauritians and Africans are fierce competitors. Admittedly the African multinationals own 60% of the regional market. So you have to remember that as a consideration. Other areas, other sectors that are more competitive might have more infighting. But still there was a lot of fierce debate and maneuvering within this regional structure. But the interplay between the static officials, the government officials, the private sector officials, and looming above them, the static ministers of trade. So if there was a deadlock, it gets referred upwards and hits the minister of trade at some point. That combo with an a regulated annex to the trade protocol really seems to provide a sufficient vehicle for institutional collaboration. Because otherwise the Mauritians and Africans as sugar producers would not even sometimes easily be able to sit in the same room as each other. And the fact that they have a detailed strategy and action plan in a sense is in the private sector institutionalizing what I think governments would want in the region. So let me end it there. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you.