 Friends, in this class, we will study the important insights occurring on ground nut and their IPM recommended throughout the country. Ground nut is one important oil seed crop, which is consumed in large quantity within the country. Because of its higher consumption, we are importing even today the oil from abroad. So, there is a major need to increase the production and productivity of oil seeds. In particular, the production or the productivity of ground nut crop itself. Ground nut is grown both in the curry and rain fed situations and under irrigated situations during summer season. So, insects continue to harbor in both the situations that is in curry as well as in summer situation. Also, we will try to list down first the important pests occurring on ground nut. I have grouped them into defoliators, sucking pests and root and pod feeders. Coming to defoliators, large number of economically important insects are there. Among them, the foremost important pest is a leaf miner, which is scientifically referred as aproerma modicella, which occurs both during the curry as well as summer season. Here the larvae is the damaging stage. It mines into the leaflets in the early stage and forms brown patches on the leaf, which you can very clearly see here. Later on, the same larvae, after second instar, it webs the leaves together and then feeds on the chlorophyll content inside, resulting in a burnt up appearance from a distance as if you feel the whole plant is burnt. So, that much appearance it gives because of its nature of damage. The next important pest is a tobacco caterpillar spodoptera leptura, which is a polyfagus pest, which is more common in curry season. Here the eggs are laid in mass always and immediately after hatching, they feed in a gregarious form, unitedly by staying in one place. This will happen for about 3 to 5 days. Later on, they migrate. When they start migrating, they cause small holes on the leaf and sometimes the damage is so much, only PTOs are left. So, that much will be the intensity, thereby the total plant is killed. Next in the series is BR-heri caterpillar spilosoma oblicua belonging to a leptopterous insect. Again, this is also a polyfagus pest. This also lays its egg in mass particularly. The young larvae for first few days, they feed by staying on the under surface of the leaf and later on, when the grown up larvae, they start migrating and cause total depoliation to the plant. Again, only stems are left in some severe incident situations. Then gram pod borer, you all know that helicoverpa armijera, which is a polyfagus pest. Groundnut is also one of the important host. The larvae is the damaging stage. It feeds on the foliage, prefers to feed on the flowers and buds. When tender buds are attacked, you know, we find on the leaf, the symmetrical opening whenever it opens. Then we have another polyfagus pest, red-heri caterpillar, which is referred as amsacta albistraiga. Again here also, the egg laying is in mass what you are seeing here. The young larvae feeds on gregariously by staying in one place for about 3 to 5 days. Later on, the grown up larvae starts migrating and particularly the fourth and fifth in star stages are voracious faders. They defoliate the entire crop as if a cattle has been graced. That is the appearance of the incidents of this particular insect. They feed on everything, leaves, flowers and the growing plants on the plant. Then the second group is the sucking pest in that if it is again a very specific insect, if it is crassivora belonging to affidae, they usually suck the sap from the young leaves, leaf birds and flowers. Because of de-sapping, the growth of the plant is affected, stunting and distortion is normally seen and these aphids also secrete honeydew on which sooty mold develops, which affects the photosynthesis of the plant, thereby the growth of the plant. In addition to this direct damage, these aphids also transmit a virus, this is known as pinot stripe virus and a ground nut rosette virus. These are the two viruses, which are transmitted by aphid. Then we have the thrips complex. We find more than one species, sirtotrips, frankenella thrips and calliotrips. More than one species may coexist in some situations. The typical damage symptoms are yellowish green patches on the upper surface of the leaf with brown necrotic areas and you know whenever somebody touches it, it is silver is seen and hard surface and these infestations, they coalesce, the entire whole leaf dries up in the later stage. All these three species transmit the deadly virus disease, pinot bud necrosis. You can see the clear cut symptoms in the early stage, which even extends to the growing tip here, which is totally killed here and the whole plant by the side of a healthy plant, you can see the entire plant is killed by this particular vector. Then the next important sucking pest is leaf hopper. Empower sky different species are involved. Again, here also both nymphs and adults, they inject toxin into the leaf and also the veins because of this we find chloratic patches on the leaf tips and it gives a yellow color, very typically you can observe them in the ground nut field resulting in a hopper burn symptom. Then the next group of insects include root and pod feeders. In that white grub is one of the important seasonal pest, usually occurring during curry season. We have two species, holotreca consinguinia and holotreca serrata. Here the grub is the damaging stage. They mainly feed on the roots and damaged pods also. Even because of damage to roots, the whole plants will be drying and then when pulled, they come out easily. Then we have termite, another important pest, odentotermis and microtermis species. Termite is a problem particularly in a rain-fed situation whenever there is a failure of rain resulting in wilting of plants because of the workers feeding on the roots and then they also bore into the pods and damage the seeds in case of severe incidents. Then in isolated areas, as a sporadic pest, we find jewel beetles, penoptera species, particularly in Tamil Nadu, this is a major problem during Ravi season, that is during November-December