 We are going to discuss how experiments in school can be changed using modern technology. So far you must have observed that everything in MOOCs refers to lectures, there is no mention of practicals even in higher education. So while in higher education you can have pure lectures, in school education practicals and lectures are more integrated and the earlier you go in school students have to have more hands on experience that is how they learn. So in this initiative we have considered how the practicals which are at present being conducted can also be improved using ICT. So we have given you a handout. So if we see the top diagram, the top diagram shows you digitally India using ICT. So all these things have been discussed that there has to be an internet connection, there has to be a server, there has to be a Wi-Fi, then PCs, notebooks, if possible you should have tablets or netbooks and maybe you can do something on mobile. So this is where the discussion of ICT normally ends, in all these the data that you are seeing or you are entering is concerned with human interface. It has no connection to the real world, while experiments that we do have to have a connection to real world. So how to bridge the gap using modern technology and how to connect it to the use of ICT. So the lower half of the diagram shows you below ICT and C means etc. And this configuration will finally lead to what is called IoT or internet of things. You might have heard this term or there is a Mackenzie report which says that out of 10 top technologies the one which will contribute maximum to human welfare will be internet of things. Though it is upcoming it will overtake the internet itself also, internet of things. So what we are going to consider for practicals will become part of internet of things and by the time the internet of things emerges like smart cities you might have heard that government wants to set up 100 smart cities. This will lead to what we can call smart lab that our whole lab will get integrated all sensors and all the experiments will be connected and all data can be connected centrally. So in this there are two initiatives. On the left it says that we interface the real world through some kind of a device. For example this XPI is a government project which has a small box which you can connect to any PC notebook or even a cash tablet. It draws power from the USB port and it also communicates with the tablet with USB port. So the tablet serves as the front end of your equipment. So this box contains a microprocessor that is small computer and it has various connections brought out. So you can give it analog voltages you can generate analog voltages you can give digital inputs you can have digital outputs you can get a waveform generated you get an audio signal also it has a microphone inside. So many of the things which you might need in your experiments are already inside and then these terminals can be connected in various ways to low cost external sensors like there may be a coil there may be a diode some simple things with which you can do many experiments in physics. This is a pre-existing platform we have duplicated this year because this has been published as a it is a government project and it is what is called open source hardware like a open source software which anybody can copy this is hardware which anybody can copy they have published all the drawings and anybody can copy or commercialize. So we have copied it here and we have made XPI equivalent and we are working on mapping it completely to experiments in school so that all school curriculum can be covered. So this is one way of doing it which is in the left box on the right hand side there is a separate box where there is no electronic connection where we take measurements using digital instruments and then manually enter those readings into tablet or whatever. This is another way of doing it and this is what we will consider today. So the table which is done here is based on the NCRT 9 standard signs we are divided it into three parts that is physics chemistry and biology and the experiment numbers given are as per the NCRT there are 10 experiments in the first term and 10 in the second term second term we have added 10 to that so 12, 13, 14 are actually in second term. So these experiments is given on the left so for example friction force that we keep a block on the table then try to pull it normally this is done with a spring balance. But spring balance does not have much resolution or accuracy every time you release it it would not go to the same zero you have to again adjust the screw and the number of divisions available is also not large. So we have a digital spring balance what you can call it is automatically zero if it is not zero initially if something is connected you can tear it and make that as zero then it will measure from that basis. Now if I pull this this is measuring the force of my pull and you can see the resolution is 5.835 that is down to 1 gram in 5 kg it can measure that is one part in 5000 is the resolution which any mechanical system cannot give you even with screw adjustments etc. So the advantages we will see in the end but you can see over here and this has a range of 40 kg you can measure up to 40 kg. So any school experiments even if you keep a large block and try to pull it you can measure the force with this. So first you measure the weight of the block with this so you get normal reaction then you pull the block with a string so you get friction force. So you can calculate the mu for example we want a time to do this we have this box full of papers we made it it has 6 kg of papers when we pulled it it required 1.5 kg of force so the mu of this paper to the laminated top is 0.25. So this reading is so simple you can do many experiments with this and even slight changes you can use a rough top that you can change the side and you can still resolve the readings. So this is experiment number 9 that is luggage balance will come to cost in the end when we see the advantages. Then density by weight and volume for this also same luggage balance can be used for weight loss in tap water and salt water also same because this has so much resolution because salt water has only a few percent more density measuring with normal mechanical balance is difficult while with this because the resolution is high you can make out the slight change in density. Then we have bottom pressure estimation this we are working out the present method given is you have wet sand and then you put the block on that and see how much it dips then you put on the small face and the pressure is more so it will dip more compared to that we are planning to have a soft sponge full of water you keep this on top the more you press sponge is like a spring the more water it will expel and the expel water you measure by weighing this will give more resolution than how much it is dipping in sand. Then velocity of longitudinal waves so for this you will need a stopwatch which is normally a mechanical start stop this an electronic stopwatch as nowadays used in sports this can be hung around this and there is waterproof because it is used outdoors and it is very ruggedly made it has a 100 second resolution so it is only limited by how fast you can press the button. So with this stopwatch and if you are counting cycles or counting say pendulum oscillations instead of keeping mental track you have a counter here this is called finger counter you might have seen in malls etc. the attendant counts how many people are going in and how many are coming out and whether somebody has remained inside so you just press this with 0 1 2 and you can reset it if you are doing it in the night there is a backlight also. Then in chemistry means in properties of materials there is melting point of ice and boiling point of so for that there is an normally used mercury thermometer this is an electronic thermometer this leave has been put by us otherwise there is stainless steel probe this can measure from minus 40 degree Celsius to plus 300 degree Celsius. So even if you want to see what is the oil temperature for cooking you can measure with this with mercury you can take chances because at higher temperature it can explode. And this tip is food grade it is stainless steel you can dip it in food also or pura up to here. Everybody can see it but first it will measure room temperature this is 28 degrees now I touch this yeah yeah but it will start increasing it has started increasing now it has started increasing now and you may be putting the thermometer in a place where you can go and read like this isn't it with a mercury thermometer you have to be directly in front and in that at that angle where that lens works and you see a large column. So here this has a hold button so when you are sure that the process is stable you press the hold button and then it will hold the reading then you can read at leisure which is not possible with convention thermometer you have to be right in front of that thermometer. So this is for melting point of ice and boiling point of water then there is a experiment water absorption by raisins. So raisins we cannot do the experiment in kilograms of raisins we have to do it with a fistful of raisins. So for that we need a balance which has a smaller range compared to this 40 kg etcetera. So this is a balance which is really pocket size so this has a range of 200 grams and resolution of 0.01 gram so this has become 0 it has to be kept horizontally you have coin or your pen we can keep yeah okay yeah it is actually called UL Rebalance it is so accurate that it can be used for gold measurement 17.6 and this by default it measures in grams but it can also measure in tolas because Indians like to measure in tolas especially gold it can also you just change the unit it will show in that unit it shows in carrots also because gems are given as carrots and one carrot is one fifth of gram but instead of calculating it directly shows you carrots also. Cost will come to in the end now first you just see the technology we do not want to mix up this itself is the pen you can have a look. So 200 grams with 0.01 grams resolution is enough for that because you will have fistful of raisins you can keep another cup yes it will measure yes not only that if you want to calculate the number of raisins instead of counting no no you can give it units so it takes whatever you give one raisin as one unit of weight and it tells you the count when you put a fistful in there what I am saying is for example first cruise in industry if you want to issue thousand screws there is somebody keeps on counting thousand screws which is not worth you can use it for such applications where it is uniform so there is a units option in that which one. you can measure because if your heat source is constant you can see how long it takes for all the water to boil then initially you see how long it takes for the temperature to rise you know specific heat of water then you see how long it takes for it to boil off or to boil and from that you will know what is the latent heat of water. But you need the from initial rate of rise from room temperature you know because at that time only specific heat is there so you know the rate of heat input isn't it and then temperature will remain constant approximate how will you estimate it is 540 calories there is a experiment so these are the experiments which are immediately possible we have indicated what we are planning in future like in chemistry when you have titrations when you raise some chemical and then see that color changes like pH changes with litmus so there we can use a colorimetry using other digital