season. Here because of the adults as well as the grubs, both are the damaging stage, they cause wilting of the plants because of their feeding to the roots and grubs burrow into the stem also resulting in total death of the whole plant. The infested fields show dead and drying plants. When pulled again, they also come out easily and the stem contains the insect stages. In some situations, we find the severe incidents of wireworms, false wireworms and earwigs particularly during curry season whenever there is a failure of rain. Coming to the IPM of these important insect pests, a series of technologies have been recommended throughout the country. First among those is the cultural practices, now use of particularly the trap crop. Trap crop such as soybean or cowpea for leaf miner and then castor, spodoptera insect can be used as a broader crop or mixing with the groundnut seed can also be used. Second cultural practice is growing of tall crops particularly bajra, sorghum or maize all along the border mainly to reduce the movement of the thrips because you know thrips in addition to direct damage there also vectors particularly the peanut but necrosis virus. Then another important and very simple and economic technology is use of vegetative trapping particularly for red-hairy caterpillar that is using these zetropart wigs or calotropist wigs which when placed in the groundnut field the fourth and fifteenth star larvae are very much attracted to these trapped plants and they first feed on this and large number of larvae are located on this so they can be mechanically destroyed. Similarly, the neem plant which can be used as a trapping device for adults you know adults after the first train they emerge out from the soil and they prefer to feed on the neem leaves so this behavioral response can be used in the IPM technology. Then the use of mechanical control now majority of the insects that are listed as defoliators include the polyphagous pests particularly the spodoptera, spilozoma, red-hairy caterpillar they all lay eggs in groups particularly on the as I said in the broader leaves and such leaves when searched you get egg masses which can be collected and then destroyed not only that the early instar larvae when they are feeding united leaf for the first three to five days because of their united feeding we find skeletonization on the leaf such leaves can be identified and then they can be destroyed mechanically. Then the grown up larvae which can be seen very clearly in the field situation can also be collected and then they can be destroyed. Another method is putting up of bird purchase about 10 to 12 per acre you know the predatious birds feed on these grown up larvae also. Then another technology is use of behavior modifying and also the botanical pesticides and also biological control you know setting up of pyromon traps almost 10 traps per hectares per spodoptera or and also for helicoverpa 25 traps for leaf miner or even light trap will help in identifying the peak abundance of the adults of these polyphagous insects. Then secondly spraying of botanical insecticides neem seed kernel extract or commercial neem formulations are also available they can also be used or neem oil at the rate of 5 ml mixed with a detergent neem powder about 1 gram per litre of water so that better dispersion will be there in water can be very effectively used against defoliators and sucking pests. Then microbial insecticides is also recommended particularly spodoptera NPV or helicoverpa NPV both at the dosage of 250 le per hectare or even commercially available bacillus thuringensis insecticide is also available which can also be very effectively used at 1 gram per litre against spodoptera and helicoverpa. In high humidity conditions a fungal pathogen is also available commercially nomorea relay can also be very effectively used for spodoptera management. One of the important component of IPM is use of ETL technology you know economic threshold level is most important for the effective application of pesticides otherwise the cost of application of insecticide will not benefit the applicator. So at various levels the economic threshold levels have been worked out for different insect for leaf miner it is 5 mines per plant on 30 days with age of the crop increase the number of larvae also increases from 5 to 15 mines per plant at 55 days. For spodoptera and other defoliators it is 20 to 25 percent of the defoliation particularly during 40 days after sowing. Then for leaf hoppers you know 5 to 10 adults per plant after 1 month of sowing. Then for thrips you know 5 adults on the terminal bud becomes the economic threshold level. Then the chemical control is one of the important component I said lot of insecticides have been listed for defoliators leaf miners. Similarly for sucking pests also seed treatment with the imidaclopid is found to be highly effective then spray formulation is also recommended particularly in endemic areas for white grub management. Seed treatment with chlorophyrophosis is one of the best treatment that has been recommended by various organizations across the country and then central insecticide board has listed various insecticides on ground net crop use. So these are the list of insecticides against which pest it works and what is the recommended dosage also everything has been given in this table. There are no varieties particularly released against the various insects in case of ground net. But some of the varieties which are hiding having some added advantage of tolerance to some of the pests have been recommended. In curry falls so they have listed series of varieties which are released having some short of resistance the ones which I have indicated with red are showing high degree of resistance for example, kadri eight and of late kadri nine is also been released. They are highly tolerant to bud neck roses virus disease similarly during rabbi summer also quite a number of varieties have been recommended across the country for using it in the IPM package. So all these technologies can be very effectively integrated to get higher yield with maximum net profit to the farmers. Thank you.