camera or we can have color sensor so you can accurately do titrations similarly when precipitate starts forming say in a neutralization reaction you just want to detect the point and which at which little precipitate forms so solution becomes slightly cloudy which is difficult to make out by the eye. But in nephilometry what you do is you shine a light on that and measure a light at 90 degrees to that so transparent liquid will not have any light at 90 degrees but as soon as scattering particles are there you will get scattered light so which will be start from zero because initially as soon as a slight scattered light comes you know precipitate has started for me even though with eye you cannot see so cloudiness this can detect. And finally for biology we are planning to introduce digital camera for taking photographs of large samples and digital microscope from which you can demonstrate in the class it can show it on the TV or you can show it on the projector so that the whole class can see instead of everybody taking turns in through microscope so this is the these are the possibilities and immediate plan for using available technology. Now we will come to the advantages so first advantage is reasonable cost and ease of reading so reasonable cost means if you take a mechanical equivalent it costs roughly the same as mechanical equivalent it is not much different so each of these gadgets is roughly three to five hundred rupees which even a good spring balance will cost you that much even a kitchen balance using spring which have egg merchant uses will cost the same so now the cost of electronic technology have come down so that at the same cost we can afford to have far more accuracy so and ease of reading of course because you directly get digital reading you do not have to count divisions or mirror scale. Second is high resolution and precision because the repeatability will be very high in this and high accuracy because this does not have any friction it does not have any wear it does not have backlash with mechanical systems have the last one is when you want to measure smaller weights so this is a kitchen balance this is 5 kg full scale so intermediate range experiments like even Archimedes principle weight loss etc you can do using this also so this also cost 600 rupees or something these are one of prices that is retail prices if we search on the net etc or if we do bulk purchase so price is not going to be a constraint this whole thing is say two and half thousand rupees but with such equipment you can do experiments very fast so in the same time slot which you have you can do more experiments that is a real advantage and you can do with higher accuracy and the future of this is that with this being replaced by say x pi see x pi all these sensors are not available like if you go to buy a strain gauge and construct the amplifier it will cost you more than the balance so till that cost comes down or unless we hack this and take out signal from that and feed it to x pi it is better to continue using this and enter it manually but finally these instruments for example you might know that there is a lesser range meter which shines a lesser beam it measures how much time it takes to come back which will be in nanoseconds and shows you the reading in meters their accuracy is 1.5 millimeter which even with a measuring tape of high grade you cannot get because tape will have a sag tape will have expansion so in this say the lower end lesser range meter which is 40 meter range which is enough for most of the buildings because nobody needs more than 40 meters cost about 4000 rupees higher end which has 100 meters range cost about 1200 rupees but that has bluetooth and usb built in. So at higher end equipment already there is computer connectivity available so it will become part of the internet of things now slowly it will percolate down to lower cost instruments also because the actual interfacing cost is not much when that happens and we are using this equipment you can directly integrate it into your IT system but first we can do manual intervention and start using such equipment so this was the purpose of demonstrating what is forthcoming and how modern technology can change the way we conduct practicals. So for example this has considered practicals to be done by students now you have 106 activities which are supposed to be demonstrated in class now we will have to map those for example there are 46 activities in physics itself they will have to be mapped to the available equipment so that you can actually demonstrate the activities to the class. So when the MOOC is prepared instead of only converting the written lectures into spoken things the activities which are supposed to be associated with that particular chapter can also be conducted in a lab setup in a good setup they can be videographed and that also can be included in the MOOC so that where they do not have all these facilities some schools may not have not all schools will have all the facilities or they would not have the best facilities so even they will benefit because they can witness those experiments which they would otherwise have missed that is a advantage of having MOOCs and having such equipment because there you can use high end equipment for the demonstrations and demonstrate things in much detail. You see the national repository of open education resources that we mentioned at one level of course acts as a repository of objects but at another level is actually a network of all the teachers in the country all the educators in the country and perhaps people like you also so you are looking at a social networking possibility for extending ideas of this kind so a forum which is actually debating such things discussing such things so somebody for instance that small balance that you had had too small a base so obviously somebody is going to say okay let me place a wine glass on that so that volume becomes more and liquids can also be measured in that way so a repository of ideas of this kind is something that needs to be collected so what I would suggest is that I sort of am giving you an invitation join into that will create that forum for you where measurement for instance is one of our aims goals that we are looking at the advantage of that is that there are a large number of teachers who would perhaps never come to any training program perhaps never be accessing any such ideas anywhere and it is just a matter of chance that they might come across some idea which they will extend and the afternoon I was mentioning to you I found this teacher from Aurangabad or whichever small town in Maharashtra who had stripped out the removed the eyepiece from the microscope plugged in his cool pics camera into that simply stuck it in all right and then figured out that focusing can be done by looking at the back of the screen where you know the visual display is there and he was able to show Euglina he was able to show Amoeba he says take a little pond water put it into the microscope and everybody can see it now there are a large number of people like this who need to be celebrated who need to be brought in into this and extended in all directions there to be a 10 of them they will find another 100 yes so creating that forum I believe should be the directions in which this such activity should go and not remain as something that is done by a few people who are interested in pocket somewhere so I tell you further with such equipment available for the same experience you can do more variations like at present you have some fix this thing because in that much time you can only finish that you can give a different object to every student that everybody has a different experiment because you know everything can be accurately measured secondly you can construct projects student project based on such equipment because if such measurements are available then they can build up higher projects but if the measuring equipment itself is poor their projects will be poor so this is the second possibility so this I where this this I went to a shop in on the on there is called alpha alpha stores and just bought in one evening everything is available what we have demonstrated is such that it is available yes it's available everything is available on the net on eBay and everything we didn't order because we decided last week and all the sites have crashed and couriers are not delivered so you wouldn't have got it in time so I just went there on Sunday and bought everything but you can buy on eBay it will be cheaper because you can shop around so we are taken only those things which are going to be available they are not fancy things or they are not proprietary things if you are going to use these instruments these type of digital instruments in the schools or in the classes are doing the practicals then how the students can learn the mechanical things for example least count and how precise that the instrument you know sir what I want to say yeah because you might have seen there are so many entrance questions are there based on the measurement itself yes the AT entrance examination or any entrance examination then how the students can answer those types of questions that for that the education system will have to change what we have shown is what is possible see what is happening is at present mechanical instruments are typically accuracy of 1% so our thinking is based on 1% accuracy if this has 0.1% accuracy you can think differently for example if you have batch of screws with mechanical this thing you can tell a logical logical and mental ability of no no it won't because you can make out difference between coin and coin I will show you on this all coins are not made alike which visually you can't make out but this will show a difference in the tens of milligrams no this is important for industry in industry they do quality control by having higher resolution during the practicals for example sir for example one small example yes those in my college studies we used to use the literally used to thought that physical balance with the physical balance only you measure the weight yes but nowadays in most of the schools teaches they're not using the physical balance to measure a mass of any update yes because it takes more time and yes also don't have that much of time to balance that actually many of the old gradually old techniques are obsolete for example the potentiometer and everything that is described no longer exists no longer exists it's only in textbooks so we have to change all that sir actually I would like to respond to the context of the school systems you see when the NCRT writes to this textbook it is aware that there is a student in Bombay but there is also a student sitting somewhere in Ladakh yes never have access to most of those things that we talk about correct therefore what they do is they sort of build up some common minimum yeah program which is right down in the dumps yes now teachers who have access to better gadgets yes should be innovative enough to break away from that yes no reason why that potentiometer should have been used yeah that you know that because there was a good picture there no is it digital multimeter cost 100 I think I think people like us who are educators who are sitting in training centers who have a chance of you know providing better ideas to this should be the first ones to break away from that textbook the textbook was not written for context of the kind that yeah if the fanciest of public school is going to go and invest on a Lugiana made ring balance then I think I think it's it's time we stop even adjusting that yeah yeah yeah yeah even vibration and thanks everybody